[1] 'Walter earl of Athol had innumerable favours and honours conferred upon him by the king and royal family, yet he was the chief actor in that horrid murder of his nephew king James I. for which he was most justly condemned and executed, and all his estates and honours were forfeited to the crown. The title of Athol was suspended till king James II. bestowed it upon his uterine brother, sir John Stewart of Balveny,' &c.—Douglas's Peerage of Scotland.
[2] Lord chancellor of Scotland.
[3] 'William VI. earl of Douglas, third duke of Touraine, &c. a youth of a fine genius and noble spirit, and of great expectation. Soon after his father's death, he came to a meeting of the parliament at Edinburgh with a splendid and numerous retinue, and behaved with all due obedience and submission. He was in great favour with the young king, and gave all the marks of a sincere, generous and loyal disposition. However, it seems his grandeur made him be looked upon with a jealous eye by the faction at the time, though he was then only about sixteen years of age. He and his young brother were invited to an entertainment in the castle of Edinburgh by chancellor Crichton. They went without the least suspicion or distrust, and were both barbarously assassinated, with their trusty friend sir Malcolm Fleming of Cumbernauld, in the king's presence, who had the tragical event in the utmost abhorrence, and wept bitterly, but had not the power to prevent it. This happened on the 24th November 1440.'—Douglas's Peerage of Scotland.
[4] Combrebant. This must be meant for sir Malcolm Fleming of Cumbernauld.
[5] Mr Pinkerton says, that Margaret was married to the dauphin,—Isabel to Francis duke of Brittany,—Eleanor to Sigismund archduke of Austria, Mary to the count de Boucquan, son to the lord of Campvere,—Jean to the earl of Angus, and afterwards to the earl of Morton.
See note p. 142. Hist. of Scotland.
[6] Mortimer,—a village in the election of Mondidier.
[7] Château Landon,—in the Gâtinois, three leagues from Nemours.
[8] This expedition and failure have been before related in chap. ii. with very little variation: in the first, it was to gain Rouen by surprise and treachery.
[9] Ancre,—or Albert, a small town in Picardy, diocese of Amiens, four leagues from Peronne.
[10] Tourmole. Q. Not in any of my dictionaries.
[11] Forest-monstier,—election of Dourlens, near Abbeville.
[12] Broye,—bailiwick of Hêdin.
[14] Solesmes,—a village of Hainault under the government of Quesnoy.
[15] Franc,—a part of the Low Countries, comprehending the castlewicks of Bergues, Bourbourg, and Furnes. It was thus called from being exempted from the jurisdiction of Bruges, on which it formerly depended.
[16] Bouverie,—ox stables. It was here, probably, where the principal engagement took place between the duke's men and the burghers of Bruges.
[17] Ridde,—a flemish coin, worth about five shillings sterling.
[18] Vaudemont,—six leagues from Toul, seven from Nancy, three from Mirecour.
[19] Veselize,—five leagues S.E. from Toul, two N. from Vaudemont.
[20] Monstier sur Saxe,—six leagues from Bar-le-duc.
[21] The country of Aussois is comprehended in the duchy of Burgundy.—See Martiniere's Geographical Dictionary.
[22] Soulac,—a small town near Bourdeaux.
[23] This council, the eighteenth general council was first held at Basil, and, after many quarrels had arisen between it and the pope, he transferred it first to Ferrara, and thence to Florence, for the better accommodation of the Greeks. Many of the members of the council, however, remained at Basil, deposed pope Eugenius, and elected Amadeus duke of Savoy pope, under the name of Felix V.
See Hist. des Conciles, L'Art de Verifier les Dates, &c. &c.
[24] Aux avichoix. Denys Sauvage, in his annotations seems as much puzzled about this word as I have been. He says, that, 'avichoix' may perhaps mean advice or counsel,—and adds that the whole of this bull is full of faults, from his not having a latin one to correct it by.
I have endeavoured to find it in Dumont's Corps Universel Diplomatique. There is in that collection a bull of pope Engenius, dated Florence, November 1439, condemning the acts of the council at Basil toward the pope. It is indeed a decree of the council of Florence; but it has not any resemblance to this bull, for it was issued to annul the celebrated decree of the council of Basil, declaring the powers of a general council superior to those of the pope.
[25] This was not a general council. It was held at Ephesus in the year 449. The reigning pope was St Léon.—See L'Art de Verifier les Dates.
[26] Coussy. Q. Courcelles? a town in Picardy.
[27] Beaulieu,—a town in Picardy.
[28] Ham sur Somme,—a town in Picardy.
[29] Neel,—a village in Picardy.
[30] La Ferté. Q. La Ferté-Milon? a town in Picardy.
[31] St Goubain. Q. St Gobin? a town in Picardy.
