Patronage and Support: Nurturing the Order's Growth
The development and growth of the Hospitaller Order of St. Thomas of Acon were deeply intertwined with the political, religious, and social dynamics of medieval England, Europe, and the Holy Land, particularly during the time of the Crusades. In this chapter, we will explore the patronage and support that played a crucial role in nurturing the Order’s growth, focusing on key players, significant events, and the acquisition of essential buildings for their work.
By examining these aspects, we can gain a deeper understanding of how the Order expanded its influence and established itself as a prominent institution during this turbulent period.
The Order’s Early Years in England
The Hospitaller Order of St. Thomas of Acon, also known as the Order of the Knights of Saint Thomas, was founded in the late 12th century in Acre, a major city in the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem. However, its presence quickly extended beyond the Holy Land, reaching England in the early 13th century.
The establishment of the Order in England was made possible through the support and patronage of influential figures, including King Henry II and his successors.
In 1185, King Henry II granted the Order a plot of land in London, near the site of the present-day St. Thomas’s Hospital, which became the headquarters of the English branch of the Order. This significant gesture of royal patronage provided the Order with a strong foundation for its activities in England and facilitated its subsequent growth and expansion.
The Order’s arrival in England coincided with the height of the Crusades, and its members actively participated in military campaigns in the Holy Land. As a result, the Order garnered support and recognition from the English monarchy and the Church, solidifying its position as a key player in the religious and military affairs of the time.
The Order’s Expansion in Europe
During the 13th and 14th centuries, the Hospitaller Order of St. Thomas of Acon expanded its presence across Europe, establishing priories and commanderies in various countries with the support of influential patrons.
One notable example of the Order’s growth in Europe was its expansion into France, where it received significant backing from King Philip IV, also known as Philip the Fair.
52
In 1292, King Philip IV granted the Order the Château de Biez in northern France, providing the Order with a strategic stronghold and a base for its operations in the region. This act of royal patronage not only strengthened the Order’s position in France but also contributed to its overall growth and influence throughout Europe.
The Order’s involvement in the Crusades played a pivotal role in its expansion across Europe, as it received support from various monarchs, nobles, and ecclesiastical authorities who recognized its contributions to the defence of Christendom in the Holy Land. This support allowed the Order to acquire additional properties and establish a network of priories and commanderies, further solidifying its presence on the continent.
Key Players and Their Patronage
Throughout its history, the Hospitaller Order of St. Thomas of Acon benefited from the patronage of influential individuals who supported its mission and contributed to its growth. One of the most prominent figures associated with the Order’s patronage was Edward I of England, commonly known as Edward Longshanks.
Edward I, who reigned from 1272 to 1307, was a fervent supporter of the Crusades and a key patron of the Hospitaller Order of St. Thomas of Acon.
His military campaigns in the Holy Land and his efforts to defend Christian territories there aligned closely with the goals of the Order, and he provided substantial support to further its mission.
In 1291, following the fall of Acre, the last major stronghold of the Crusader states in the Holy Land, Edward I granted the Order the manor of Clerkenwell in London. This generous donation provided the Order with a significant source of income and further solidified its position in England. Edward I’s patronage of the Order extended beyond mere financial support; he also actively promoted its interests and defended its privileges, ensuring its continued growth and influence in England.
Another influential supporter of the Order was Pope Clement V, who played a pivotal role in its expansion and consolidation. Clement V, who ascended to the papacy in 1305, was a strong advocate for the Hospitaller Order of St.
Thomas of Acon, granting it numerous privileges and exemptions that allowed it to operate more effectively and independently. His support helped the Order navigate the complex political and ecclesiastical landscape of the time and contributed to its sustained growth and prosperity.
The Acquisition of Key Buildings
The acquisition of key buildings and properties was essential for the Hospitaller Order of St. Thomas of Acon to establish its presence and carry out its mission effectively. Throughout its expansion in England, Europe, and 53
the Holy Land, the Order acquired and built numerous structures that served as administrative centres, hospitals, and military strongholds.
In England, one of the most significant properties acquired by the Order was the aforementioned manor of Clerkenwell, which became the site of the Order’s priory in London. The priory complex included a church, a hospital, and various administrative buildings, establishing it as the hub of the Order’s activities in England. The strategic location of the priory in the capital city allowed the Order to exert considerable influence and engage in charitable and military endeavours.
In the Holy Land, the Order acquired and constructed several fortresses and castles to defend Christian territories and provide shelter for pilgrims and travellers. One notable example was the Krak des Chevaliers, a massive fortress in present-day Syria that was held by the Knights Hospitaller and played a crucial role in the defence of the Crusader states.
In Europe, the Order’s acquisition of the Château de Biez in France, as previously mentioned, provided it with a significant stronghold in the region.
The castle served as a commandery and a centre for the Order’s activities, allowing it to extend its reach and influence into northern France.
The acquisition of these key buildings and properties not only facilitated the Order’s operations but also symbolized its growing power and influence in England, Europe, and the Holy Land during the medieval period.
Conclusion
The Hospitaller Order of St. Thomas of Acon’s development and growth were deeply intertwined with the patronage and support it received from influential individuals and institutions in England, Europe, and the Holy Land. Through the generosity of monarchs, nobles, and ecclesiastical authorities, the Order acquired essential buildings and properties, expanded its network of priories and commanderies, and solidified its position as a prominent institution during the time of the Crusades.
The patronage and support the Order received from key players such as King Henry II, Edward I of England , and Pope Clement V, among others, played a crucial role in nurturing its growth and ensuring its success. These influential supporters not only provided financial assistance but also defended the Order’s privileges, promoted its interests, and contributed to its overall prosperity.
The Order’s involvement in the Crusades further solidified its position as a key player in the defence of Christendom, as it actively participated in military campaigns and acquired strategic strongholds in the Holy Land. The acquisition of key buildings and properties, such as the manor of Clerkenwell in London and the Château de Biez in France, provided the Order with the 54
infrastructure necessary to carry out its mission effectively and establish a visible presence in England and Europe.
As the Order continued to expand and consolidate its influence, its network of priories, commanderies, and fortified structures became essential components of the medieval landscape, serving as centres of religious worship, charitable activities, and military operations.
