Valproic acid, the active ingredient in many drugs used to treat epilepsy, and clozapine, used to treat schizophrenia,
can decrease selenium status, thus, increased selenium intake may be warranted in these cases.
There are no well-known instances of selenium interfering with any medications.29
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Meschino Health Comprehensive Guide to Minerals
Pregnancy and Lactation
During pregnancy and lactation, the only supplements that are considered safe include standard
prenatal vitamin and mineral supplements. All other supplements or dose alterations may pose a
threat to the developing fetus and there is generally insuf icient evidence at this time to determine
an absolute level of safety for most dietary supplements other than a prenatal supplement. Any
supplementation practices beyond a prenatal supplement should involve the cooperation of the
at ending physician (e.g., magnesium and the treatment of preeclampsia.)
References: Pregnancy and Lactation
1. Encyclopedia of Nutritional Supplements. Murray M. Prima Publishing 1998.
2. Reavley NM. The New Encyclopedia of Vitamins, Minerals, Supplements, and Herbs. Evans
and Company Inc. 1998.
3. The Healing Power of Herbs (2nd edition). Murray M. Prima Publishing 1995.
4. Boon H and Smith M. Health Care Professional Training Program in Complementary Medicine.
Institute of Applied Complementary Medicine Inc. 1997.
1. Standard Textbooks of Nutritional Science:
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Shils M, Shike M, Olson J, Ross C. Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease. 9th ed. Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams &
Wilkins; 1993.
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Escott-Stump S, Mahan LK, editors. Food, Nutrition and Diet Therapy. 10th ed. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders
Company; 2000.
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Bowman B, Russell RM, editors. Present Knowledge in Nutrition, 8th ed. Washington, DC:.ILSI Press; 2001.
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Kreutler PA, Czajka-Narins DM, editors. Nutrition in Perspective. 2nd ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall Inc.; 1987.
2. Schrauzer GN, White DA, Schneider CJ. Cancer mortality correlation studies III. Statistical associations with dietary Selenium
intakes. Bioinorganic Chem 1977;7:23-56.
3. Shamberger RJ, Willis CE. Selenium distribution and human cancer mortality. Clin Lab 1971;2:211-21.
4. Russo MW, et al. Plasma Selenium levels and the risk of colorectal adenomas. Nutr and Cancer 1997; 28(2):125-9.
Comment [c34]: Authors?
5. Simone C. Cancer and Nutrition. Garden City Park, NY: Avery Publishing Group Inc.; 1992.
6. Murray M. Encyclopedia of nutritional supplements. Rocklin, CA: Prima Publishing; 1996. p. 222-8.
7. Burk RF. Selenium. In: Nutrition Foundation. Nutrition reviews: present knowledge in nutrition . 5th ed. Washington DC: Nutrition
Foundation Inc,; 1984. p. 519-27.
8. Hocman G. Chemoprevention of cancer: selenium. Int 5 Biochem 1998;20:123-32.
9. Blot WJ, Li JY, Taylor PR, Guo W, Dawsey S, Wang GQ, et al. Nutrition intervention trials in Linxian China: supplementation with
specific vitamin/mineral combinations, cancer incidence, and disease-specific mortality in the general population. J Natl Cancer Inst
1993;85:1483-92.
10. Blot WJ, Li JY, Taylor PR, Li B. Lung cancer and vitamin supplementation. N Engl J Med 1994;331(9):614.
11. Clark LC, Combs GF, Turnbull BW, Slate EH, Chalker DK, Chow J, et al. Effects of selenium supplementation for cancer prevention
in patients with carcinoma of the skin. A randomized controlled trial. Nutritional Prevention of Cancer Study Group. JAMA
1996;276(24):1957-63.
12. Yoshizawa K, Willett WC, Morris SJ, Stampfer MJ, Spiegelman D, Rimm EB, et al. Study of prediagnostic selenium levels in toenails
and the risk of advanced prostate cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1998;90:1219-24.
13. Kiremidjian-Schumacher, L, Stotzky G. Selenium and immune responses. Environmental Res 1987;42:277-303.
14. Kiremidjian-Schumacher L, Roy M, Wishe HI, Cohen MW, Stotzky G. Supplementation with selenium and human immune cell
functions; II, effect on cytotoxic lymphocytes and natural killer cells. Biol Trace Elem Res 1994;41:115-27.
15. Roy M, Kiremidjian-Schumacher L, Wishe HI, Cohen MW, Stotzky G. Supplementation with selenium and human immune cell
functions. I. Effect on lymphocyte proliferation and interleukin-2 receptor expression. Biol Trace Elem Res 1994;41:103-14.
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Meschino Health Comprehensive Guide to Minerals
16. Delmas-Beauvieux MC, Peuchant E, Couchouron A, Constans J, Sergeant C, Simonoff M, et al. The enzymatic antioxidant system
in blood and glutathione status in HIV-infected patients: effects of supplementation with selenium or beta-carotene. Am J Clin Nutr
1996;64:101-7.
17. Marmor M, Alcabes P, Titus S, Frenkel K, Krasinski K, Penn A, et al. Low serum thiol levels predict shorter times to death among
HIV-infected injecting drug users. AIDS 1997;11:1389-93.
18. Hendler S. The doctors’ vitamin and mineral encyclopedia. Simon and Schuster 1990:1983-92.
19. Tarp U, Overvad K, Thorling EB, Graudal H, Hansen JC. Selenium treatment in rheumatoid arthritis. Scand J. Rheumatol
1985:14:364-8.
20. Munthe E, Aaseth J. Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with selenium and Vitamin E. Scan J Rheumatol 1984;53(Suppl):103S.
21. Tarp U, Overvad K, Hansen JC, Thorling EB. Low selenium levels in severe rheumatoid arthritis. Scand J Rheumatol 1985;14:97-