Clinton and Rwandan Genocide
* What: The mass murders in the 1994 genocide in the small but densely populated central African nation of Rwanda. Using the shooting down of the plane of Rwandan President Juvenal Habyarimana by unknown forces as an excuse, the Rwandan military and Hutu paramilitary militias, Interahamwe and Impuzamugambe, carried out killings at a rate of 8,000 a day, with little outside intervention. Genocide was finally ended by Rwanda's government being overthrown by a largely Tutsi rebel group, the Rwandan Patriotic Front.
* Today Rwanda has remarkably recovered, its government, system of justice, and economy often held up as a model for how to cope with great trauma. Over 130,000 genocide suspects were detained. Rwandans turned to their traditional system of justice, Gacaca, which dealt with over one million cases related to genocide. In 2012, Rwanda abolished the death penalty.
* The Body Count: 800,000 murders of Tutsis and non-racist Hutus killed in 100 days. This was a low technology genocide, carried out with mostly machetes, spears, knives, and even farming tools. This was not for lack of trying to get small arms and other military weapons. About one out of six genocide deaths was by guns, and had more guns been available, the death count would have been far higher and the rate of murders more rapid.
* In the aftermath of genocide, many of the defeated genocidists fled to the neighboring country of Congo. The chaos in eastern Congo set off the First and then Second Congo Wars, the largest and deadliest wars since the Chinese Civil War, involving nine African nations and eventually United Nations peacekeepers from France. Estimates of deaths are from 3,000,000 to 6,000,000 from war, famine, and disease. Without the Rwandan Genocide, it is unlikely this war would have happened. (See Section Eleven.)
* Who Also Gets the Blame:
* Hutu bigots in the Rwandan Army and Interahamwe and Impuzamugambe militias who carried out the genocide clearly deserve the greatest blame.
* Belgian colonialists who ruled Rwanda for over forty years deserve much of the blame. It was they who created the artificial and pseudo-scientific categories of Hutu and Tutsi, dividing local African social classes based on who seemed to have more supposedly European features such as narrow noses and lighter skin.
* The French government played a direct role in arming and training the Rwandan army. The French government supplied several dozen advisers to the military. To the French government's credit, it ceased shipping weapons once they knew the genocide was going on.
* The French government also created a safe zone both inside and just outside Rwanda. This did save many Rwandan lives. But the French zone was also clearly set up with the intent of protecting former Rwandan government and army members, those who had carried out the genocide. The French government worried about a loss of influence in Rwanda, that the RPF rebel group seemed to be Anglophones, used English and sought out American and British support. So the rescue of Rwandans who carried out genocide was also designed (though it failed) to try and limit or block the RPF's victory.
* Chinese businesses also played a role in arming the militias with cheap machetes. It’s doubtful that the businesses realized the use their machetes were to be put to. Machetes are widely used worldwide in agriculture by small farmers.
* Pat Robertson, the Christian Broadcasting Network, and Operation Blessing diverted millions in aid intended for victims of the genocide. Instead of sending medical aid as claimed, Operation Blessing spent most of its funds instead shipping equipment for Robertson's diamond mines in the area. Of the aid that was sent, much of it was insignificant, such as aspirin, tylenol, and Bibles while the victims suffered from cholera. Even today, Operation Blessing continues to collect in Rwandans' name. Had money diverted by Operation Blessing actually been used to save cholera victims, thousands of lives could have been saved.
* Robertson in 2013 “defended” his actions. His claim was that, one, he actually lost money from diamond mining, and two, that any failure to help Rwandans was due to “sloppy book keeping.” It is significant that his defense does not include any actual denial that Rwandans were not helped by Operation Blessing.
* Bill Clinton's main guilt during the Rwandan genocide is one of deliberate delay, much like a man who blocks someone from calling an ambulance or the police when someone is being murdered. Legally one calls the crime depraved indifference, but not murder. In recent years, Clinton himself recognized his guilt and repeatedly publicly apologized.
* What could Clinton have done? The disturbing truth is, any major power could have sent as little as 5,000 troops and halted the great majority of the killings. This was a genocide carried out by one of the least formidable militaries in the world, along with militias almost entirely armed with just machetes and spears. Sending forces into Rwanda two weeks after news of the atrocities got out would likely have saved perhaps three quarters of the victims. The death toll could have been reduced from 800,000 to perhaps under 200,000. Possible US military losses would have been very minimal, in the low hundreds. Even Clinton himself later admitted that at a minimum 300,000 Rwandan lives could have been saved.
* Far from being an ethnic conflict, what happened in Rwanda was a class war made far worse by Belgian pseudo scientific racism. The supposed ethnic groups of Hutus and Tutsis were actually an upper class and middle class (Tutsi) versus a working class of farmers and laborers (Hutu.) That atrocities were likely to break out, virtually anyone with a knowledge of East African history could have predicted. Tutsis had massacred Hutus in neighboring Burundi in 1972. There were earlier massacres on both sides in 1959, 1963, 1969, and even 1988, only six years earlier.