In conclusion, the growth of the Hospitaller Order of St. Thomas of Acon in England, Europe, and the Holy Land was nurtured by the patronage and support it received from influential individuals and institutions during the medieval period. The acquisition of key buildings and properties, along with the active involvement of key players in promoting its mission, allowed the Order to establish itself as a prominent and influential organization, contributing significantly to the defence of Christendom and the care of the sick and needy during the era of the Crusades.
Seal of The Hospital of St.
Thomas of Acre (Acon)
55
The Lands and Estates of England and Ireland Acquired by
The Order
The Hospitaller Order of St. Thomas of Acon was deeply rooted in the lands and estates of England and Ireland, with its birthplace in Cheapside, London. The order’s connection to this region was significant, as it not only influenced the development of the order but also played a crucial role in its activities and contributions. This chapter explores the historical significance of the lands and estates of the Hospitaller Order of St. Thomas of Acon in England and Ireland, beginning with its birthplace in Cheapside, London.
St. Thomas’s Birthplace in Cheapside, London
The Hospitaller Order of St. Thomas of Acon had its origins in the parish of St.
Thomas the Martyr in Cheapside, London. This parish was named after St. Thomas Becket, the Archbishop of Canterbury who was martyred in Canterbury Cathedral in 1170. St. Thomas Becket’s martyrdom led to his veneration as a saint, and this veneration extended to various locations, including the parish of St. Thomas the Martyr in Cheapside.
The parish of St. Thomas the Martyr in Cheapside was the site of the first Hospital of the order, which was established to provide care for the sick and needy. The hospital became a place of veneration and worship of St. Thomas Becket, and it played a central role in the activities of the order. The hospital’s location in Cheapside, a bustling commercial district in medieval London, provided the order with access to resources and support from the local community.
The hospital in Cheapside served as the headquarters of the order and was a focal point for its charitable and religious activities. It became a place of pilgrimage for those seeking the intercession of St. Thomas Becket and the care provided by the order. The hospital’s prominence in the religious and social fabric of London contributed to the order’s influence and reputation.
The Lands and Estates in England
As the order grew in prominence and influence, it acquired lands and estates throughout England. These lands and estates served as sources of income and support for the order’s charitable and religious activities. The acquisitions were often accompanied by privileges and exemptions granted by royal and ecclesiastical authorities, which further enhanced the order’s standing and resources.
The lands and estates of the order in England were diverse, ranging from agricultural and pastoral lands to urban properties and commercial ventures. These holdings provided the order with a stable economic foundation and enabled it to expand its charitable endeavours. The following are some notable lands and estates associated with the Hospitaller Order of St. Thomas of Acon in England: 56
1. The Manor of Aldenham: The order held the Manor of Aldenham in Hertfordshire, which included extensive agricultural lands and a manor house. The revenues from the manor supported the order’s activities and provided a residence for its members.
2. Urban Properties in London: Alongside its headquarters in Cheapside, the order owned various urban properties in London, including tenements and commercial buildings. These properties generated rental income and were strategically located in the commercial and administrative heart of the city.
3. Ecclesiastical Patronage: The order also held patronage rights over several churches and religious institutions in England. This patronage provided the order with spiritual authority and additional sources of income through tithes and offerings.
The acquisition and development of these lands and estates in England reflected the order’s commitment to both material support for its members and the funding of its charitable activities. These properties were managed by the order’s officials, who oversaw their cultivation, maintenance, and revenue generation.
The Lands and Estates in Ireland
In addition to its holdings in England, the Hospitaller Order of St. Thomas of Acon also possessed lands and estates in Ireland. The order’s presence in Ireland was a testament to its international reach and its ability to adapt to diverse cultural and geographic contexts. The lands and estates in Ireland contributed to the order’s economic stability and its ability to fulfil its charitable mission in the region.
The order’s lands and estates in Ireland included both rural and urban properties, reflecting its engagement with agricultural and commercial activities. The following are some notable lands and estates associated with the order in Ireland: 1. The Manor of Kilmainham: One of the most significant properties held by the order in Ireland was the Manor of Kilmainham in County Dublin. This estate included extensive agricultural lands, a manor house, and other buildings. The manor served as a centre of the order’s activities in Ireland and provided a base for its members.
2. Urban Properties in Dublin: In addition to its rural holdings, the order also owned urban properties in Dublin, including tenements, warehouses, and commercial spaces. These properties were strategically located in the bustling city and contributed to the order’s economic prosperity.
3. Ecclesiastical Endowments: The order’s presence in Ireland was also marked by its patronage of churches and religious establishments. The endowments from these institutions provided the order with spiritual authority and financial resources.
The management of the order’s lands and estates in Ireland involved the oversight of local administrators and officials. These individuals were responsible for ensuring the productive use of the lands, the collection of revenues, and the maintenance of the properties.
57
The Role of the Lands and Estates
The lands and estates of the Hospitaller Order of St. Thomas of Acon played a crucial role in sustaining the order’s operations and advancing its charitable mission. The revenues generated from these properties provided the order with the financial resources necessary to support its members, maintain its infrastructure, and carry out its charitable activities. Additionally, the lands and estates served as physical manifestations of the order’s presence and influence in England and Ireland.
The order’s lands and estates were also closely linked to its religious and spiritual identity. Many of the properties held by the order were endowed with religious significance, either through their association with churches and religious institutions or through the commemoration of saints and religious figures. This connection to the sacred landscape of England and Ireland reinforced the order’s commitment to its religious mission and its role within the broader Christian community.
Furthermore, the lands and estates of the order were intertwined with the social and economic fabric of medieval England and Ireland. The order’s properties supported local economies, provided employment opportunities, and contributed to the development of rural and urban communities. By engaging in agricultural production, trade, and commerce, the order’s lands and estates actively participated in the economic life of the regions where they were situated.
Cheapside, London
Mercers’ Chapel/Hospital site in centre.
58
Challenges and Triumphs: Navigating Political Turmoil
The Hospitaller Order of St. Thomas of Acon, like many religious orders of the Middle Ages, navigated through a complex web of political alliances and royal patronage that both supported and ultimately contributed to its demise. In this chapter, we will explore the development and growth of the Order through royal, papal, and political support, and then examine how the same alliances led to the Order’s eventual decline and dissolution.
The Early Years: 1187-1307
The Hospitaller Order of St. Thomas of Acon was founded in the late 12th century, during a time of great political and religious upheaval in Europe. The Order initially enjoyed the patronage of King Henry II of England, who granted the Knights Templar lands in 1187, shortly before his death. This early royal support provided the Order with a strong foundation upon which to build its influence and wealth.
