1. Calcium: high calcium intake may reduce Iron absorption.25
2. Magnesium: high magnesium intake may reduce Iron absorption.26
3. Manganese: high manganese intake may reduce Iron absorption.27
4. Zinc: high zinc intake may reduce Iron absorption.28
5. Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C): high Vitamin C intake increases Iron absorption.29,30
6. Phosphorous: Iron can bind to phosphorous in the intestinal tract, reducing the absorption of both nutrients.31
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Meschino Health Comprehensive Guide to Minerals
Pregnancy and Lactation
During pregnancy and lactation, the only supplements that are considered safe include standard prenatal
vitamin and mineral supplements. All other supplements or dose alterations may pose a threat to the
developing fetus and there is generally insuf icient evidence at this time to determine an absolute level of
safety for most dietary supplements other than a prenatal supplement. Any supplementation practices
beyond a prenatal supplement should involve the cooperation of the at ending physician (e.g., magnesium
and the treatment of preeclampsia.)
References: Pregnancy and Lactation
1. Encyclopedia of Nutritional Supplements. Murray M. Prima Publishing 1998.
2. Reavley NM. The New Encyclopedia of Vitamins, Minerals, Supplements, and Herbs. Evans and
Company Inc. 1998.
3. The Healing Power of Herbs (2nd edition). Murray M. Prima Publishing 1995.
4. Boon H and Smith M. Health Care Professional Training Program in Complementary Medicine.
Institute of Applied Complementary Medicine Inc. 1997.
1. Standard Textbooks of Nutritional Science:
-
Shils M, Shike M, Olson J, Ross C. Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease. 9th ed. Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams &
Wilkins; 1993.
-
Escott-Stump S, Mahan LK, editors. Food, Nutrition and Diet Therapy. 10th ed. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders
Company; 2000.
-
Bowman B, Russell RM, editors. Present Knowledge in Nutrition, 8th ed. Washington, DC:.ILSI Press; 2001.
-
Kreutler PA, Czajka-Narins DM, editors. Nutrition in Perspective. 2nd ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall Inc.; 1987.
2. Tzonou A, Lagiou P, Trichopoulou A, Tsoutsos V, Trichopoulos D. Dietary iron and coronary heart disease risk: a study from
Greece. Am J Epidemial 1998;147(2):161-6.
3. Kiechl S, Willeit J, Egger G, Poewe W, Oberhollenzer F. Body Iron stores and the risk of carotid atherosclerosis: prospective results
from the Bruneck Study. Circulation 1997;96(10):3300-7.
4. Fairbanks VF, Beutler E. Iron. In: Shills ME, Young VR, editors. Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease. 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA:
Lea and Febiger; 1988. p. 193-226.
5. Jacobs AM, Owen GM. The effect of age on Iron absorption. J Gerontol 1969;24:95-6.
6. Cook JD, Lynch SR. The liabilities of Iron deficiency. Blood 1986;68:802-9.
7. Hendler S. The Doctors’ Vitamin and Mineral Encyclopedia. New York, NY: Simon and Schuster; 1990. p. 148-56.
8. Tierney LM Jr., McPhee SJ, Papadakis MA, editors. Current medical diagnosis and treatment. 33rd ed. Stamford, Conn: Appleton
and Lange; 1994. p. 415-7.
9. O’Keeffe ST, Gaavin K, Lavan JN. Iron status and restless legs syndrome in the elderly. Age Ageing 1994;23:200-3.
10. Bruner AB, Joffe A, Duggan AK, Casella JF, Brandt J. Randomized study of cognitive effects of Iron supplementation in non-anemic
Iron-deficient adolescent girls. Lancet 1996;973(348):992-6.
11. Reavley N. The New Encyclopedia of Vitamins, Minerals, Supplements & Herbs. New York, NY: M Evans and Company Inc.; 1998.
p. 249-62.
12. Healthnotes 1998-2002. Available from: URL: http://www.healthnotes.com.
13. Leonard JP, Desager JP, Beckers C, Harvengt C. In vitro binding of various biological substances by two hypocholesterolaemic
resins. cholestyramine and colestipol. Arzneimittelforschung 1979;29(7):979-81.
14. Thomas FB, et al. Inhibition of Iron absorption by cholestyramine. Demonstration of diminished Iron stores following prolonged
Comment [c18]: Authors?
administration. Am J Dig Dis 1972;17(3):263-9.
15. Aymard JP, Aymard B, Netter P, Bannwarth B, Trechot P, Streiff F. Haematological adverse effects of histamine H2-receptor
antagonists. Med Toxicol Adverse Drug Exp 1988;3(6):430-48.