* Clinton cannot (and indeed today does not) claim he was ignorant about what was going on. He had access to an enormous amount of information telling him exactly what was happening in Rwanda. The US embassy in Rwanda and neighboring countries kept a steady stream of reports on the genocide as it happened. The State Department, CIA, and other intelligence agencies also steadfastly reported what was happening.
* Clinton was even personally visited by Rwandan activist Monique Mujawamariya, who strongly urged him to intervene. French officials also tried to intervene and work with the US, only to be turned away. The Black Congressional Caucus also urged Clinton to act. But Clinton and all other leaders of western powers except France limited themselves to evacuating their own citizens. Most Clinton administration officials do not even recall cabinet level meetings on Rwanda. There were not only no actions to stop genocide, there were actual actions to make sure no other governments, or the UN, could stop genocide.
* The United Nations had peacekeepers in the area monitoring a ceasefire prior to the outbreak of massacres. Once violence began, the UN tried to limit genocide as much as its lightly armed monitors could. The UN asked the Clinton administration for trucks to evacuate. Clinton's government actually dithered over who would pay for the use of American trucks. This is equal to watching murder victims dying slowly in front of you because you want someone else to pay for your gas before you take them to the hospital.
* UN troops were also poorly equipped, most of their trucks broken down. The US government refused to pay its back dues, making humanitarian rescue more difficult. The Clinton administration went one step further, successfully pushing for all UN monitoring to stop and peacekeepers to be withdrawn. So using that analogy of a man letting victims die in front of him, Clinton in effect talked medical personnel trying to save the victims, or police at the scene trying to arrest murderers, into going away.
* Not only did Clinton’s administration go out of their way to avoid stopping the genocide or aid its victims, they did so publicly. One of the more surreal episodes in recent memory was to see Clinton’s Press Secretary Mike McCurry and State Department Spokesperson Christine Shelley issue elaborate denials that this was genocide. Instead the violence was always referred to as “acts of genocide.” Kafka could have written such lines.
* So why did Clinton avoid doing anything? Why did his administration refuse to act, delay, obfuscate, and refuse to admit the reality of mass murders happening in front of them? Was it racism? A third the number of deaths in Bosnia got a much stronger response only a few years later. Clinton was rightfully proud of winning the support of Black voters and being called “America’s first Black president” a decade before Barack Obama. Clinton did intervene to put President Jean Aristide back in power in Haiti after his overthrow, something almost no Americans supported except civil rights leaders and Black congressmen.
* But Clinton also had a history of ignoring or even denigrating Black concerns when it aided him politically. In the 1992 elections he denounced Sista Souljah, a homeless rights advocate, for comments that the media took out of context. Souljah called for an end to Black on Black crime, and the media and Clinton both bizarrely portrayed that as a call for Blacks to mass murder whites. Clinton also supported the end of some forms of welfare, allowing his opponents to race bait and portray welfare as chiefly a benefit to supposedly lazy Blacks. (Most on welfare are white and formerly middle class.)
Clinton calculated, correctly as it tragically turned out, that most Americans would not care about Rwanda. It was a place most never heard of. Rwanda had no oil or other resources Americans needed or wanted. There was no economic interest, no military interest, no political interest. The number of Rwandans in the US was tiny.
* Meanwhile, just prior to this, Clinton had invaded Somalia with humanitarian reasons as the rationale. Poorly planned, US troops took several dozen casualties. Somali crowds mutilated several bodies of American servicemen, publicly displaying them in a manner that outraged many Americans.
Support for the Somalia invasion, never very high, fell to almost nothing. Clinton became determined not to send another invasion, so much so he and his administration likely exaggerated in their minds the chances of one failing in Rwanda. The disturbing truth is Clinton was so determined to stay out, not even 800,000 dead Africans dying in graphic detail in front of the world's cameras deterred him.
* While some may lay the blame on the American public's indifference, this is too easy and lazy. For Clinton always chose to put his political ambitions before all else. Even at the end of his two terms in office, many of his own supporters said they did not know what Clinton actually believed. His political positions often shifted with the wind. Republicans even complained he took their positions as his own. Had Clinton been a man of actual strong convictions rather than constant political calculations alone, there would be hundreds of thousands of Rwandans still alive.
* It is a disturbing comment on American shortsightedness that so many focus on matters such as the Monica Lewinsky scandal over oral sex. Clinton's admirers prefer to remember economic good times. Clinton's detractors obsess over what a powerful man did below the waist, in a manner showing they are far more obsessed with sex than any philanderer.
* Almost no one on either side of the political aisle remembers how Bill Clinton stood aside and let many die that he could have mostly saved fairly easily. Today Clinton spends much of his time devoted to humanitarian efforts. That cannot erase his earlier failure, but it remains to be seen if he can do as much good as he did harm.