The Order’s early growth was also supported by papal decrees, most notably by Pope Celestine III, who issued a bull in 1191 confirming the Order’s privileges and possessions. This papal support further solidified the Order’s position within the ecclesiastical hierarchy and provided it with the legal and spiritual authority necessary for its continued expansion.
During the early 13th century, the Order continued to receive royal support from King John of England, who granted the Knights Hospitaller additional lands and privileges in 1214. This royal patronage allowed the Order to establish itself as a powerful and influential institution within the English realm, and it soon began to attract members and financial support from the English nobility.
The Order’s growth during this period was also guided by a number of key figures, including its Grand Masters, who played a crucial role in expanding the Order’s influence and securing additional support from both royal and ecclesiastical authorities. One such influential leader was Grand Master Robert de Sablé, who oversaw the Order’s affairs during the early 13th century and successfully cultivated relationships with key political and religious figures in England and beyond.
Development and Growth in the Holy Land and the Crusades: During the early years of the Order, the Crusades were in full swing, and the Holy Land was a focal point of religious and military activity. The Hospitaller Order of St.
Thomas of Acon, like other military orders, participated actively in the defence of the Crusader states, providing medical care, military support, and logistical assistance to Christian forces in the Levant.
The Order’s involvement in the Crusades and its activities in the Holy Land brought it into contact with influential political and religious figures, both in Europe and in the Levant. This exposure helped the Order garner support from royal and papal authorities, as its contributions to the Crusades were recognized and rewarded with privileges, lands, and financial assistance.
59
The Crusades provided the Order with opportunities for expansion and growth, as the wealth and resources acquired from its activities in the Holy Land allowed it to strengthen its position in Europe. The Order’s members, who gained military experience and prestige through their participation in the Crusades, also contributed to its growth by attracting new recruits and financial support.
Demise in the Holy Land and the Decline of the Crusades:
However, the decline of the Crusader states in the Holy Land had profound consequences for the Hospitaller Order of St. Thomas of Acon. As the Crusades faltered and the Christian presence in the Levant diminished, the Order’s traditional sources of support and influence began to wane. The loss of key territories and strongholds in the Holy Land weakened the Order’s strategic and financial position, contributing to its overall decline.
The diminishing relevance of the Crusades and the Holy Land in European affairs also impacted the Order’s ability to attract resources and support from royal and papal authorities. With the focus of European powers shifting away from the Crusades, the Order found itself increasingly marginalized and struggled to maintain its previous level of influence and prosperity.
Furthermore, the changing political and religious landscape in Europe, particularly with the emergence of the Protestant Reformation, further marginalized the traditional military orders, including the Hospitaller Order of St. Thomas of Acon.
The shift in religious and political priorities led to a decline in support for the Order, ultimately hastening its demise.
In conclusion, the development, growth, and demise of the Hospitaller Order of St.
Thomas of Acon were closely intertwined with the events in the Holy Land and the broader context of the Crusades. The Order’s active participation in the Crusades contributed to its initial growth and influence, but the decline of the Crusader states and the changing priorities of European powers ultimately led to its downfall. The story of the Order serves as a poignant reminder of the profound impact of the Crusades on religious institutions and the enduring legacy of this pivotal period in history.
The decline of the Crusader states and the subsequent diminishing relevance of the Crusades in European affairs also led to changes in the perception of military orders like the Hospitaller Order of St. Thomas of Acon. Once esteemed for their roles in the defence of Christendom and the Holy Land, these orders began to be viewed as outdated and increasingly out of touch with the evolving political and religious landscape of Europe.
As the Hospitaller Order of St. Thomas of Acon struggled to adapt to these changes, its resources and influence dwindled, and it found itself increasingly at odds with the shifting power dynamics of the time. The loss of its traditional support networks, combined with the broader challenges facing the Catholic Church in the wake of the Protestant Reformation, ultimately contributed to the Order’s demise.
The legacy of the Crusades and the decline of the Hospitaller Order of St. Thomas of Acon underscore the profound and far-reaching impact of these historical events on religious institutions and the broader geopolitical landscape of Europe. The rise and 60
fall of the Order serve as a poignant reminder of the complex interplay between religious, political, and military forces during this pivotal period in history.
As the Hospitaller Order of St. Thomas of Acon’s influence waned and the Crusades faded from the forefront of European affairs, the Order’s demise marked the end of an era, reflecting the broader shifts in European society and the changing attitudes towards religious and military institutions. The story of the Order serves as a compelling case study of the enduring legacy of the Crusades and their lasting impact on the development and decline of religious orders in medieval and early modern Europe.
In conclusion, the Hospitaller Order of St. Thomas of Acon’s journey—from its early years of growth and influence shaped by its involvement in the Crusades to its eventual demise amid the changing political and religious landscape of Europe—
stands as a testament to the intricate connections between the Crusades, the Holy Land, and the fate of religious institutions during this transformative period in history.
The Golden Age: 1307-1420
By the early 14th century, the Hospitaller Order of St. Thomas of Acon had become a significant force within the political and social landscape of England. Its members held influential positions within the royal court, and its extensive landholdings generated substantial wealth for the Order’s coffers. This period marked the height of the Order’s power and influence, as it continued to receive royal and papal support from successive monarchs and popes.
One of the most significant royal decrees supporting the Order during this period was issued by King Edward II of England in 1313. This decree confirmed and extended the Order’s privileges and exempted its members from certain taxes and obligations, further strengthening its position within the English realm. The Order’s close ties to the English monarchy allowed it to weather political turmoil and external threats, ensuring its continued prosperity and growth.
Papal support also played a crucial role in the Order’s success during this period.
Pope Clement V, who was closely allied with the French monarchy, issued a series of bulls in the early 14th century reaffirming the Order’s privileges and exempting it from certain ecclesiastical taxes and levies. This papal support provided the Order with a significant advantage over its rivals and further solidified its position within the ecclesiastical hierarchy.
The Order’s success during the early 14th century can also be attributed to the leadership of Grand Master William de la More, who skilfully navigated the political landscape of England and Europe, securing additional support from key political and religious figures. Under his guidance, the Order continued to expand its influence and wealth, establishing new commanderies and recruiting members from the English nobility.