[32] Marle,—a town in Picardy.
[33] Arsy. Q. A town in Picardy.
[34] Montagu,—Montaigu, a town in Picardy.
[35] Guise,—a town in Picardy.
[36] Herison,—a town in Picardy.
[37] Bouchain. Q. Bohain, a town in Picardy.
[38] Beaurevoir,—a town in Picardy.
[39] Honnecourt,—a town in Picardy.
[40] Oisy,—a village in Picardy.
[41] Creil,—situated on the Oise, ten leagues from Paris.
[42] Champ-commun—in the MS. corrections in M. du Cange's copy of Monstrelet in the imperial library at Paris: it is Chant-conin from the life of the constable; but I cannot find either of these names in the Gazetteer nor in Cassini's large map of France.
[43] Vendeuil,—a village in Picardy, near to Mondidier.
[44] Authun. He was lord d'Ainneries and a native of Authun, and thus he styled himself, Du Cange.
[45] La Mothe,—four leagues NNW. from La Marche.
[46] Langres,—a large city in Champegne, the capital of Bassigny-françois.
[47] Santois,—a small fruitful country of Picardy, to the south of the Somme and Peronne. Mondidier is the capital.—Gazetteer.
[48] Folleville,—a village in Picardy, election of Mondidier.—Gazetteer.
[49] Montrieul. This must be a mistake, for Montrieul is not on the Somme, and is quite out of their line of march.
[50] Lihons,—a town in Picardy, near Peronne.—Gazetteer.
[51] Harbonnieres,—a town in Picardy, near Corbie.—Gazetteer.
[52] Saluts,—old french crowns, of the value of five shillings sterling.—Cotgrave.
[53] This quarrel was caused by reforms which the king wanted to make in his army, that devoured the country, and was very displeasing to the nobles, who fattened on the misery of the people. The commotion was called La Praguerie. The dukes of Alençon, Bourbon, Vendôme, and even the bastard of Orleans, the count de Dunois, entered into it. They complained that the king intrusted the government of the realm only to two or three private persons, and formed a league against the ministers. The duke of Alençon seduced the dauphin, then only sixteen years of age,—but whose turbulent disposition readily inclined him to make part of the conspiracy, in order to get rid of the count de Perdriac, his tutor.—Mezeray.
[54] Loches,—a town in Touraine, on the Indre, ten leagues from Tours.
[55] Moulins,—capital of the Bourbonnois, 43 leagues from Lyons.
[56] Cusset,—a town in the Bourbonnois, near St Gérond.
[57] Crespy in Valois—capital of the Valois, six leagues from Senlis.
[58] Ver,—a village in Picardy, diocese of Senlis.
[59] Royaulieu,—a convent in the diocese of Soissons, near Compiégne.
[60] The following note, having been mislaid, was omitted at p. 177, line 7. 'Mortaigne.'
The count de Mortain was going on an expedition to France, when he was counter-ordered to Calais, on account of the duke of Burgundy besieging it. Sir John Radcliffe was lieutenant of the town of Calais, and baron Dudley of the castle.
This count de Mortain is styled, in the treaty of Harcourt between the French and English, A.D. 1438, 'Edmond comte de Dorset, et de Mortain, et de Harcourt, captaine general et governeur de par monseigneur le roi du pays d'Anjou, du Maine, &c.' Dumont, Corps Universel de Diplomatique.
[61] Cousay. Contay.—Du Cange.
[62] Eu,—a considerable town in Normandy, eight leagues from Abbeville.
[63] Le Bourg-d'Un,—a village in Normandy, near St Valery en Caux.
[64] St Aubin en Caux,—a village in Normandy, near Dieppe.
[65] Neufchâtel,—on the road from Amiens to Rouen, 16 leagues from Amiens.
[66] Fauville,—a market-town in Normandy, in the country of Caux, four leagues from Fêcamp.
[67] Montivilliers,—a town in Normandy, in Caux, two leagues from Harfleur.
[68] Rue,—a town in Picardy, two leagues from St Valery.
[69] Yancourt,—in Picardy, near Peronne.
[70] Vaucourt. Jaucourt.—MS. DU CANGE.
[71] Gourle. De Gourlay.—MS. DU CANGE.
[72] Marle,—a town in Picardy, five leagues from Laon.
[73] Bac-a-Berry. Q. Berru? a village in Champagne, diocese of Rheims.
[75] Aubanton,—a town in Picardy, near Vervins, diocese of Laon.
[76] Bar-le-Duc,—a strong town of Lorraine, on the confines of Champagne.
[77] Longueville,—three leagues north from Faquemont.
[78] Lord de Cornewall.—Sir John de Cornewall, summoned to Parliament 11 Henry VI.
