ANNALS OF DISCOVERY
B.C.
cir. 600. Marseilles founded.
570. Anaximander of Miletus invents maps and the gnomon.
501. Hecatæus of Miletus writes the first geography.
450. Himilco the Carthaginian said to have visited Britain.
446. Herodotus describes Egypt and Scythia.
cir. 450. Hanno the Carthaginian sails down the west coast of Africa as far as Sierra Leone.
cir. 333. Pytheas visits Britain and the Low Countries.
332. Alexander conquers Persia and visits India.
330. Nearchus sails from the Indus to the Arabian Gulf.
cir. 300. Megasthenes describes the Punjab.
cir. 200. Eratosthenes founds scientific geography.
100. Marinus of Tyre, founder of mathematical geography.
60-54. Cæsar conquers Gaul; visits Britain, Switzerland, and Germany.
20. Strabo describes the Roman Empire. First mention of Thule and Ireland.
bef. 12. Agrippa compiles a Mappa Mundi, the foundation of all succeeding ones.
A.D.
150. Ptolemy publishes his geography.
230. The Peutinger Table pictures the Roman roads.
400-14. Fa-hien travels through and describes Afghanistan and India.
499. Hoei-Sin said to have visited the kingdom of Fu-sang, 20,000 furlongs east of China (identified by some with California).
518-21. Hoei-Sing and Sung-Yun visit and describe the Pamirs and the Punjab.
540. Cosmas Indicopleustes visits India, and combats the sphericity of the globe.
629-46. Hiouen-Tshang travels through Turkestan, Afghanistan, India, and the Pamirs.
671-95. I-tsing travels through and describes Java, Sumatra, and India.
776. The Mappa Mundi of Beatus.
851-916. Suláimán and Abu Zaid visit China.
861. Naddod discovers Iceland.
884. Ibn Khordadbeh describes the trade routes between Europe and Asia.
cir. 890. Wulfstan and athere sail to the Baltic and the North Cape.
cir. 900. Gunbiörn discovers Greenland.
912-30. The geographer Mas'udi describes the lands of Islam, from Spain to Further India, in his "Meadows of Gold."
921. Ahmed Ibn Fozlan describes the Russians.
969. Ibn Haukal composes his book on Ways.
985. Eric the Red colonises Greenland.
cir. 1000. Lyef, son of Eric the Red, discovers Newfoundland (Helluland), Nova Scotia (Markland), and the mainland of North America (Vinland).
1111. Earliest use of the water-compass by Chinese.
1154. Edrisi, geographer to King Roger of Sicily, produces his geography.
1159-73. Rabbi Benjamin of Tudela visited the Persian Gulf; reported on India.
cir. 1180. The compass first mentioned by Alexander Neckam.
1255. William Ruysbroek (Rubruquis), a Fleming, visits Karakorum.
1260-71. The brothers Nicolo and Maffeo Polo, father and uncle of Marco Polo, make their first trading venture through Central Asia.
1271-95. They make their second journey, accompanied by Marco Polo; and about
1275 arrived at the Court of Kublai Khan in Shangfu, whence Marco Polo was entrusted with several missions to Cochin China, Khanbalig (Pekin), and the Indian Seas.
1280. Hereford map of Richard of Haldingham.
1284. The Ebstorf Mappa Mundi. Bef.
1290. The normal Portulano compiled in Barcelona.
1292. Friar John of Monte Corvino, travels in India, and afterwards becomes Archbishop of Pekin.
1325-78. Ibn Batuta, an Arab of Tangier, after performing the Mecca pilgrimage through N. Africa, visits Syria, Quiloa (E. Africa), Ormuz, S. Russia, Bulgaria, Khiva, Candahar, and attached himself to the Court of Delhi,
1334-42, whence he was despatched on an embassy to China. After his return he visited Timbuctoo.
1316-30. Odorico di Pordenone, a Minorite friar, travelled through India, by way of Persia, Bombay, and Surat, to Malabar, the Coromandel coast, and thence to China and Tibet.
1320. Flavio Gioja of Amalfi invents the compass box and card.
1312-31. Abulfeda composes his geography.
1327-72. Sir John Mandeville said to have written his travels in India.
1328. Friar Jordanus of Severac. Bishop of Quilon.
1328-49. John de Marignolli, a Franciscan friar, made a mission to China, visited Quilon in 1347, and made a pilgrimage to the shrine of St. Thomas in India in 1349.