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Meschino Health Comprehensive Guide to Minerals
16. Harkness JA, Blake DR. Penicillamine nephropathy and Iron. Lancet 1982;2(8312):1368-9.
17. Neuvonen PJ. Interactions with the absorption of tetracyclines. Drugs 1976;11(1):45-54.
18. Heinrich HC, Oppitz KH, Gabbe EE. Inhibition of Iron absorption in man by tetracycline. Klin Wochenschr 1974;52(10):493-8.
19. Lomaestro BM, et al. Absorption interactions with fluoroquinolones. 1995 Update. Drug Saf 1995; 12(5):314-33.
Comment [c19]: Authors?
20. Leonards JR, Levy G, Niemczura R. Gastrointestinal blood loss during prolonged aspirin administration. N Engl J Med
1973;289(19):1020-2.
21. Gaginells TS. Drug-induced malabsorption. Drug Therapy 1975:88.
22. Jallad NS, Cattan A, Weidler DJ. Efficacy of misoprostol in controlling indomethacin induced fecal blood loss in arthritic patients. Int
J Clin Parmacol Ther Toxicol 1993;31(8):376-81.
23. Jacobson ED, Faloon WW. Malabsorptive effects of neomycin in commonly used doses. J Am Med Assoc 1961;175:187-90.
24. Taberner DA. Iron deficiency and stanozolol therapy. Lancet 1983;1(8325):648.
25. Hallberg L, Brune M, Erlandsson M, et al. Calcium: effect of different amounts on nonheme- and heme-Iron absorption in humans.
Comment [c20]: Authors?
Am J Clin Nutr 1991; 53(1):112-9.
26. Disch G, Classen HG, Haubold W, Spätling L. Interactions between Magnesium and Iron. In vitro studies. Arzneimittelforschung
1994;44(5):647-50.
27. Rossander-Hulten, L, Sandstrom, BM, Hallberg, LB. Competitive inhibition of Iron absorption by Manganese and Zinc in humans.
Am J Clin Nutr 1991;54(1):152-6.
28. Crofton RW, Gvozdanovic D, Gvozdanovic S, Khin CC, Brunt PW, Mowat NA, et al. Inorganic Zinc and the intestinal absorption of
ferrous Iron. Am J Clin Nutr 1989;50(1):141-4.
29. Hallberg L, Brune M, Rossander-Hulten L. Is there a physiological role of Vitamin C in Iron absorption. Ann N Y Acad Sci
1987;498:324-32.
30. Lynch SR, Cook JD. Interaction of Vitamin C and Iron. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1980;355:32-44.
31. Hsu CH, Patel SR, Young EW. New phosphate binding agents: ferric compounds. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1999;10(6):1274-80.
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Meschino Health Comprehensive Guide to Minerals
Magnesium
General Features
The adult human body contains approximately 20-28 grams of Magnesium. Approximately 60 percent is found in
bone, 28 percent in muscle, and the remainder in soft tissue and body fluids. It is second to potassium as an
intracellular cation.
Magnesium is essential for energy production, protein synthesis, muscle contraction, nerve excitability and conduction
and as a cofactor in numerous enzyme systems (more than 300 enzymes).
Magnesium and calcium tend to antagonize each other's ef ects on muscle contraction and depolarization. Calcium
activates muscle contraction whereas Magnesium is a relaxer of muscles. This effect on decreasing muscle cell
excitability may be of importance in the treatment of acute phase ischemic heart disease, fibromyalgia, asthma and
other conditions discussed below. Magnesium is important (along with calcium, sodium, potassium and phosphorous)
in nervous activity and muscle contraction. At certain stages of neuromuscular activity, the interaction between
Magnesium and calcium is antagonistic; at others, synergistic (enhancing).
In nature, Magnesium is the core atom of chlorophyll, the green pigment that enables plants, in the presence of light, to
transform carbon dioxide and water into carbohydrates. It thus has the claim to being, after carbon, the element most
important to life.1
Magnesium deficiency is extremely common in Americans, particularly in the geriatric population and in women during
the premenstrual period. Deficiency is often secondary to factors that reduce absorption or increase excretion of
Magnesium, such as high calcium intake, alcohol, diuretics (including caf eine and nicotine), and oral contraceptive
use.2
Recommended Daily Al owance (Magnesium)
Age Group
Age
RDA ( mg)
Infants
0-1 yr
50-70
Children
1-3 yrs
150
4-6 yrs
200
7-10 yrs
250
Adult males
350-400
Adult females
3001
Supplementation Studies and Clinical Applications