[79] Sir Robert de Roix. Sir Robert Roos.
[80] Mongaignier. Q. Montgaugier?
[81] Folleville,—a village in Picardy near to Bretueil.
[82] This protection-money was well known on the borders of England and Scotland, under the name of Black Mail.
[83] De Dours. Q. Dourcha? which, in Bleau's atlas, is on the Somme; but I cannot find Dours, or Dourcha, in the Gazetteer of France.
[84] Ribemont,—a town in Picardy, four leagues from St Quentin.
[85] Marle,—a town in Picardy, five leagues from Guise.
[87] Montaigu,—a town in Picardy, near Laon.
[88] Creil,—a town on the Oise, and on the road from Amiens to Paris.
[89] Solignes,—Jaloignes.—DU CANGE.
[90] Maubuisson,—a convent in the diocese of Beauvais.
[91] Cotivy,—Coitiny.—DU CANGE.
[93] Mantes,—capital of the Mantois, on the Seine, 19 leagues from Rouen.
[95] Hetonville. Herouville, near Pontoise.
[96] Beaumont,—a seigniory in the isle of France, near to Melun.
[97] Chanville-haut-Vergier. Q. Chambly?
[99] Poissy,—in the Isle of France, two leagues from Meulan, seven from Paris.
[100] Du Frice. Du Fresche.—DU CANGE.
[101] Nevers,—capital of the Nivernois, 17 leagues from Bourges.
[102] Tartas,—a town in Gascony, seven leagues from Dax.
[103] Sainte Susanne,—a village in Normandy, election of St Lo: or it may be a city in Maine, nine leagues from Mans.
[104] Bressure. Q. Bressolles? a village in the Bourbonnois, near Moulins.
[105] Helman. Lomaigne.—DU CANGE.
[106] Chalenton. Chalencon.—DU CANGE.
[107] Pennesach. Vennensach.—DU CANGE.
[108] Meillan,—a small town in Gascony, near Tartas.
[109] Saint Severe,—near to Coignac.
[110] Marmonde,—a town on the Garonne, between Bourdeaux and Toulouse.
[111] La Réole,—on the road between Bourdeaux and Toulouse.
[112] Mailly,—a town in Picardy, near Peronne.
[113] John earl of Somerset succeeded to the earldom of Somerset in 1443: he was created duke of Somerset and earl of Kendal, &c. in the 21st year of Henry VI. Dying without male issue, he was succeeded by his brother Edmund, earl of Mortain, in Normandy, and marquis of Dorset. He was slain at the battle of St Alban's.
See Collins' Peerage,—Scudamore Beaufort,—and also sir William Paston's letters, wherein are many curious particulars relating to him. Sir William married into that family.
[114] La Guerche,—a town in Brittany, near Vitré.
[115] Ponsay, Pouencé.—DU CANGE.
[116] Beaumont-le-Vicomte,—a town in Maine, near Fresnay.
[117] This article I do not understand. In the original it is tondelle,—altered by Du Cange to rondelle, which is translated by Cotgrave, 'a small target;' but four fingers wide would be too insignificant for any defence. I have, therefore, left it for better antiquaries to explain.
[118] Montagut,—a village in Picardy, near Laon.
[119] Sissonne,—a town in Picardy, near Laon.
[121] The count d'Armagnac, disgusted with the king's taking the county of Cominges from him, and for other causes, had revolted, and entered into a treaty with England, offering one of his daughters in marriage to king Henry VI. Hall seems to say, that the cardinal of Winchester betrayed this to the king of France, from hatred to the duke of Glocester; and consequently the king of France attacked and overpowered the count of Armagnac.
[122] Page 53. vol. xi. of the Fœdera, contains the warrant for their wages for three months. The others were master Richard Andrews, king's secretary and doctor of laws, and John Wenlok, esquire.
[123] Sir Thomas Hors—must be a mistake; for only the four mentioned in the preceding note are contained in the warrant in the Fœdera.
[124] Bourgalemoine. Du Cange MS. has Belleforest. Bourgumoine? Q.
[125] Coulombaria,—Columbaria, the latin name for Colmar.
[126] Selestat,—or Schlestadt, a town in Lower Alsace, about four miles from Strasburg.
[128] St Hippolyte,—a town formerly of Germany, now of the duchy of Lorraine, a few leagues distant from Schlestadt.
[129] Blancquemaine. Blanquevau.—MS. DU CANGE.