1339. Angelico Dulcert of Majorca draws a Portulano.
1351. The Medicean Portulano compiled.
1375. Cresquez, the Jew, of Majorca, improves Dulcert's Portulano (Catalan map).
cir. 1400. Jehan Bethencourt re-discovers the Canaries.
1419. Prince Henry the Navigator establishes a geographical seminary at Sagres (died 1460).
1419-40. Nicolo Conti, a noble Venetian, travelled throughout Southern India and along the Bombay coast.
1420. Zarco discovers Madeira.
1432. Gonsalo Cabral re-discovers the Azores.
1442. Nuño Tristão reaches Cape de Verde.
1442-44. Abd-ur-Razzak, during an embassy to India, visited Calicut, Mangalore, and Vijayanagar.
1457. Fra Mauro's map.
1462. Pedro de Cintra reaches Sierra Leone.
1468-74. Athanasius Nikitin, a Russian, travelled from the Volga, through Central Asia and Persia, to Gujerat, Cambay, and Chaul, whence he proceeded inland to Bidar and Golconda.
1471. Fernando Poo discovers his island.
1471. Pedro d'Escobar crosses the line.
1474. Toscanelli's map (foundation of Behaim globe and Columbus' guide).
1478. Second printed edition of Ptolemy, with twenty-seven maps—practically the first atlas.
1484. Diego Cam discovers the Congo.
1486. Bartholomew Diaz rounds the Cape of Good Hope.
1487. Pedro de Covilham visits Ormuz, Goa, and Malabar, and afterwards settled in Abyssinia.
1492. Martin Behaim makes his globe.
1492. 6th September. Columbus starts from the Canaries.
1492. 12th October. Columbus lands at San Salvador (Watling Island).
1493. 3rd May. Bull of partition between Spain and Portugal issued by Pope Alexander VI.
1493. September. Columbus on his second voyage discovers Jamaica.
1494-99. Hieronimo di Santo Stefano, a Genoese, visited Malabar and the
Coromandel coast, Ceylon and Pegu.
1497. Vasco da Gama rounds the Cape, sees Natal (Christmas Day) and Mozambique, lands at Zanzibar, and crosses to Calicut.
1497. John Cabot re-discovers Newfoundland.
1498. Columbus on his third voyage discovers Trinidad and the Orinoco.
1499. Amerigo Vespucci discovers Venezuela.
1499. Pinzon discovers mouth of Amazon, and doubles Cape St. Roque.
1500. Pedro Cabral discovers Brazil on his way to Calicut.
1500. First map of the New World, by Juan de la Cosa.
1500. Corte Real lands at mouth of St. Lawrence, and re-discovers Labrador.
1501. Vespucci coasts down S. America and proves that it is a New World.
1501. Tristan d'Acunha discovers his island.
1501. Juan di Nova discovers the island of Ascension.
1502. Bermudez discovers his islands.
1502-4. Columbus on his fourth voyage explores Honduras.
1503-8. Travels of Ludovico di Varthema in Further India.
1505. Mascarenhas discovers the islands of Bourbon and Mauritius.
1507. Martin Waldseemüller proposes to call the New World America in his Cosmographia.
1509. Malacca visited by Lopes di Sequira.
1512. Molucca, or Spice Islands, visited by Francisco Serrão.
1513. Strasburg Ptolemy contains twenty new maps by Waldseemüller, forming the first modern atlas.
1513. Ponce de Leon discovers Florida.
1513. Vasco Nuñez de Balbao crosses the Isthmus of Panama, and sees the Pacific.
1517. Sebastian Cabot said to have discovered Hudson's Bay.
1517. Juan Diaz de Solis discovers the Rio de la Plata, and is murdered on the island of Martin Garcia.
1518. Grijalva discovers Mexico.
1519. Fernando Cortez conquers Mexico.
1519. Fernando Magellan starts on the circumnavigation of the globe.
1519. Guray explores north coast of Gulf of Mexico.
1520. Schoner's second globe.
1520. Magellan sees Monte Video, discovers Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego, and traverses the Pacific.
1520-26. Alvarez explores the Soudan.
1521. Magellan discovers the Ladrones (Marianas), and is killed on the Philippines.
1522. Magellan's ship Victoria, under Sebastian del Cano, reaches Spain, having circumnavigated the globe in three years.