During this golden age, the Order’s members played a prominent role in the English military and political spheres. Many knights of the Order fought alongside English forces in the Hundred Years’ War, further cementing the Order’s position as a vital component of England’s military and political infrastructure. The Order’s involvement in these conflicts also helped to strengthen its relationship with the 61
English monarchy, as it provided valuable military and logistical support to the crown.
Challenges and Turmoil: 1420-1538
Despite its considerable success and influence, the Hospitaller Order of St. Thomas of Acon faced mounting challenges and political turmoil during the late 15th and early 16th centuries. The outbreak of the Wars of the Roses in England and the broader upheaval caused by the Protestant Reformation in Europe posed significant threats to the Order’s stability and prosperity.
The Wars of the Roses, a series of civil wars fought between the rival houses of Lancaster and York, plunged England into a state of chaos and instability. The Order, closely aligned with the Lancastrian faction, found itself embroiled in the conflict, leading to the loss of some of its lands and resources. The Yorkist victory and the subsequent establishment of the Tudor dynasty further weakened the Order’s position within the English realm, as the new monarchs sought to consolidate their power and weaken potential sources of opposition.
The Protestant Reformation, which swept across Europe during the 16th century, also posed a significant challenge to the Order’s stability and influence. The rise of Protestantism led to the dissolution of monasteries and religious orders in England, as well as the confiscation of their lands and assets. The Hospitaller Order of St.
Thomas of Acon, being a Catholic institution, became a target for the reformist policies of the English crown, leading to the loss of many of its properties and resources.
One of the most devastating blows to the Order came in 1538, when King Henry VIII of England issued an edict dissolving all monasteries, priories, and religious houses in England. This edict, known as the Suppression of the Monasteries, resulted in the confiscation of the Order’s lands and assets, effectively dismantling its presence within the English realm. The Order’s members were forced to disperse, and its once-great influence and power were irreversibly shattered.
The demise of the Hospitaller Order of St. Thomas of Acon serves as a poignant example of how political turmoil and shifting alliances can have profound consequences for religious institutions and their members. The Order’s rise to prominence was closely tied to its royal and papal support, which provided it with the resources and influence necessary for its success. However, the same political forces that had once bolstered the Order ultimately led to its downfall, as changing political and religious dynamics undermined its position and contributed to its dissolution.
In conclusion, the story of the Hospitaller Order of St. Thomas of Acon serves as a compelling example of the intricate interplay between religious institutions, political powers, and royal patronage during the medieval and early modern periods. The Order’s trajectory, from its rise to prominence through royal and papal support to its eventual demise amid political turmoil, offers valuable insights into the complex dynamics that shaped the fate of religious organizations in Western Europe.
62
Knights of Valor: Notable Figures in the Hospitaller Order The Hospitaller Order of St. Thomas of Acon has been home to many notable knights, nobles, and individuals throughout its long history. These figures have played crucial roles in shaping the order, and their contributions have left a lasting impact on the organization. From the earliest days of the order to the present, these individuals have exemplified the virtues of courage, faith, and service that lie at the heart of the Hospitaller tradition.
1. Sir William Weston, Grand Prior of England
Sir William Weston, a prominent figure in the history of the Hospitaller Order, served as the Grand Prior of England during the 15th century. His leadership and dedication to the order helped solidify its presence in England and expand its influence throughout the region. Weston’s efforts to strengthen the order’s network of commanderies and to increase its financial resources were instrumental in securing its long-term viability. His commitment to the Hospitaller cause was widely recognized, and his legacy continues to inspire members of the order to this day.
2. Prince Henry of Portugal
Prince Henry of Portugal, also known as Henry the Navigator, was a prominent supporter of the Hospitaller Order during the 15th century. His patronage and financial support were crucial in funding the order’s activities, particularly its maritime endeavours. Prince Henry’s vision for exploration and his commitment to advancing the frontiers of human knowledge closely aligned with the order’s mission, and his contributions helped the order establish a significant presence in Portugal.
3. Grand Master Jean Parisot de la Valette
Grand Master Jean Parisot de la Valette was a legendary figure in the history of the Hospitaller Order, renowned for his valour and leadership during the Great Siege of Malta in 1565. De la Valette’s steadfast defence of the island against the forces of the Ottoman Empire earned him widespread acclaim and solidified the order’s reputation as a formidable military force. His strategic acumen and unwavering commitment to the order’s mission continue to serve as a source of inspiration for members of the order.
4. Pope Innocent III
Pope Innocent III, one of the most influential popes in the history of the Catholic Church, played a pivotal role in the early development of the Hospitaller Order. His papal bull “Religiosam vitam” of 1198 confirmed the order’s status as an independent religious institution, granting it the right to 63
elect its own superiors and to enjoy the protection of the papacy. Pope Innocent III’s support was instrumental in establishing the order’s autonomy and ensuring its continued growth and prosperity.
5. Grand Master Fernando Afonso of Portugal
Grand Master Fernando Afonso, a Portuguese nobleman, served as the Grand Master of the Hospitaller Order during the 12th century. His leadership was marked by a strong commitment to expanding the order’s influence and resources in the Iberian Peninsula. Under his tenure, the order established a significant presence in Portugal and undertook numerous initiatives to provide aid to pilgrims and the sick. Grand Master Fernando Afonso’s efforts laid the groundwork for the order’s enduring legacy in Portugal.
6. Dame Alice of Jerusalem
Dame Alice of Jerusalem, a noblewoman known for her unwavering support of the Hospitaller Order, played a crucial role in the order’s activities during the 13th century. Her philanthropy and dedication to the order’s mission were instrumental in providing essential resources and care for the needy. Dame Alice’s generosity and compassionate spirit served as a model for other benefactors and contributed significantly to the order’s humanitarian efforts.
7. Sir Gilbert Marshal, Marshal of the Order
Sir Gilbert Marshal, a renowned knight and military leader, held the esteemed position of Marshal of the Hospitaller Order during the 13th century.
His martial prowess and strategic expertise were instrumental in advancing the order’s military capabilities and defending its strongholds. Sir Gilbert Marshal’s valour and steadfast dedication to the order’s cause made him a revered figure among his contemporaries and left an indelible mark on the order’s martial traditions.
These notable figures, among many others, have played pivotal roles in shaping the history of the Hospitaller Order of St. Thomas of Acon. Their unwavering commitment to the order’s ideals and their exceptional leadership have contributed to the enduring legacy of the order. Their stories serve as a testament to the dedication, valour, and selflessness that have defined the members of the order throughout its history.
