Surrealism—who has been an invaluable resource; Rick Altman,
whose Sound Research Seminar provided me with an early forum
to present some ideas contained in the book; my close friend
Chris Nelson, with whom I consulted almost every week during
the course of writing this book; Louis Schwartz, my intellectual superior and good friend; Sasha Waters, another friend and ally deserving of reverence; Siva Vaidhyanathan, a great tag-team partner; Matt Soar, who influenced my thinking on product place-
ment and other issues; Chuck Eddy at The Village Voice, who taught me to be a better writer; Ben Franzen, whose energy and ideas in our documentary collaboration were invaluable; and
John Freyer, another source of great ideas and another great
friend.
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337
Thanks to all the wonderful faculty and staff in my department, especially Ece Algan, Mark Andrejevic, Barb Biesecker, David
Depew, Kristine Fitch, Bruce Gronbeck, Tim Havens, David
Hingstman, Randy Hirokawa, and Camille Seaman—all of whom
either read parts of the manuscript, involved themselves in discussions about this book, or supported the project in other ways.
Mark Andrejevic and John Peters deserve extra-special mentions, for they kick ass and read more. I’m honored that Sam Becker—
one of the founders of the field of communication studies—read an entire rough draft; his encouraging feedback meant a lot to me.
My research assistants over the years have been great—especially Mike Mario Albrecht, Rachel Avon Whidden, and Nathan Wilson.
Also, a shout-out goes to my Ph.D. advisees and departmental grad students who have directly contributed to the ideas in this book, particularly Bekka Farrugia, Hugo Burgos, Judd Case, and, last but not least, Margaret Schwartz.
I should also single out Carrie McLaren, the publisher of the excellent magazine Stay Free!, for resparking my interest in art, democracy, and intellectual-property law. She had no reason to mount the Illegal Art show, certainly not fame or money, but Carrie did so because it was an interesting idea and the right thing to do.
She is a stand-up person, as is Jason Gross, the publisher of another great ’zine, Perfect Sound Forever, who hooked me up with a number of valuable contacts. Thanks also to my winter 2004 class on intellectual-property law and culture—especially Jennifer Zoller, who became my undergrad honors research assistant, and Britanny Shoot, who went beyond the call of duty with her comments.
Sincere thanks also go to—and I realize this reads like an awards show–acceptance speech—Rakesh Satyal, Rosemary Coombe,
Lawrence Lessig, Chuck D, Harry Allen, Hank Shocklee, Thurston Moore, Lee Ranaldo, Coldcut, Steve Albini, Wyclef Jean, RZA,
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338
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Method Man, Redman, Kool DJ Herc, Grandmaster Flash, DJ
Muggs, Bobbito, Mr. Dibbs, DJ Vadim, Eclectic Method, Eyedea & Abilities, Mr. Len, Pete Rock, Prefuse 73, Sage Francis, Treach, Cee-lo, Big Gipp, Killah Priest, Rass Kass, Kool Keith, DJ Premier, Guru, Saul Williams, Paul Miller/DJ Spooky, Vicki Bennett, Miho Hatori, Greg Tate, Qbert, Robin Rimbaud, Dave Marsh, Dave Zollo, Megan Levad, Karla Tonella, Bob Setter, Gary Burns, Jonathan Sterne, Steve Jones, Gil Rodman, Ted Striphas, David Wittenberg, Merrie Snell, David Hamilton, Mark Janis, Laura Rigal, Rob Lathum, Tom Lutz, Thom Swiss, Thom Monahan, Jeremy Smith, Sut Jhally, Nina
Nastasia, Kennan Gudjonson, Gordon Mitchell, Nelson Paulosky, Claudia Gonson, Todd Kimm and Little Village, Angela Balcita, Chris Doyle, Mark Nugent, David Banash, Tim Eriksen, David
Bollier, Helena Chaye, Ann Powers, Joanna Demers, Jessica Clark, Dan Cook, Andrew Herman, Gordon Mitchell, Susan Olive,
Courtenay Bouvier, Bruce Busching, David Bromley, Briankle
Chang, Justin Lewis, Eric Morgan, Lisa Rudnick, Susan Ericsson, Esteban del Rio, Alicia Kimmitt, Nancy Inouye, Katie Lebesco, Matt Miller, John Sorensen, Brendan Love, Leslie Roberts, Amy Wan, Stuart Downs, Greg Elmer, Matthew Smith, Shirley Halperin, Terry Harrison, Melissa Click, Ken Cmiel, Gigi Durham, Frank Durham, Hanno Hardt, Tim Quirk, Melissa Deem, Gayane Torosyan, Charlie Williams, Philo Farnsworth, Rick Karr, Damon Krukowski, Lorna Olson, Karla Tonella, Dan Maloney, Steev Hise and detritus.net, University of Iowa president David Skorton, Bruce Wheaton, James Twitchell, Ken Wissoker, the kids at KRUI, Electronic Frontier Foundation, Future of Music Coalition, Creative Commons, the
Project on the Rhetoric of Inquiry, the Media Education Foundation, and the entire staff of the Prairie Lights bookstore, in whose coffee shop I wrote much of this book—a place where many great books have been written.
