- Bowman B and Russell RM, editors. Present Knowledge in Nutrition, 8th ed. Washington, DC:.ILSI Press; 2001.
- Kreutler PA and Czajka-Narins DM, editors. Nutrition in Perspective. 2nd ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall Inc.; 1987.
53. 1 Keen CL, Zidenberg-cherr S. Manganese. In: Present Knowledge in Nutrition, 6th ed. Brown ML, editor. Washington, DC:
International Life Sciences Institute; 1990.
54. 1 de Rosa G, Keen CL, Leach RM, Hurley LS. Regulation of superoxide dismutase activity by dietary manganese. J Nutr
1980;110:795-804.
55. 1 Wimhurst JM, Manchester KL. Comparison of ability of Mg and Mn to activate the key enzymes of glycolysis. FEBS Letter
1972;27:321-6.
56. 1 Rubinstein AH, Levin NW, Elliott GA. Manganese-induced hypoglycemia. Lancet 1962;2:1348-51.
57. 1 Murray M. Encyclopedia of Nutritional Supplements. Rocklin, CA: Prima Publishing; 1996.
58. 1 Healthnotes 1998-2002. Available from: URL: http://www.healthnotes.com.
59. 1 Freeland-Graves JH, Lin PH. Plasma uptake of Manganese as affected by oral loads of Manganese, Calcium, milk, phosphorus,
Copper, and Zinc. J Am Coll Nutr 1991;10(1):38-43.
60. 1 Rossander-Hulten L, Brune M, Sandstrom B. Competitive inhibition of Iron absorption by Manganese and Zinc in humans. Am J
Clin Nutr. 1991;54(1):152-6.
www.meschinohealth.com
33
Meschino Health Comprehensive Guide to Minerals
Manganese
General Features
Manganese functions in many enzyme pathways that af ect blood sugar regulation, energy metabolism and thyroid
hormone function. It is an important prosthetic group for the antioxidant enzyme known as the superoxide dismutase
(SOD), which provides a vital antioxidant function in the body by quenching the highly reactive, superoxide anion.
Preliminary studies show that manganese supplementation can increase SOD activity.
In 1972, the first report of manganese deficiency in man was recorded with symptoms of weight loss, transient
dermatitis, nausea, and vomiting, changes in hair and beard colour and slow growth of hair and beard. In animals,
manganese deficiency manifests as impaired reproductive capacity, pancreatic function and carbohydrate metabolism,
skeletal abnormalities and ataxia of the offspring.
Absorption and Metabolism
Absorption mechanisms are yet undefined, but a specific manganese-carrying plasma protein has been
identified (transmanganin). The total body content of manganese is about 10-20 mg, which is
distributed throughout all tissue, but the highest concentration occurs in the pancreas, liver, kidneys,
and intestines. Absorption from the intestinal tract is poor (less than 20 percent) and the major route of
excretion is through the bile.i,ii,iii
Recommended Daily Al owance (Manganese)
Age Group
Dosage
(mg)
Under 6 months
0.3-0.6
6-12 months
0.6-1.0
1-3 years
1.0-1.5
4-6 years
1.5-2.0
7-10 years
2.0-3.0
Adolescents & Adults
2.5-5. 0i
Supplementation Studies and Clinical Applications