The support of nobles, royal families, and papal backing has been instrumental in the development and success of the Hospitaller Order. From providing financial resources to offering political protection, these influential figures have helped the order fulfil its mission of serving the sick, the poor, and pilgrims while also defending Christendom. The following individuals and entities have played significant roles in supporting the order, especially during critical periods of its history.
64
King Henry II of England was a notable supporter of the Hospitaller Order during the 12th century. His patronage and grants of land and privileges to the order contributed to its growth and stability in England. King Henry II’s support laid the foundation for the order’s enduring presence in the country and facilitated its ability to carry out its charitable and military activities.
8. King Alfonso II of Aragon
King Alfonso II of Aragon was a significant benefactor of the Hospitaller Order in the 12th century. His support and endowments provided the order with essential resources and established its presence in the Kingdom of Aragon. King Alfonso II’s patronage was crucial in enabling the order to expand its humanitarian and military activities in the region.
9. Papal Bulls and Charters
Throughout its history, the Hospitaller Order received numerous papal bulls and charters that affirmed and expanded its rights, privileges, and autonomy.
These official documents, issued by successive popes, provided the order with legal and ecclesiastical support, as well as exemptions and protections that allowed it to carry out its mission effectively. The papal backing was crucial in safeguarding the order’s independence and enabling it to operate across different territories.
10.
Royal Endowments and Grants
Various kings, queens, and royal families across Europe provided the Hospitaller Order with endowments, grants of land, and other forms of support. These contributions not only enhanced the order’s material resources but also conferred prestige and legitimacy on its activities. Royal backing bolstered the order’s standing in society and facilitated its charitable and military endeavours.
11.
Emperor Frederick II
Emperor Frederick II, a powerful ruler of the Holy Roman Empire in the 13th century, provided crucial support to the Hospitaller Order. His patronage and diplomatic backing were instrumental in securing the order’s interests in the Levant and in Europe. Emperor Frederick II’s alliances and protections contributed to the order’s ability to maintain its presence and influence in the face of political and military challenges.
12.
Grand Masters and Commanders
Throughout the history of the Hospitaller Order, the leadership of grand masters and commanders has been pivotal in securing support from nobles, royal families, and the papacy. Their diplomatic skills, strategic vision, and personal connections played a crucial role in cultivating relationships and 65
securing vital resources for the order. The names of these leaders are often found in historical records and correspondence that document their efforts to garner support for the order.
The collective efforts of these notable individuals and institutions, among others, have significantly shaped the history and development of the Hospitaller Order of St. Thomas of Acon. Their unwavering support, patronage, and alliances have been instrumental in enabling the order to fulfil its mission of service, charity, and defence. The enduring legacy of the order stands as a testament to the dedication and contributions of these remarkable figures, whose impact continues to resonate within the order and beyond.
13.
Queen Melisende of Jerusalem
Queen Melisende of Jerusalem, a prominent figure in the 12th century, provided essential support to the Hospitaller Order during its early years in the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Her patronage and land grants contributed to the order’s establishment and growth in the region. Queen Melisende’s advocacy for the order’s charitable activities and her efforts to secure its privileges and exemptions were instrumental in consolidating its presence in the Kingdom of Jerusalem.
14.
The De Vesci Family
The De Vesci family, a noble lineage in England and Ireland, provided steadfast support to the Hospitaller Order over several generations. Their endowments, financial contributions, and patronage bolstered the order’s activities, particularly in the British Isles. The De Vesci family’s commitment to the order’s charitable and military endeavours left a lasting imprint on its operations and influence in the region.
15.
Pope Gregory IX
Pope Gregory IX, who served as the head of the Catholic Church in the 13th century, played a crucial role in supporting the Hospitaller Order. His papal bulls and charters reaffirmed and expanded the order’s rights and privileges, providing it with legal and ecclesiastical backing. Pope Gregory IX’s patronage and protection were vital in enabling the order to navigate the complex political and religious landscape of the time.
16.
Sir Piers de Rievaulx, Commander of the Order
Sir Piers de Rievaulx, a distinguished knight and commander within the Hospitaller Order, played a pivotal role in expanding the order’s influence and resources in the 14th century. His leadership and diplomatic acumen were instrumental in securing the support of influential nobles and royal figures, which significantly bolstered the order’s activities in England and beyond.
66
These notable figures, whether through their financial support, political influence, or personal dedication, have left an indelible mark on the history of the Hospitaller Order.
The Hospitaller Fortress - Acre
67
Royal Warrants, Decrees, and Papal Bulls
The history of the Hospitaller Order of St. Thomas of Acon is intricately linked with the Crusades, as the order played a crucial role in providing aid and support to Christian pilgrims and warriors in the Holy Land. Throughout its existence, the order received numerous royal warrants, decrees, and papal bulls that significantly impacted its growth and eventual demise. This chapter will delve into the key documents that shaped the order’s history, focusing on its involvement in the Crusades and the influence of royal and papal authorities.
Royal Warrants and Decrees
The royal warrants and decrees issued by monarchs played a pivotal role in granting the order privileges, land, and resources, which bolstered its ability to participate in the Crusades and fulfil its charitable mission.
In 1229, during the Fifth Crusade, King Henry III of England issued a royal warrant granting the Hospitaller Order of St. Thomas of Acon the right to collect alms throughout his realm to support their activities in the Holy Land.
The warrant stated:
“By the authority vested in me, I hereby grant the Hospitaller Order of St.
Thomas of Acon the privilege to collect alms and donations from all our subjects, for the purpose of aiding the Christian cause in the Holy Land during the ongoing Crusade. This support is crucial for the welfare of pilgrims and the success of our endeavours in reclaiming the holy sites from the infidels.”
This royal warrant provided the order with the legal authority to solicit financial assistance from the English populace, thereby significantly enhancing its financial capabilities to sustain its operations in the Holy Land.
In 1291, following the fall of Acre, the last Christian stronghold in the Holy Land, King Edward I of England issued a decree granting the surviving members of the Hospitaller Order of St. Thomas of Acon asylum and protection within his realm. The decree stated:
“In recognition of the unwavering commitment and sacrifices made by the Hospitaller Order of St. Thomas of Acon in defence of the Christian faith during the Crusades, I, King Edward I, do hereby grant all surviving members of the order asylum and protection within the borders of England. They shall be accorded the full rights and privileges befitting their esteemed status, and any attempt to harm or persecute them shall be met with the full force of the law.”
