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ISBN: 224-2-85933-777-1
Cataloguing in Publication Data
Edited by: Light of the World Publications Company Ltd.
Reproduced in Turin, Italy
Published by: Light of the World Publications Company Ltd P.O. Box 144, Piazza Statuto, Turin, Italy
“Lux Lucet in Tenebris”
The Light Shines in the Darkness
Light of the World Publication Company Limited
P.O. Box 144 Piazza Statuto, Turin, Italy
Email: newnessoflife70@gmail.com
O F T H E
REFORMATION
OF THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY
BY J. H. MERLE D'AUBIGNÉ.
Volume Second.
EDINBURGH:
PUBLISHED BY OLIVER & BOYD
MDCCCXLVII
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This edition has been reproduced by Light of the World Publication Company. This book intends to enlighten on the real controversies at stake, as reflected in unabated strife and multiple moral dilemmas. The account and illustrations are specially designed and incorporated to edify the reader on pertinent developments in the historical, scientific, philosophical, educational, religio-political, socio-economic, legal and spiritual spheres. Moreover, clear and undisputed patterns and correlations may be discerned wherein may be perceived the networking, interworking and overlapping of antithetical, yet harmonious schools of thought.
Earth’s long trajectory of coercion, conflict and compromise has prepared the platform for the emergence of a New Age. Burning questions attend the advent of this anticipated new era, accompanied by its superstructures, systems of governance, rights-based regimes and ideals of freedom and happiness. Chequered in base deception, strategic repression and objectives of new world order, this e-book connects the dots between modern realities, spiritual mysteries and divine revelation. It traces the chronological progress from national catastrophe to global dominance, the destruction of an old system and the forging of a new; succinctly illuminating on love, human nature and even supernatural intervention.
Time and again, remarkable events have moulded the course of life and history, while even prefiguring the future. Living in times of great turbulence and uncertainty, the future has been but dimly comprehended. Thankfully, this work enables a panoramic vision of both past and future, highlighting critical moments of time which have unfolded in fulfilment to prophecy.
Although birthed in unpromising conditions, afflicted in gruelling crucibles, several individuals have resolved, persevered in virtue and sealed their faith, leaving an ineffaceable mark. Their contributions have shaped modernity and paved the road for a marvellous culmination and imminent change. Therefore, this literature serves as both inspiration and practical tool for a penetrative and profound understanding behind social issues, religion and politics. Each chapter narrates on both the world and the human condition, enshrouded in darkness, embattled in keen clashes, and impelled by sinister, hidden agendas and ulterior motives. Here, these are unashamedly exposed to plain view. Nevertheless, every page radiates with resplendent rays of courage, deliverance and hope.
Ultimately, it is our fervent desire that every reader experience, grow to love and accept truth. In a world permeated with lies, ambiguity and manipulation, truth will forever stand as the quintessential longing in the soul. Truth engenders life, beauty, wisdom and grace; resulting in renewed purpose, vigour and a genuine, yet personal transformation in perspective and life.
History of the Reformation of the Sixteenth Century TABLE OF CONTENTS
DETAILED TABLE OF CONTENTS IN THIS VOLUME .......................................... 4
BOOK VII—The Diet of Worms 1521, January to May ........................................... 137
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History of the Reformation of the Sixteenth Century
3
History of the Reformation of the Sixteenth Century DETAILED TABLE OF CONTENTS IN THIS VOLUME
BOOK V. THE DISCUSSION OF LEIPSIC, 1519.
CHAPTER I.
Luther's Dangers—God saves Luther—The Pope sends a Chamberlain—The Chamberlain—Legate's Journey—Briefs of Rome—Circumstances favourable to the Reformation—Miltitz with Spalatin—Tezel's Terror—Caresses of Miltitz—A Recantation demanded—Luther refuses, but offers to be silent—Agreement between Luther and the Nuncio—The Legate's Embrace—Tezel overwhelmed by the Legate—
Luther to the Pope—Nature of the Reformation—Luther against Separation—De Vio and Miltitz at Treves—Luther's Cause extends in different Countries—Luther's Writings the commencement of the Reformation.
CHAPTER II.
The War seems ended in Germany—Eck Revives the Contest—Debate between Eck and Carlstadt—The Question of the Pope—Luther Replies—Alarm of Luther's Friends—Luther's Courage—Truth triumphs single-handed—Refusal of Duke Georges—Delight of Mosellanus and Fears of Erasmus.
CHAPTER III.
Arrival of Eck and the Wittembergers—Amsdorff—The Students—Carlstadt's Accident—Placard—Eck and Luther—Pleissenburg—Shall Judges be appointed?—
Luther objects.
CHAPTER IV.
