Practical Grammar and Composition by Thomas Wood, A.M., et al - HTML preview

Much, for many, 195.

Muchly, 36.

Mutual, confused with common, Glossary.

Name, form of verb, 46-47.

Namely, punctuation of, 141 (§122).

Near, confused with nearly, 195.

Neither, misuse with more than two objects, 40, Glossary.

Neither-nor, 105-106.

Nerve, Glossary.

Neuter gender, defined, 12; of nouns and pronouns, 14.

Newly coined expressions, rule against, 186.

Newsy, Glossary.

Nominative case, defined 9; when used, 21-22, note 3, 101-102.

No place, 42, Glossary.

No, punctuation of, 137 (§102).

No good, for worthless, 230.

North, capitalization of, 137 (§100).

Not muchly, 36.

www.gutenberg.org/files/22577/22577-h/22577-h.htm

191/202

8/8/12

Practical Grammar and Composition

Notes in the third person, 171.

Not only—but also, 105-106.

Notorious, confused with noted, Glossary.

Nouns, common, 1, 7; proper, 7; case of, 9; gender of, 12; number of, 7.

Nowhere near, for not nearly, 36, Glossary.

Number, defined, 7; agreement of verb and subject in number, 64-69; singular, 7; plural, 7; of relative

pronouns, 69, 102; of pronouns, 15; of pronouns with compounded antecedent, 15; rules for forming

plurals of nouns, 7.

Number, sign #, used for, 156, 165.

O and oh, capitalization of, 137 (§100).

Object complement, explained, 4.

Objective case, defined, 9; when used, 21.

Obligative mode, 90 (footnote).

Observance, confused with observation, 195.

Obsolete words, 185-186.

Of, Glossary.

Omission, of adverb much, 45; of important words, 127 (5); of prepositions, 108; punctuation in case of

140 (§117); 143 (§138); of verbs, 87.

One another, use of, 40.

Only, placing of, 41; with a negative, 42, Glossary.

Order of heading in letters, 155-156.

Other, use of in comparison, 37.

Ought, 50.

Outline, for composition, 174-177; illustration of, 175.

Outside address, of letters, 164-166.

Outside of, 42, Glossary.

Over-statement of facts, rule against, 201.

Page 241

Over with, Glossary.

Pants, Glossary.

Paragraphing of letters, 161.

Paragraphs, 148-153; coherence in, 151-153; emphasis in, 153; indentation of, 149; in letters, 161; length

of, 148; unity in, 149-151.

Parenthesis marks, use of, 142; too frequent use of, 121 (1-b).

Parts of speech, classified, 1.

Passive voice and active voice explained, 56; forms of, 92-100.

Past participle, explanation and use of, 46-48.

Past tense, explanation and use of, 46-48.

Participles, explanation of, 80; confusion with gerunds, 80; dangling, 80-81; at beginning of sentence, 81;

preceded by thus, 81.

Period, use of, 137.

Periodic sentence, 117.

Personal pronouns, defined, 13; classified, 13; compound personal pronouns, 26; use of common and of

grave forms of, 29 (2); unnecessary use of, 29 (3).

Piece, Glossary.

Photo, Glossary.

Phrases, defined, 4; prepositional, 4; verb, 4; punctuation of adverbial phrases, 140 (§116), 141 (§121).

Place, Glossary.

Placing of adjectives and adverbs, 41.

Plenty, Glossary.

Plural number, explained, 7; rules for forming plurals of nouns, 7.

Point of view, in paragraph, 150; in sentence, 123; in whole composition, 178.

Poorly, for ill, Glossary.

Positive degree, 32.

Position, in letters, of complimentary close, 163; of heading, 155; of inside address, 157; of salutation, 159;

of outside address, 164.

Possessive case, defined, 10; rules for forming possessives of nouns; when used, 22.

www.gutenberg.org/files/22577/22577-h/22577-h.htm

192/202

8/8/12

Practical Grammar and Composition

Potential mode, explanation and forms of, 90-91, 97-98.

Predicate of the sentence; defined, 2; compound, predicate, explained, 3.

Prepositional phrase, 4.

Prepositions, defined, 2; omission of, 108; proper use of, 107; unnecessary use of, 108; used as

conjunctions, 106.

Principal, confused with principle, Glossary.

Principal parts of verbs, explained, 46; classified, 46-48; list of, 48-50; rules for use of, 48.

Principal verbs, explained, 46.

Professional words, 187.

Pronouns, defined 2, 13; adjective, 28; antecedent of, defined, 13; agreement with antecedent, 13; case

forms of, 20-21; compound personal, 26; compound relative, 27; gender of, 13-14; interrogative, 17, 102;

number of, 15; outline of, use of case forms of, 21; relative, 17, 101; rules determining gender of, 14;

with compound antecedents, 15.

Pronunciation, lists of frequently mispronounced words, 209-220; words given wrong sounds, 209-217; Page 242

words given wrong accent, 217-220; words of foreign pronunciation, 217; words of similar spelling, 220.