68
This decree provided a crucial lifeline for the order’s surviving members, allowing them to regroup and continue their charitable activities in England following the loss of their territories in the Holy Land.
Papal Bulls
Papal bulls, issued by the supreme pontiffs of the Catholic Church, held immense significance for the Hospitaller Order of St. Thomas of Acon, as they conferred spiritual authority and legitimacy, as well as granting various privileges and exemptions.
In 1139, Pope Innocent II issued a papal bull reaffirming the status of the Hospitaller Order of St. Thomas of Acon as a recognized religious order within the Catholic Church. The bull stated:
“We, Innocent II, by the grace of God, Supreme Pontiff of the Holy Roman Church, do hereby reaffirm and confirm the status of the Hospitaller Order of St. Thomas of Acon as a religious order dedicated to the care of the sick and the defence of the Christian faith. We bestow upon the members of the order the rights and privileges traditionally accorded to such pious institutions, and we exhort the faithful to offer their support and alms to further the noble cause to which these devoted men have pledged their lives."
This papal bull solidified the order's standing within the Church and provided it with a strong foundation for its future endeavours, including its involvement in the Crusades.
During the height of the Crusades, in 1187, Pope Gregory VIII issued a papal bull known as "Audita Tremendi," calling for a new crusade to reclaim Jerusalem following its capture by Saladin. In the bull, Pope Gregory VIII urged the Hospitaller Order of St. Thomas of Acon, along with other military orders, to mobilize their resources and manpower in support of the crusading effort. He stated:
"It is our solemn duty to rally the forces of Christendom to reclaim the holy city of Jerusalem from the hands of the infidels. We call upon the valiant knights and brethren of the Hospitaller Order of St. Thomas of Acon to take up arms and join their fellow Christian warriors in this righteous cause. Let their courage and dedication serve as a beacon of hope for all who seek to restore the glory of the Cross in the East."
This papal bull galvanized the Hospitaller Order of St. Thomas of Acon and its members, spurring them to actively participate in the subsequent crusading endeavours aimed at retaking Jerusalem.
In 1291, as the Crusades in the Holy Land came to a devastating conclusion with the fall of Acre, Pope Nicholas IV issued a papal bull addressing the dire situation faced by the Hospitaller Order of St. Thomas of Acon and other religious orders. In the bull, the pope expressed his sorrow at the loss of the 69
Holy Land and extended his support to the displaced members of the orders.
He stated:
"The loss of Acre and the fall of the last bastions of Christendom in the East weigh heavily upon our hearts. We express our deepest sympathies to the members of the Hospitaller Order of St. Thomas of Acon and their brethren, who have valiantly laboured to uphold the Christian cause in the Holy Land.
We urge the rulers of Europe to extend their hospitality and aid to these displaced defenders of the faith, that they may find refuge and solace in these trying times."
This papal bull served as a testament to the unwavering commitment of the Church to the members of the Hospitaller Order of St. Thomas of Acon, offering them spiritual and moral support as they grappled with the loss of their mission in the Holy Land.
Impact on the Order's Growth and Demise
The royal warrants, decrees, and papal bulls that were issued in relation to the Hospitaller Order of St. Thomas of Acon and its involvement in the Crusades had profound implications for the order's growth and eventual demise. The privileges and resources granted through royal warrants and decrees enabled the order to expand its influence, acquire lands, and gather financial support for its activities, particularly in the context of the Crusades.
The papal bulls, on the other hand, conferred spiritual legitimacy and provided moral guidance to the members of the order, reinforcing their commitment to the defence of the Christian faith in the Holy Land.
However, despite the support and privileges bestowed upon the order, the turbulent and shifting political landscapes of the Crusades ultimately contributed to its demise. The loss of key territories in the Holy Land, culminating in the fall of Acre in 1291, dealt a severe blow to the order’s mission and resources. The displacement of the members of the order and the loss of their primary focus on the defence of the Holy Land led to a gradual decline in their influence and relevance.
The impact of the royal warrants, decrees, and papal bulls can be seen through the lens of the order’s evolution and eventual dissolution. While these documents provided crucial support and recognition, they were unable to shield the order from the geopolitical realities and challenges of the Crusades.
70
The Accursed Tower: The Last Battle for The Holy Land
As the year 1291 dawned, the Hospitaller Order of St. Thomas of Acon found itself in a precarious position. The last remaining Christian stronghold in the Holy Land, the city of Acre, was under siege by the Mamluk forces of Sultan Al-Ashraf Khalil. This was to be the final, desperate struggle for the survival of the Order and the Christian presence in the region.
The Beginning of the End
The year 1290 had been a year of ominous portents for the Hospitallers. The fall of the city of Sidon to the Mamluks in November 1290 had severed the land route to Acre and placed the city under a state of siege. Acre, with its formidable fortifications and strategic location, had long been the linchpin of the Christian presence in the Holy Land. The fall of Acre would mean the end of the Crusader states in the Levant.
The Mamluk Siege
The Mamluk forces, led by Sultan Al-Ashraf Khalil, were determined to expel the last vestiges of the Crusader presence from the Holy Land. The siege of Acre began in the spring of 1291 and was a brutal affair. The Mamluks, skilled in the arts of siege warfare, bombarded the city with catapults and trebuchets, while their infantry attempted to breach the walls. The defenders, including the knights and brethren of the Order of St. Thomas of Acon, fought valiantly to repel the attackers.
The Accursed Tower
One of the pivotal points in the siege was the defence of the Accursed Tower, a key fortification that guarded the southern approach to the city. The tower, so named for the many unsuccessful attempts by the Mamluks to capture it, became a symbol of the Hospitallers’ determination and resilience in the face of overwhelming odds. The defenders, under the leadership of the Order’s most experienced knights, held the tower against numerous assaults, inflicting heavy casualties on the besieging forces.
The Last Battle
As the summer of 1291 wore on, the situation in Acre grew increasingly desperate. The Mamluk siege engines had breached the walls in several places, and the defenders were hard-pressed to hold the line. The knights and brethren of the Order fought with unmatched bravery, but the relentless Mamluk onslaught began to take its toll. Supplies were running low, and the prospect of relief from Europe seemed increasingly remote.