The Procession—Mass—Mosellanus—Veni, Sancte Spiritus!—Portraits of Luther and Carlstadt—Doctor Eck—Carlstadt's Books—Merit of Congruity—Natural Powers—Scholastic Distinction—Point where Rome and the Reformation Separate—
Grace gives Man freedom—Carlstadt's Notebook—Commotion in the Auditory—
Melancthon during the Debate—Manœuvres of Eck—Luther Preaches—The Citizens of Leipsic—Quarrels of Students and Quarrels of Teachers.
CHAPTER V.
Hierarchy and Rationalism—Two Peasants' Sons—Eck and Luther begin—The Head of the Church—The Primacy of Rome—Equality of Bishops—Peter the Foundation—
Christ the Foundation—Eck insinuates that Luther is a Hussite—Luther on the Doctrine of Huss—Agitation in the Audience—Pleasantry of Dr. Eck—The Word alone—The Court Fool—Luther at Mass—Saying of the Duke—Purgatory—Close of the Discussion.
4
History of the Reformation of the Sixteenth Century CHAPTER VI.
Interest felt by the Laity—Luther's Opinion—Admissions and Boastings of Dr. Eck—
Effects of the Discussion—Poliander—Cellarius—The Young Prince of Anhalt—The Students of Leipsic—Cruciger—Calling of Melancthon—Emancipation of Luther.
CHAPTER VII.
Eck attacks Melancthon—Melancthon's Defence—Interpretation of Scripture—
Luther's Firmness—The Bohemian Brethren—Emser—Staupitz.
CHAPTER VIII.
Epistle to the Galatians—Christ for us—Blindness of Luther's Adversaries—First Ideas on the Supper—Is the Sacrament Sufficient without Faith?—Luther a Bohemian—Eck Attacked—Eck sets out for Rome.
BOOK VI. THE BULL OF ROME. 1520.
CHAPTER I.
Character of Maximilian—The Competitors for the Empire—Charles—Francis I—
Inclination of the Germans—The Crown offered to Frederick—Charles is Elected.
CHAPTER II.
Luther writes to the Emperor—Luther's Dangers—Instructions of Frederick to the Court of Rome—Luther's Sentiments—Melancthon's Fears—The German Nobles favourable to the Reformation—Schaumburg—Seckingen—Ulric de Hutten—
Luther's Confidence—Luther's Greater Freedom—Faith the Source of Works—What Faith gives—Luther Judging his own Writings.
CHAPTER III.
The Papacy Attacked—Appeal to the Nobility—The Three Walls—All Christians are Priests—The Magistrate's duty to Correct the Clergy—Abuses of Rome—Ruin of Italy—Dangers of Germany—The Pope—The Legates—The Monks—The Marriage of Priests—Celibacy—Festivals—The Bohemians—Charity—The Universities—The Empire—The Emperor must retake Rome—A Book not Published—Luther's Modesty—Success of the Address.
CHAPTER IV.
Preparations at Rome—Motives to resist the Papacy—Eck at Rome—Eck gains the Day—The Pope is the World—God produces the Separation—A Swiss Priest pleads for Luther—The Roman Consistory—Preamble of the Bull—Condemnation of Luther.
5
History of the Reformation of the Sixteenth Century CHAPTER V.
Wittemberg—Melancthon—His
Marriage—Catharine—Domestic
Life—
Beneficence—Good Humour—Christ and Antiquity—Labour—Love of Letters—His Mother—Outbreak among the Students.
CHAPTER VI.
The Gospel in Italy—Discourse on the Mass—The Babylonish Captivity of the Church—Baptism—Abolition of Vows—Progress of the Reformation.
CHAPTER VII.
New Negotiations—Miltitz and the Augustins of Eisleben—Deputation to Luther—
Miltitz and the Elector—Conference at Lichtemberg—Luther's Letter to the Pope—
Book presented to the Pope—Union of the Believer with Christ—Freedom and Bondage.
CHAPTER VIII.
The Bull in Germany—Eck's Reception—The Bull at Wittemberg—Interposition of Zwingle.
CHAPTER IX.
Luther Examines himself in the presence of God—Luther's opinion of the Bull—A Neutral Family—Luther on the Bull, and against the Bull of Antichrist—The Pope prohibits Faith—Effects of the Bull—The Faggot Pile of Louvain.
CHAPTER X.
Decisive steps by the Reformer—Luther's Appeal to a General Council—Struggle at close quarters—The Bull burned by Luther—Meaning of this bold act—Luther in the Academic Chair—Luther against the Pope—New Work by Melancthon—How Luther encourages his Friends—Progress of the Contest—Melancthon's Opinion of the timid—Luther's work on the Bible—Doctrine of Grace—Luther's Recantation.