Proper adjectives, capitalization of, 136 (§95).

Proper nouns, defined, 7; capitalization of, 136 (§95).

Propose, for intend, Glossary.

Providing, for if, Glossary.

Provincialisms, definition and rule against use of, 186.

Punctuation, rules for, 137-144; in letters, body, 162; heading, 156; inside address, 157; outside address,

157; salutation, 160.

Qualities, essential: Of sentences, unity, 126-128; emphasis, 131; euphony, 132-133. Of paragraphs, unity,

149-151; coherence, 151-153; emphasis, 153. Of whole composition, unity, 178; coherence, 178.

Quite, for very, 196.

Quotation marks, use of, 143.

Quotations, punctuation of, 139 (§115), 141 (§123), 142 (§131), 143 (§§132-137).

Raise, confused with rise, 56, Glossary.

Recommend, confused with recommendation, Glossary.

Relative causes, cases in, 101-102; explanatory or non-restrictive, 18; introduction of successive, 103-104;

punctuation of, 135 (§111); use of when or where clause, 103-104.

Relative pronouns, defined and explained, 17-18; agreement of verb with, 69 (4); case and number of, 69

(4), 21-22, 101-102; compound, 27-28; explanatory or non-restrictive, 18; restrictive, 18; use of, with

different antecedents, 17-18.

Repetition of similar words or syllables, 132 (1), 133 (3).

Reputation, confused with character, 192, Glossary.

Respectfully, confused with respectively, 195.

Rev. , 166.

Right away, Glossary.

Right off, Glossary.

Rise, confused with raise, 56, Glossary.

Salutation, in letters, 159-161.

Some, misuse as a pronoun, Glossary.

Say, for order or command, Glossary.

Scarcely, placing of, 41; with a negative, 42, Glossary.

Scriptures, capitalization, of, 137 (§100).

Seldom ever, Glossary.

Semi-colon, use of, 140-141.

Sentence elements out of natural order, 138 (§109).

Sentences: defined, 1; declarative, interrogative, imperative, exclamatory, 1; essential qualities of, 121-136;

loose, periodic, balanced, 117; simple, complex, compound, 5; length of, 117; slipshod construction of,

122 (2).

Sequence of tenses, infinitive, 84; in clauses, 86.

Series of words, punctuation of, 137 (105).

Page 243

Set, confused with sit, 56-57, Glossary.

www.gutenberg.org/files/22577/22577-h/22577-h.htm

193/202

8/8/12

Practical Grammar and Composition

S-form of verb, 47.

Shut of, for rid of, Glossary.

Sight, for many, Glossary.

Signature of writer, in letters, 163-164.

Simple sentence, defined, 5.

Simple words, use of, 200.

Similar expressions of similar thoughts, 128 (7).

Singular form of verb, explanation and use of, 47, after you and they, 69 (2).

Singular number, explained, 7.

Sit, confused with set, 56-57, Glossary.

Shall and will, use of, in dependent clauses, 73; in principal clauses, 71-72; in questions, 72; model conjugations of, 88-100; past tenses of, 76-77.

Should and would, model conjugations of, 88-100; use of, 76-77.

Slang, 187.

So, use of, 104-105.

Solecisms, 185.

Some, misuse as an adverb, Glossary.

Somebody else's, 10.

Sort, with plurals, Glossary.

Sort of a, 44, Glossary.

South, capitalization of, 137 (§100).

Speech, paragraphing of, 149.

Specific terms, use of, 201.

Spelling, lists of words frequently misspelled, 205-208; rules for, 206-208; of words of similar sound, 208.

"Squinting construction," 127 (3-b)

Street, omission of in letters, 157.

Subject of sentence or clause, defined 2; agreement of verb and subject, 64-65, 67, 69; compound, 3;

relative pronoun as, 69 (4), 101-102, of whole composition, 174, 178; statement of, in composition, 174.

Subject matter of letters, 161.

Subjunctive mode, 61, 62, 88-100.

Such, Glossary.

Summarizing word, use of, 128 (6); punctuation of, 142 (§127).

Superlative degree, 32; misuse in comparing only two things, 37.

Suspect, for expect, 196.

Syllables, division of words into, 144, (§139).

Synonyoms, value of, 204.

Tasty, for tasteful, Glossary.

Technical words, 187.

"Telegraph style," in letters, 161.

Tense, explained, 46; sequence of, 84, 86.

Than, use of, 105.

That, with what antecedents used, 18; as a restrictive relative, 18; misuse of, Glossary.

That is, punctuation of, 141 (§122).

The, use of article, 44.

Their'n, theirself, theirselves, 26.

Them, for those, 29 (7).

Then, use of, 104.

There, improper use of after demonstratives, Glossary.

They, indefinite use of, 29 (8); with singular verb, 69 (2).

Third person, notes in the, 171.

Those kind, and these sort, 40.

Three first, Glossary.

Thusly, 36.