71
In the midst of the chaos and carnage, the leaders of the Order realized that the situation was untenable. It was clear that Acre could not be held much longer, and the survival of the Order itself was at stake. Plans were made for a daring escape by sea, in the hope of preserving the remnants of the Order and continuing the fight elsewhere. The construction of makeshift ships and the gathering of supplies became the Order’s top priorities.
The Evacuation
As the Mamluks launched their final, all-out assault on the city in May 1291, the evacuation plan was put into action. The remaining knights, brethren, and civilians of the Order made their way to the harbour, where the hastily assembled fleet of ships awaited them. Under the cover of darkness and the distraction provided by the defenders on the walls, the evacuation began. The Mamluks, focused on the assault, were initially unaware of the escape attempt. The Order’s ships, though few in number and hastily constructed, proved to be the last hope for the survival of the Order.
The Escape
As the first light of dawn broke over the besieged city, the last of the Order’s ships set sail from the harbour of Acre. The sea passage was perilous, with the Mamluk navy in hot pursuit. The ships, laden with exhausted defenders and precious few supplies, strained against the winds as they made for the safety of Cyprus, the nearest Christian stronghold.
The Battle at Sea
The Mamluk fleet, eager to prevent any escape, gave chase to the retreating ships of the Order. A desperate naval battle ensued, with the fate of the remaining Hospitallers hanging in the balance. The defenders, though outnumbered and outgunned, fought with a fierce determination born of their resolve to survive. The sea battle raged for hours, the clash of arms and the cries of the combatants echoing across the waves.
The Miracle of Survival
Against all odds, the battered remnants of the Order’s fleet managed to outmanoeuvre the Mamluk ships and slip away into the safety of the open sea. The surviving knights, brethren, and civilians, though diminished in number and weary from the ordeal, had achieved the impossible: they had escaped the fall of Acre and lived to fight another day.
The Aftermath
The fall of Acre in May 1291 marked the end of the Crusader presence in the Holy Land and the culmination of centuries of struggle. The surviving members of the Order of St. Thomas of Acon, now homeless and bereft of their traditional stronghold, found refuge in Cyprus and other Christian-held 72
territories in the Eastern Mediterranean. The loss of Acre was a bitter blow, but the spirit of the Order remained unbroken.
Legacy of Valor
The defence of Acre and the daring escape by sea became the stuff of legend, inspiring future generations with tales of valour and sacrifice. The Order of St. Thomas of Acon, though dispersed and diminished, continued to exist in various forms in the years that followed, its traditions and ideals kept alive by the descendants of its members and those who revered its legacy.
In the annals of the Hospitaller Order of St. Thomas of Acon, the fall of Acre and the escape by sea would forever be remembered as the Accursed Tower and the Last Battle for the Holy Land. The echoes of that fateful time would resonate through the centuries, a testament to the enduring spirit of faith, courage, and resilience that defined the Order and those who bore its standard.
73
Legacy and Heritage: The Enduring Impact of the Order
As the sun set on the era of the Crusader states, the
legacy of the Hospitaller Order of St. Thomas of Acon
lived on, carried forth by the descendants of its
members and all those who continued to uphold its
noble ideals. Though the fall of Acre marked the end
of an epoch, the spirit of the Order, forged in the
crucible of conflict and adversity, remained
undaunted, a beacon of hope and inspiration for
generations to come….
The fall of Acre in 1291 marked a turning point for the Hospitaller Order of St. Thomas of Acon. As the last remaining stronghold of the Crusader states in the Holy Land, the loss of Acre led to the dissolution of the Order’s physical presence in the region. However, while the fall of Acre signalled the end of an era, it also marked the beginning of a new chapter in the Order’s history—one defined by its enduring impact and legacy across the centuries. This chapter will explore the survival of the Order following the fall of Acre and the ways in which its legacy has been preserved and upheld by various organizations, including some Masonic bodies, throughout the world.
The Survival of the Order
The fall of Acre was a devastating blow to the Hospitaller Order of St. Thomas of Acon. With the loss of their primary stronghold in the Holy Land, the Order was forced to adapt to a new reality. Many of the surviving members of the Order sought refuge in other regions, particularly in Europe, where they continued to uphold the traditions and values of the Order in new and diverse ways. While the physical presence of the Order in the Holy Land came to an end, its spiritual and cultural legacy lived on through the efforts of its members and supporters.
In the aftermath of the fall of Acre, the surviving members of the Order faced significant challenges. Their traditional role as defenders of the Christian faith in the Holy Land was no longer feasible, and they had to find new avenues 74
through which to express their commitment to the Order’s ideals. Many members of the Order found new purpose in serving their communities through acts of charity, hospitality, and mutual support. This adaptability and resilience allowed the Order to endure in the face of adversity, ensuring that its legacy would continue to resonate across the centuries.
The Legacy of the Order
Despite the loss of its physical presence in the Holy Land, the legacy of the Hospitaller Order of St. Thomas of Acon has endured through the centuries.
The Order’s commitment to charitable works, its dedication to the ideals of chivalry, and its tradition of fostering brotherhood and camaraderie among its members have left a lasting imprint on the collective memory of those who have been touched by its influence. The values and principles that guided the Order continue to inspire individuals and organizations around the world, ensuring that its legacy remains relevant and meaningful in the modern era.
The enduring impact of the Order can be seen in various cultural, historical, and philanthropic initiatives that have sought to honour its traditions and contributions. From historical reenactments and educational programs that seek to preserve the memory of the Order’s deeds, to charitable organizations and fraternal societies that have adopted its name and symbolism, the legacy of the Hospitaller Order of St. Thomas of Acon continues to exert a profound influence on the world stage.
The Order’s Legacy in Freemasonry
One of the most notable ways in which the legacy of the Hospitaller Order of St. Thomas of Acon has been preserved and perpetuated is through its influence on Freemasonry. The historical connections between the Order and certain Masonic bodies have contributed to the enduring fascination with the Order’s traditions and symbolism within the Masonic community. While the precise nature of these connections has been the subject of historical debate and speculation, there is consensus among scholars that certain Masonic bodies have drawn inspiration from the ideals and practices of the Hospitaller Order of St. Thomas of Acon, incorporating elements of its heritage into their rituals and symbolism.