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339
Collectively, all of you still turn on my heart light, especially now that I’m caught between the moon and New York City (teaching the children of the corn in the field of dreams). You are the wind be-neath my wings; you’re the meaning in my life, you’re the inspiration, and nothing compares to you. You rock.
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NOTES
I N T R O D U C T I O N
1.
J. Bercovici, Media Life Magazine.
2.
P. Rigden, Alternatives Journal.
3.
S. Knopper, Rolling Stone.
4.
L. Lessig, Free culture.
5.
Sony Corp. of Am. v. Universal City Studios, Inc., 464 U.S. 417, 429, reh’g denied, 465 U.S. 1112 (1984).
6.
NOW with Bill Moyers, Tollbooths on the digital highway.
C H A P T E R O N E
1.
J. Shreeve, The genome war, p. 363.
2.
E. Barkley, Crossroads.
3.
R. Lissauer, Lissauer’s encyclopedia of popular music in America; L. Smith, Los Angeles Times, 1985; G. Claghorn, Women composers and songwriters; J. J. Fuld, The book of world-famous music; J. Byron, Kuro5hin; V. L. Grattan, American women songwriters. Some of this material was presented in my earlier book, Owning Culture.
4.
Chicago Tribune, Maybe you could get it for a song, 1988, p. C10.
340
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NOTES
341
5.
I. Ball, Daily Telegraph (London), 1988; D. Ewen, Variety, 1969; B. L.
Hawes, The birthday, p. 22.
6.
D. Ewen, Variety, 1969, p. 4; E. Blau, New York Times, 1986; N. Lebrecht, Daily Telegraph (London), 1996.
7.
J. Zittrain, Legal Affairs, pp. 26–35; 27.
8.
Austin American-Statesman, ASCAP faces the music, 1996, p. J2.
9.
L. Bannon, Minneapolis Star Tribune, 1996, p. 10E.
10.
Chattanooga Times, ASCAP chief says scouts controversy part of
“shameful agenda,” 1996, p. C3; J. Zittrain, Legal Affairs.
11.
The offenders: Hank Thompson’s “Wild Side of Life”; the Carter Family’s “I’m Thinking Tonight of My Blue Eyes”; Roy Acuff ’s
“Great Speckled Bird”; Kitty Wells’s “It Wasn’t God Who Made
Honky Tonk Angels”; Reno and Smiley’s “I’m Using My Bible as a Roadmap”; and Townes Van Zant’s “Heavenly Houseboat Blues.”
(I’ve since discovered many more.)
12.
J. Klein, Woody Guthrie, p. 120.
13.
Ibid., p. 82.
14.
S. Zeitlin, New York Times, 1998, p. A15.
15.
S. Fishman, The public domain.
16.
Ibid.
17.
K. D. Miller, Chronicle of Higher Education, p. A60.
18.
K. D. Miller, Journal of American History; B. J. Reagon, Journal of American History; R. L. Johannesen, Southern Communication Journal.
19.
I. Ball, Daily Telegraph (London), 1990, p. 11.
20.
W. Dixon and D. Snowden, I am the blues, p. 222.
21.
Ibid., p. 90.
22.
S. Vaidhyanathan, Copyrights and copywrongs, p. 121.
23.
L. Lessig, The future of ideas.
24.
D. Charles, Lords of the harvest, p. 270.
25.
G. Zweiger, Transducing the genome.
26.
Washington Post, To own the human genome, 1998; P. Cohen, New Scientist; T. Wilkie, Independent (London), 1995.
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342
NOTES
27.
J. Gillis, Washington Post, 1999.
28.
D. Bollier, Silent Theft.
29.
F. Bowring, Science, seeds and cyborgs.
30.
D. Charles, Lords of the harvest, p. 185.
31.
F. Bowring, Science, seeds and cyborgs.
32.
P. Pringle, Food, Inc.; A. Duffy, Ottawa Citizen, 1998.
33.
NOW with Bill Moyers, Seeds of conflict.
34.
T. McGirk, Time (international edition, Asia); V. Shiva, Biopiracy; N.
Roht-Arriaza, Borrowed power, p. 259.
35.
V. Shiva, Protect or plunder?
36.
Ibid.
37.
P. Pringle, Food, Inc.; K. Dawkins, Gene wars.
38.