CHAPTER XI.
Coronation of Charles V—The Nuncio Aleander—Will Luther's Books be burnt?—
Aleander and the Emperor—The Nuncios and the Elector—The Son of Duke John pleads for Luther—Luther's Calmness—The Elector protects Luther—Reply of the Nuncios—Erasmus at Cologne—Erasmus With the Elector—Declaration of Erasmus—Advice of Erasmus—System of Charles V.
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History of the Reformation of the Sixteenth Century CHAPTER XII.
Luther on Confession—True Absolution—Antichrist—Rally around Luther—
Satires—Ulric von Hutten—Lucas Cranach—The Carnival at Wittemberg—Staupitz Intimidated—Luther's Labours—Luther's Humility—Progress of the Reformation.
BOOK VII. THE DIET OF WORMS. 1521. (January-May.) CHAPTER I.
Conquest by the Word of God—The Diet of Worms—Difficulties—Charles demands Luther—The Elector to Charles—State of Men's Minds—Aleander's Alarm—The Elector sets out without Luther—Aleander awakens Rome—Excommunication of the Pope, and Communion with Christ—Fulmination of the Bull—Luther's Motives in the Reformation.
CHAPTER II.
A Foreign Prince—Advice of Politicians—Conference between the Confessor and the Elector's Chancellor—Uselessness of these Manœuvres—Aleander's Activity—
Luther's Sayings—Charles gives in to the Pope.
CHAPTER III.
Aleander admitted to the Diet—Aleander's Address—Luther accused—Rome defended—Appeal to Charles against Luther—Effect of the Nuncio's Address.
CHAPTER IV.
Sentiments of the Princes—Speech of Duke George—Character of the Reformation—
A Hundred and one Grievances—Charles Yields—Tactics of Aleander—The Grandees of Spain—Luther's Peace—Death and not Retractation.
CHAPTER V.
Will a Safe-conduct be given?—Safe-conduct—Will Luther go?—Holy Thursday at Rome—The Pope and Luther.
CHAPTER VI.
Luther's Courage—Bugenhagen at Wittemberg—Persecutions in Pomerania—
Melancthon wishes to set out with Luther—Amsdorff—Schurff—Suaven—Hutten to Charles V
CHAPTER VII.
Departure for the Diet of Worms—Luther's Adieu—His Condemnation Published—
Cavalcade near Erfurt—Meeting of Jonas and Luther—Luther in his old Convent—
Luther Preaches at Erfurt—Incident—Faith and Works—Concourse of People—
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History of the Reformation of the Sixteenth Century Luther's Courage—Luther to Spalatin—Halt at Frankfort—Fears at Worms—Plan of the Imperialists—Luther's Firmness.
CHAPTER VIII.
Entry into Worms—Chant for the Dead—Council held by Charles V—Capito and the Temporisers—Concourse around Luther—Citation—Hutten to Luther—Proceeds to the Diet—Saying of Freundsberg—Imposing Assembly—The Chancellor's Address—
Luther's Reply—His Wisdom—Saying of Charles V—Alarm—Triumph—Luther's Firmness—Insults from the Spaniards—Council—Luther's Trouble and Prayer—
Might of the Reformation—Luther's Oath to Scripture—The Court of the Diet—
Luther's Address—Three kinds of Writings—He demands Proof of his Error—Solemn Warnings—He Repeats his Address in Latin—Here I am: I can't do otherwise—The
"weakness" of God—New Attempt.
CHAPTER IX.
Victory—Tumult and Calm—Duke Errick's Glass of Beer—The Elector and Spalatin—Message from the Emperor—Wish to violate the Safe-conduct—Strong Opposition—Enthusiasm for Luther—Voice for Conciliation—The Elector's Fear—
Assemblage at Luther's Lodgings—Philip of Hesse.
CHAPTER X.
Conference with the Archbishop of Treves—Wehe's Advice to Luther—Luther's Replies—Private Conversation—Visit of Cochlœus—Supper at the Archbishop's—
Attempt on the Hotel of Rhodes—A Council proposed—Last Interview between Luther and the Archbishop—Visit to a sick Friend—Luther ordered to quit Worms.
CHAPTER XI.
Luther's Departure—Journey from Worms—Luther to Cranach—Luther to Charles V—Luther with the Abbot of Hirschfeld—The Curate of Eisenach—Several Princes leave the Diet—Charles signs Luther's Condemnation—The Edict of Worms—Luther with his Parents—Luther attacked and carried off—The ways of God—Wartburg—
Luther a Prisoner.
BOOK VIII. THE SWISS. 1484-1522.
CHAPTER I.
Movements in Switzerland—Source of the Reformation—Democratic Character—
Foreign Service—Morality—The Tockenburg—An Alpine Hut—A Pastoral Family.