Title of whole composition, 174, 178.

Titles, abbreviations of, 158, 160; capitalization of, 136 (§§ 96, 97).

Page 244

To-day, to-morrow, to-night, hyphens with, 144 (§140).

Too, misuse of, 45, Glossary.

www.gutenberg.org/files/22577/22577-h/22577-h.htm

194/202

8/8/12

Practical Grammar and Composition

Transition, in whole composition, 178-180.

Transitive and intransitive verbs, confusion of, 56; explanation of, 4, 55-56.

Transpire, for happen, 196.

Try and, Glossary.

Two first, Glossary.

Unbeknown, for unknown, 36.

Unity: Of paragraph, 149-151; how to gain, 150; illustrations of, 151. Of sentence, 121-123. Of whole

composition, 178.

Unnecessary words, use of, 108-131.

Verb phrase, explained, 4.

Verbs, defined, 2, 46; agreement of verb and subject, 64-65, 69; agreement of verb in clauses, 86; auxiliary,

46; gerunds, 80-82; infinitives, 83-84; mode, 61-63; model conjugations of to-be and to see, 88-100;

omission of verbs or parts of, 87; participles, 80-82; principal, 46; principal parts, 46-47; principal parts,

list of, 48-50; transitive and intransitive, 55-56; use of auxiliaries, 71-73, 76-77, 79; voice, 56.

Very, 45, 196.

viz. , punctuation of, 141 (§122).

Vocabulary, rules for improvement of, 203-204.

Vocation, confused with avocation, 191.

Vulgarisms, 187.

Wake, confused with awake, 56, Glossary.

Wait on, confused with wait for, Glossary.

Ways, Glossary.

Weak beginnings and endings of sentences, 131 (1).

Well, confused with good, 33, 193.

West, capitalization of, 137 (§100).

What, with what antecedents, 18.

When, 103-104.

Where, 104.

Which, with clause or phrase as antecedent, 29 (9); with what antecedents used, 18.

Who, with what antecedents used, 18. Whole composition, 174-180; beginning of, 177, ending of, 180;

paragraph composition or paragraph theme, 148.

Will, use of, see shall.

Without, misuse as a conjunction, 106. Words, choice of, 200-201; clipped or abbreviated, 187; division of

at ends of lines, 144, (§139); foreign, 186, 217; good use of, 185-190; how to improve vocabulary of,

203-204, idioms, 198-199; in place of figures in letters, 157; newly-coined, 186; of coherence, 152-180;

professional, 187; pronunciation of, 208-220, provincialisms, 186; simple English, 200; slang, 187;

spelling of, 205-208; technical words, 187; vulgarisms, 187.

Would, see should.

Yes, punctuation of, 137 (102).

You, indefinite use of, 29 (8); with singular verb, 69 (2).

Yours truly and yours respectfully, wrong abbreviation of, 163.

Your'n, 26.

End of Project Gutenberg's Practical Grammar and Composition, by Thomas Wood

*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PRACTICAL GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION ***

***** This file should be named 22577-h.htm or 22577-h.zip *****

This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:

www.gutenberg.org/files/22577/22577-h/22577-h.htm

195/202

8/8/12

Practical Grammar and Composition

http://www.gutenberg.org/2/2/5/7/22577/

Produced by Robert J. Hall

Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions

will be renamed.

Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no

one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation

(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without

permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules,

set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to

copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to

protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project

Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you

charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you

do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the

rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose

such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and

research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do

practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is

subject to the trademark license, especially commercial

redistribution.

*** START: FULL LICENSE ***

THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE

PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK

To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free

distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work

(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project

Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project

Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at

http://gutenberg.org/license).

Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm

electronic works

1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm

electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to

and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property

(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all

the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy

all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.

If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project

Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the

terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or

entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.

1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be

used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who

agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few

things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works

even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See

www.gutenberg.org/files/22577/22577-h/22577-h.htm

196/202

8/8/12

Practical Grammar and Composition

paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project

Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement

and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic

works. See paragraph 1.E below.

1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"

or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project

Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the

collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an

individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are

located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from

copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative

works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg

are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project

Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by

freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of

this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with

the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by

keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project

Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.

1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern

what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in

a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check

the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement

before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or

creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project

Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning

the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United

States.

1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:

1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate

access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently

whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the

phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project

Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,

copied or distributed:

This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with

almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or

re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included

with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org

1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived

from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is

posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied

and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees

or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work

with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the

work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1

through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the

Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or

1.E.9.

1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted

with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution

www.gutenberg.org/files/22577/22577-h/22577-h.htm

197/202

8/8/12

Practical Grammar and Composition

must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional

terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked

to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the

permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.

1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm

License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this

work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.

1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this

electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without

prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with

active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project

Gutenberg-tm License.

1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,

compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any

word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or

distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than

"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version

posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),

you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a

copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon

request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other

form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm

License as specified in paragraph 1.