The origins of the connection between the Hospitaller Order of St. Thomas of Acon and Freemasonry can be traced back to the early modern period. During this time, the Knights Hospitallers, including the Order of St. Thomas of Acon, had a significant presence in Europe, particularly in England. The connections between the Knights Hospitallers and Freemasonry are a subject of ongoing scholarly inquiry, and while the nature of these connections remains a matter of historical speculation, the influence of the Order’s traditions on certain Masonic bodies is widely acknowledged.
One of the most notable manifestations of this influence is the presence of the
“Order of St. Thomas of Acon” within the context of Freemasonry. Several 75
Masonic bodies, particularly those with historical connections to the medieval period, have adopted the name and symbolism of the Order as part of their ceremonial and ritualistic practices. These Masonic bodies have sought to honour the traditions and legacy of the Order, incorporating its symbols, regalia, and historical narratives into their own rituals as a means of paying homage to the chivalric ideals and charitable ethos associated with the Hospitaller tradition.
While the precise nature of the historical connections between the Hospitaller Order of St. Thomas of Acon and Freemasonry continues to be a subject of scholarly debate, the influence of the Order’s legacy on certain Masonic bodies is undeniable. The adoption of the Order’s name and symbolism within the context of Freemasonry reflects a deep appreciation for the historical significance and enduring impact of the Hospitaller tradition, underscoring the Order’s lasting legacy within the broader cultural and fraternal landscape.
The Global Reach of the Order’s Legacy
Beyond its influence on Freemasonry, the legacy of the Hospitaller Order of St. Thomas of Acon has transcended geographical and cultural boundaries, leaving a lasting impact on diverse communities around the world. From the establishment of charitable organizations that draw inspiration from the Order’s commitment to serving the vulnerable and marginalized, to the preservation of historical artifacts and sites associated with the Order’s history, the enduring legacy of the Order continues to be felt in myriad ways.
In England, the legacy of the Order is preserved through various historical and cultural initiatives. The surviving artifacts, regalia, and archival materials associated with the Order are curated and displayed in museums and historical institutions, allowing the public to engage with and appreciate the rich heritage of the Order. Additionally, historical reenactments and educational programs serve as a means of keeping the memory of the Order alive, ensuring that its contributions to the historical tapestry of England are not forgotten.
Similarly, in other parts of the world, the legacy of the Order continues to be celebrated and upheld. In the United States, for example, there are several fraternal organizations and historical societies that have adopted the name and symbolism of the Order, seeking to perpetuate its legacy through charitable endeavours and the promotion of chivalric ideals. These organizations serve as custodians of the Order’s heritage, preserving its traditions and values for future generations.
Furthermore, the enduring impact of the Order’s legacy can be seen in the philanthropic endeavours of organizations that have been inspired by its ethos. Charitable institutions and foundations around the world continue to carry out works of mercy and compassion, echoing the Order’s historical commitment to alleviating suffering and promoting the welfare of others. The 76
values of hospitality, charity, and solidarity that were central to the Hospitaller tradition continue to resonate with individuals and organizations dedicated to humanitarian causes, serving as a testament to the enduring relevance of the Order’s legacy in the modern era.
In addition to its cultural and philanthropic legacy, the influence of the Hospitaller Order of St. Thomas of Acon is also evident in the preservation of historical sites and landmarks associated with the Order. Throughout Europe and the Middle East, efforts have been made to safeguard and maintain the architectural and archaeological heritage of the Order, ensuring that its physical footprint is not lost to the passage of time. These efforts include the restoration and conservation of castles, chapels, and other structures that once served as vital centres of the Order’s activities, allowing present-day visitors to experience firsthand the architectural and historical legacy of the Order.
Furthermore, the enduring impact of the Order’s legacy is perpetuated through academic research and scholarship. Historians, archaeologists, and scholars of medieval studies continue to explore and document the history and impact of the Hospitaller Order of St. Thomas of Acon, shedding light on its contributions to the religious, military, and cultural landscapes of the medieval period. Through their research, these scholars ensure that the legacy of the Order remains a subject of academic inquiry and public interest, contributing to a deeper understanding of its historical significance and enduring impact.
Conclusion
The fall of Acre in 1291 marked the end of the Hospitaller Order of St. Thomas of Acon’s physical presence in the Holy Land, but it did not extinguish the enduring legacy of the Order. In the centuries that followed, the values, traditions, and symbolism of the Order have continued to resonate across the world, inspiring individuals and organizations to uphold its ideals of chivalry, charity, and brotherhood. From the preservation of historical artifacts and sites, to the establishment of charitable organizations and the adoption of its name and symbolism within certain Masonic bodies, the legacy of the Order endures as a testament to its enduring impact on the cultural, philanthropic, and fraternal landscapes of the modern world.
As custodians of the Order’s heritage, it is incumbent upon us to continue to honour and uphold its traditions, ensuring that its legacy remains a source of inspiration and guidance for future generations. By recognizing and celebrating the enduring impact of the Order, we pay homage to the valour and compassion of its members, and we reaffirm our commitment to perpetuating its legacy of service, honour, and solidarity in the world today.
The story of the Hospitaller Order of St. Thomas of Acon is not merely a chapter of history but a living testament to the enduring power of its legacy, which continues to resonate through the annals of time.
77
The Order of St. Thomas of Acon, USA -
https://www.stthomasacon.org/
The Order of St Thomas of Acre (Australia)-
https://osta.org.au/
The Order of St. Thomas of Acon is a Masonic fraternal order with a history dating back to the time of the Crusades. The Commemorative Order of St.
Thomas of Acon, which is an independent British Christian masonic organization, was established in 1974. The order is based on the history of the Third Crusade and is the only English Order of Knighthood created during the Crusades. Membership in the order is restricted to those who are subscribing members of a Preceptory (Commandery) in amity with the Great Priory of the United Religious, Military and Masonic Order of the Temple of England and Wales and Provinces Overseas (commonly referred to as the Knights Templar). The order has a Chapel-based organizational structure and raises funds for the support and upkeep of Canterbury Cathedral.
The history of the Commemorative Order of St Thomas of Acon is due to the untiring efforts of its first Grand Master, Sir John of Dorking, who spent more than twenty years searching the archives of the Guildhall Library for information about the Order of St. Thomas of Acon. John intended initially to write its history and discovered the report of the Installation of the Master in 1510, an account so unusual and so typically English that he felt compelled to revive the order.
As for the Order of St Thomas of Acre in Australia and the Order of St.
Thomas of Acon in the USA, more specific information about their history and ideal may be available on their respective official websites.
78