K. Dawkins, Gene wars; P. Pringle, Food, Inc.; S. Shulman, Owning the future, p. 110; K. E. Maskus, Intellectual property rights in the global economy.
39.
E. H. Wirtén, No trespassing.
40.
P. Drahos with J. Braithwaite, Information feudalism, p. 10.
41.
K. E. Maskus, Intellectual property rights in the global economy; V.
Shiva, Protect or plunder? ; P. Drahos with J. Braithwaite, Information feudalism.
42.
F. Bowring, Science, seeds and cyborgs.
43.
S. Meyer, Paradoxes of fame.
C H A P T E R T W O
1.
Many moments in this chapter owe their existence to my Copyright Criminals documentary partner, Ben Franzen, who documented dozens of interviews on camera, including a number in Atlanta where I couldn’t be present.
2.
D. Hebdidge, Cut ’n’ mix, p. 14.
3.
R. Barthes, Roland Barthes by Roland Barthes, p. 120.
4.
D. Toop, Rap attack 2, pp. 63–66.
5.
J. Attali, Noise, p. 135.
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343
6.
D. F. Wallace, A supposedly fun thing I’ll never do again.
7.
G. Prato, AllMusicGuide.com; C. Miller, Dickie Goodman & friends—
greatest fables (CD booklet).
8.
M. MacDonald, Brahms, pp. 152–53.
9.
E. Cray, Ramblin’ Man, p. 181.
10.
J. Bauldie, Bob Dylan.
11.
H. Sounes, Down the highway; J. Bauldie, Bob Dylan.
12.
J. Cohen, Young Bob, p. 26.
13.
S. Hochman, Los Angeles Times, 1991, p. F1.
14.
S. H. Fernando Jr., The new beats.
15.
N. Drumming, Entertainment Weekly, p. 78.
16.
M. Diehl, Rolling Stone, p. 138.
17.
C. Jones, New York Times, 1996, p. B44.
18.
S. Morse, Boston Globe, 2002.
19.
Mojo, Rhymin’ and stealin’, p. 78.
20.
P. Bussy, Kraftwerk, p. 126.
21.
E. Schumacher-Rasmussen, MTV.com.
22.
Rap News Direct, Ghostface Killah wins copyright infringement case.
23.
Superswell’s Sample Law, Horror stories.
24.
J. Cohen, Billboard.
25.
M. W. Miller, Wall Street Journal, 1987, p. 1.
26.
J. Derrida, Limited, Inc, pp. 31; 34.
27.
L. R. Patterson, Copyright in historical perspective.
28.
J. Litman, Digital copyright.
29.
J. Jensen, Entertainment Weekly, p. 32.
C H A P T E R T H R E E
1.
W. Isaacson, Benjamin Franklin, p. 95.
2.
T. Tucker, Bolt of fate, pp. 9–10.
3.
W. Isaacson, Benjamin Franklin, pp. 96–97; T. Tucker, Bolt of fate.
4.
H. Richter, Dada, p. 114.
5.
J. Derrida, Positions, p. 42.
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NOTES
6.
T. Tzara, Seven Dada manifestos, p. 39.
7.
F. T. Marinetti, The Futurist cookbook, p. 13.
8.
H. Wescher, Collage.
9.
H. Richter, Dada, p. 65.
10.
Ibid., p. 66.
11.
Ibid., p. 89.
12.
Ibid.
13.
L. A. Greenberg, Cardozo Arts & Entertainment Law Journal.
14.
C. White, The middle mind, p. 9; L. Bracken, Guy Debord, p. 74.
15.
S. Plant, The most radical gesture, p. 86–87.
16.
J. Derrida, Acts of religion, p. 236; B. Johnson, Translator’s introduction in J. Derrida, Dissemination, p. xiv.
17.
B. Chang, Deconstructing Communication, p. 137.
18.
Ibid., p. 139.
19.
Negativland, Fair use, p. 72.
20.
G. Morris, ARTnews, p. 105.
21.
Ibid.
22.
Ibid., p. 104.
23.
M. Buskirk, October; C. L. Hays, New York Times, 1991, p. B2.
24.
A. Dannat, Independent (London), 1992, p. 20.
25.
M. Dickie, Graffiti Magazine.
26.
Special thanks to NPR correspondent Rick Kerr for tipping me off in an e-mail that this was likely a prank.
27.
E. Pouncey, Undercurrents.
28.
B. Miles, Paul McCartney, p. 484.
29.
J. Healey and R. Cromelin, Los Angeles Times, 2004, p. E1.
30.
J. Oswald, Sounding off !, p. 88.
31.
W. Koestenbaum, The queen’s throat, p. 66.
32.
J. Fricke and C. Ahearn, Yes yes y’all.
33.
J. D. Peters, Speaking into the air; Edison’s essay, “The Phonograph and Its Future,” North American Review, May–June 1878, pp.