CHAPTER II.
Young Ulric at Wesen—At Bale—At Berne—The Dominican Convent—Jetzer—The Apparitions—The Passion of the Lay Brother—The Imposture—Discovery and 8
History of the Reformation of the Sixteenth Century Punishment—Zwingle at Vienna—At Bale—Music at Bale—Wittembach teaches the Gospel—Leo Juda—The Curate of Glaris.
CHAPTER III.
Love of War—Schinner—Pension from the Pope—The Labyrinth—Zwingle in Italy—
Principle of Reform—Zwingle and Luther—Zwingle and Erasmus—Zwingle and the Elders—Paris and Glaris.
CHAPTER IV.
Zwingle in regard to Erasmus—Oswald Myconius—The Vagrants—Œcolampadius—
Zwingle at Marignan—Zwingle and Italy—Method of Zwingle—Commencement of Reform—Discovery.
CHAPTER V.
Meinrad of Hohenzollern—Our Lady of Einsidlen—Calling of Zwingle—The Abbot—
Geroldsek—Companionship
in
Study—The
Bible
Copied—Zwingle
and
Superstition—First Opposition to Error—Sensation—Hedio—Zwingle and the Legates—The Honours of Rome—The Bishop of Constance—Samson and Indulgences—Stapfer—Charity of Zwingle—His Friends.
CHAPTER VI.
Zurich—The College of Canons—Election to the Cathedral—Fable's Accusations—
Confession of Zwingle—The Designs of God Unfolded—Farewell to Einsidlen—
Arrival at Zurich—Courageous Declaration of Zwingle—First Sermons—Effects—
Opposition—Character of Zwingle—Taste for Music—Arrangement of the Day—
Circulation by Hawkers.
CHAPTER VII.
Indulgences—Samson at Berne—Samson at Baden—The Dean of Bremgarten—
Young Henry Bullinger—Samson and the Dean—Internal Struggles of Zwingle—
Zwingle against Indulgences—Samson Dismissed.
CHAPTER VIII.
The Labours of Zwingle—The Baths of Pfeffers—God's time—The Great Death—
Zwingle seized with the Plague—His Enemies—His Friends—Convalescence—
General Joy—Effect of the Plague—Myconius at Lucerne—Oswald encourages Zwingle—Zwingle at Bale—Capito called to Mentz—Hedio at Bale—An Unnatural Son—Preparation for Battle.
9
History of the Reformation of the Sixteenth Century CHAPTER IX.
The Two Reformers—The Fall of Man—Expiation of the God-Man—No Merit in Works—Objections refuted—Power of Love to Christ—Election—Christ alone Master—Effects of this Preaching—Despondency and Courage—First Act of the Magistrate—Church and State—Attacks—Galster.
CHAPTER X.
A new Combatant—The Reformer of Berne—Zwingle encourages Haller—The Gospel at Lucerne—Oswald Persecuted—Preaching of Zwingle—Henry Bullinger and Gerold of Knonau—Rubli at Bale—The Chaplain of the Hospital—War in Italy—
Zwingle—Foreign Service.
CHAPTER XI.
Zwingle against the Precepts of Man—Fermentation during Lent—Truth advances during Combat—The Deputies of the Bishops—Accusation before the Clergy and Council—Appeal to the Great Council—The Coadjutor and Zwingle—Decree of the Grand Council—State of Matters—Attack by Hoffman.
CHAPTER XII.
Grief and Joy in Germany—Ambush against Zwingle—Mandate of the Bishop—
Archeteles—The Bishop addresses the Diet—Prohibition to attack the Monks—
Declaration of Zwingle—The Nuns of Œtenbach—Zwingle' Address to Schwitz.
CHAPTER XIII.
A French Monk—He Teaches in Switzerland—Dispute between the Monk and Zwingle—Discourse of the Leader of the Johannites—The Carnival at Berne—The Eaters of the Dead—The Skull of St. Anne—Appenzel—The Grisons—Murder and Adultery—Marriage of Zwingle.
CHAPTER XIV.
How Truth Triumphs—Society at Einsidlen—Request to the Bishops—To the Confederates—The Men of Einsidlen Separate—A Scene in a Convent—A Dinner by Myconius—The Strength of the Reformers—Effect of the Petitions to Lucerne—The Council of the Diet—Haller at the Town-House—Friburg—Destitution of Oswald—
Zwingle comforts him—Oswald quits Lucerne—First Severity of the Diet—
Consternation of the Brothers of Zwingle—His Resolution—The Future—The Prayer of Zwingle.
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History of the Reformation of the Sixteenth Century BOOK V—The Leipsic Disputation 1519