[130] 'To keep the disbanded soldiers out of mischief, (during the truce) the dauphin leads twenty thousand of them, of whom eight thousand were English, to assist the duke of Lorraine and the town of Zuric against the Switzers. Near Basil, they attack four thousand men, who had come to assist that town. The dauphin, after an obstinate resistance, slays them all but sixteen; nay, some say one, and that he, on returning to his canton, had his head cut off for cowardice. The French retreat, and abandon the war in that district. They then besiege Metz,—and raise vast contributions from the towns around to buy their absence. With this money the dauphin pays his soldiers, and discharges all but fifteen hundred.'—Andrews from Mezeray.
[131] Five. Q. If it should not be fifteen from what follows?
This is the origin of a standing army in France.
[132] In the 'Art de Verifier les Dates,' the account of this event is as follows.
'A peace was concluded with the Turks and Christians for ten years, and signed about the middle of June, 1444, but almost immediately violated by the Christians, on the representations of the cardinal Julien Césarini, who had been present at the treaty. A battle was fought on the 10th November 1444, near Varna, in Lower Mesia, between Ladislaus, at the head of eighteen thousand men, and Amurath, who had upward of sixty thousand. The victory, long disputed, was at length gained by the infidels. Ladislaus, after performing prodigies of valour, was killed. He was but twenty years old. The cardinal Julien was among the dead,—but the manner of his death is variously related.'
[133] Gaudricourt,—Gondrecourt, a village in Champagne, near Bar-sur-Aube.
[134] Réné became possessed of Cassel and its lordships by virtue of a gift of the cardinal Louis de Bar, his uncle, who died 1430.
[135] It was this dauphiness who made the celebrated answer for giving Alain Chartier a kiss when he was asleep.
[136] Exeter. Glocester.—MS. DU CANGE. See Fœdera.
[137] Guilledon. Guilledou.—MS. DU CANGE.
[138] Dudley. Audley.—MS. Du Cange.
[139] In the 'Art de Verifier les Dates' is a short account of the factions which prevailed in Genoa.
In 1448, Luigi Fregoso was elected doge: deposed in 1450. Peter Fregoso succeeded him. The Adorné, and other families whom he had exiled, made repeated attempts, with the aid of Alphonso king of Arragon, to re-enter their country and depose him. Fregoso, nearly overpowered, prevailed on the Genoese, in 1458, to submit themselves to the government of the king of France. Ambassadors were sent to negotiate this affair, which terminated happily.
John duke of Lorraine was sent by the king of France to Genoa, and took possession of the town the 11th of May, 1458. He received the oath of allegiance from the inhabitants,—and the principal forts were delivered up to him. The duke was soon after besieged in Genoa by the Adorné, and others of the discontented in league with Alphonso. An Arragonian fleet blockaded Genoa,—but the death of Alphonso put an end to the siege.
This extract will sufficiently show the inexactness of Monstrelet's account as to dates and names.
[140] Thomas de Sarzana, cardinal-bishop of Bologna, was elected pope the 6th March 1447, and took the name of Nicholas V. The king of France sent him a magnificent embassy, with many propositions respecting the general peace of the church. I cannot find that any council was held at Lyons this year: one was held at Lausanne in 1449.
[141] For a very particular history of the quarrel which took place between Eugenius and the council of Basil, see Shepherd's Life of Poggio Bracciolini.
[142] Cardinal of Arles. See his life in Moreri.
[143] Final,—a town on the western coast of Genoa.
[144] Sir Galiot du Garet. De Caretto.—MS. DU CANGE.
[145] Finette Vielle. Q. Civita Vecchia?
[146] Fougeres,—a town in Brittany, on the frontiers of Normandy, diocese of Rennes.
[147] I copy from Fabian what he says of this business.
'A.D. 1449.—Thomas Chalton, mayor.—And continuing the said parliament, the duke of Suffolk was arrested and sent as a prisoner (to content some minds) unto the tower, where he was kept at his pleasure a month, and after delivered at large,—the which discontented many men's minds; for to him was laid the charge of the delivery of Anjou and Maine, and the death of the noble prince Humphrey duke of Glocester,' &c. &c.—For further particulars, see the Chronicles of Fabian, Hollingshed, &c.
I suspect that Monstrelet has made a mistake of the bishop of Glocester being killed, for the murder of duke Humphrey of Glocester, which took place before. Suffolk was put to death by some pirates, and not by the duke of Somerset's men.
[148] Two bretons and a placque,—small coins of Brittany and France.
[149] Gerberoy,—a town in the isle of France, four leagues from Beauvais.
[150] Gournay,—a town in the isle of France, on the Marne, three leagues from Paris.
[151] Conches,—a market-town in Normandy four leagues from Evreux, sixteen from Rouen.
[152] Coignac,—a town of the Angoumois, on the Charente, seven leagues and a half from Saintes.
[153] St Maigrin,—a town in Saintonge, near Grolle.
[154] Bonport,—an abbey founded by Richard I. king of England, in the diocese of Evreux, in Normandy.
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