527–36, was ghostwritten by Edward Johnson.
34.
Plato, Phaedrus, p. 81.
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345
35.
Ibid.
36.
M. Rose, Authors and owners, p. 39.
37.
M. Woodmansee, Eighteenth-Century Studies.
38.
M. Rose, Authors and owners, p. 115.
C H A P T E R F O U R
1.
S. Frere-Jones, New York Times.
2.
D. Smith, New York Times.
3.
R. Alleyne, Chicago Sun-Times, 2003, p. 4.
4.
E. W. Joyce, Cultural critique and abstraction, p. 75.
5.
K. Burke, Marianne Moore, p. 127.
6.
M. Moore, Marianne Moore, p. 30.
7.
R. J. Coombe, The cultural life of intellectual properties, p. 69.
8.
E. Schlosser, Fast food nation, p. 50.
9.
N. Klein, No logo, p. 87.
10.
E. Schlosser, Fast food nation, p. 56.
11.
P. Meredith, Extreme bake sales, Mother Jones.
12.
A. Quart, Branded, p. 43.
13.
R. J. Coombe, Companion guide to law and society.
14.
R. J. Coombe, The cultural life of intellectual properties.
15.
R. Kelly, Donnie Darko, Director R. Kelly’s DVD commentary.
16.
M. Andrejevic, Reality TV, p. 43.
17.
Behind the screens: Hollywood goes hypercommercial, produced by M.
Soar, 2000.
18.
M. F. Jacobson and L. A. Mazur, Marketing madness, p. 68.
19.
F. Rich, New York Times, 2003, p. B1.
20.
A. Quart, Branded, p. 97.
21.
L. Skinner, Billboard, pp. 1; 100.
22.
A. Quart, Branded, p. 91.
23.
R. Wolmuth, People Weekly, p. 38.
24.
E. L. Eisenstein, The printing revolution in early modern Europe; L.
Braudy, The frenzy of renown; M. Madow, California Law Review.
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346
NOTES
25.
L. Braudy, The frenzy of renown, p. 377.
26.
S. Soocher, Entertainment Law & Finance, p. 5.
27.
R. J. Coombe, The cultural life of intellectual properties, p. 90.
28.
R. A. Stamets, Federal Communications Law Journal, pp. 349–50.
29.
P. Rojas, Salon.
30.
G. Meikle, Future active, p. 114.
31.
Ibid., p. 113.
32.
A. Ellin, New York Times, 1999, p. C2.
33.
G. Meikle, Future active, pp. 126–27.
34.
M. Richtel, New York Times, 1998, p. G6.
35.
S. Vaidhyanathan, The Chronicle of Higher Education.
36.
J. Brown, Salon.
37.
M. Kotadia, CNet News.com.
38.
WIPO Arbitration and Mediation Center, 2002, Vivendi Universal v.
Mr. Jay David Sallen and GO247. COM.
39.
G. Fahimian, Leland Stanford Technology Law Review.
C H A P T E R F I V E
1.
J. Bovard, Sfgate.
2.
J. LiPetri, Micro Publishing News.
3.
0100101110101101.ORG, press release.
4.
J. Sulston and G. Ferry, The common thread, p. 278.
5.
J. H. Reichman and P. F. Uhlir, Law and Contemporary Problems.
6.
D. Bollier, Silent theft, p. 30.
7.
D. Bollier, Silent theft; J. Sulston and G. Ferry, The common thread, p. 278.
8.
W. Finnegan, Harper’s; J. E. Stiglitz, Globalization and its discontents; S. Jha, AlterNet.
9.
C. Johnson, Harper’s.
10.
K. Marre, The Hill.
11.
P. Roberts, PC World; A. Orlowski, The Register.
12.
K. Zetter, Wired News.
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347
13.
A. Gumbel, Independent (London).
14.
M. Lewellen-Biddle, In These Times, p. 21.
15.
A. Gumbel, Independent (London).
16.
D. Cho, Washington Post, 2003, p. B1.
17.
I. Hoffman, Oakland Tribune; WISH-TV 8, Marion County clerk accuses ES&S of lying, broadcast.
18.
R. O’Harrow Jr., Washington Post, 2003, p. A1; D. Lindorff, In These Times, p. 3.
19.
P. Goldstein, Copyright’s highway, p. 181.
20.
D. McCullagh, SunnComm won’t sue grad student, CNet News.com.
21.
R. Lemos, CNet News.com.
22.
J. Band, Silicon Valley.
23.
N. Ferguson, macfergus.com
24.
D. Bollier, Silent theft, p. 35.
25.
T. Stephen, Communication Institute for Online Scholarship, press release.
26.
D. Bok, Universities in the marketplace, p. 64.
27.
F. Bowring, Science, seeds and