1524. Verazzano, on behalf of the French King, coasts from Cape Fear to New Hampshire.
1527. Saavedra sails from west coast of Mexico to the Moluccas.
1529. Line of demarcation between Spanish and Portuguese fixed at 17° east of Moluccas.
1527. Saavedra sails from west coast of Mexico to the Moluccas.
1531. Francisco Pizarro conquers Peru.
1532. Cortez visits California.
1534. Jacques Cartier explores the gull and river of St. Lawrence.
1535. Diego d'Almagro conquers Chili.
1536. Gonsalo Pizarro passes the Andes.
1537-58. Ferdinand Mendez Pinto travels to Abyssinia, India, the Malay Archipelago, China, and Japan.
1538. Gerhardt Mercator begins his career as geographer. (Globe, 1541; projection, 1569; died 1594; atlas, 1595).
1539. Francesco de Ulloa explores the Gulf of California.
1541. Orellana sails down the Amazon.
1542. Ruy Lopez de Villalobos discovers New Philippines, Garden Islands, and Pelew Islands, and takes possession of the Philippines for Spain.
1542. Cabrillo advances as far as Cape Mendocino.
1542. Japan first visited by Antonio de Mota.
1542. Gaetano sees the Sandwich Islands.
1543. Ortez de Retis discovers New Guinea.
1544. Sebastian Munster's Cosmographia.
1549. Bareto and Homera explore the lower Zambesi.
1553. Sir Hugh Willoughby attempts the North-East Passage past North Cape, and sights Novaya Zemlya.
1554. Richard Chancellor, Willoughby's pilot, reaches Archangel, and travels overland to Moscow.
1556-72. Antonio Laperis' atlas published at Rome.
1558. Anthony Jenkinson travels from Moscow to Bokhara.
1567. Alvaro Mendaña discovers Solomon Islands.
1572. Juan Fernandez discovers his island, and St. Felix and St. Ambrose Islands.
1573. Abraham Ortelius' Teatrum Orbis Terrarum.
1576. Martin Frobisher discovers his bay.
1577-79. Francis Drake circumnavigates the globe, and explores the west coast of North America.
1579. Yermak Timovief seizes Sibir on the Irtish.
1580. Dutch settle in Guiana.
1586. John Davis sails through his strait, and reaches lat. 72° N.
1590. Battel visits the lower Congo.
1592. The Molyneux globe.
1592. Juan de Fuca imagines he has discovered an immense sea in the north-west of North America.
1596. William Barentz discovers Spitzbergen, and reaches lat. 80° N.
1596. Payz traverses the Horn of Africa, and visits the source of the Blue Nile.
1598. Mendaña discovers Marquesas Islands.
1598. Hakluyt publishes his Principal Navigations.
1599. Houtman reaches Achin, in Sumatra.
1603. Stephen Bennett re-discovers Cherry Island, 74.13° N.
1605. Louis Vaes de Torres discovers his strait.
1606. Quiros discovers Tahiti and north-east coast of Australia.
1608. Champlain discovers Lake Ontario.
1609. Henry Hudson discovers his river.
1610. Hudson passes through his strait into his bay.
1611. Jan Mayen discovers his island.
1615. Lemaire rounds Cape Horn (Hoorn), and sees New Britain.
1616. Dirk Hartog coasts West Australia to 27° S.
1616. Baffin discovers his bay.
1618. George Thompson, a Barbary merchant, sails up the Gambia.
1619. Edel and Houtman coast Western Australia to 32-1/2° S. (Edel's Land).
1622. Dutch ship Leeuwin reaches south-west cape of Australia.
1623. Lobo explores Abyssinia.
1627. Peter Nuyts discovers his archipelago.
1630. First meridian of longitude fixed at Ferro, in the Canary Islands.
1631. Fox explores Hudson's Bay.
1638. W. J. Blaeu's Atlas.
1639. Kupiloff crosses Siberia to the east coast.
1642. Abel Jansen Tasman discovers Van Diemen's Land (Tasmania) and Staaten Land (New Zealand).
1642. Wasilei Pojarkof traces the course of the Amur.
1643. Hendrik Brouwer identifies New Zealand.
1643. Tasman discovers Fiji.
1645. Michael Staduchin reaches the Kolima.
1645. Nicolas Sanson's atlas.
1645. Italian Capuchin Mission explores the lower Congo.
1648. The Cossack Dishinef sails between Asia and America.
1650. Staduchin reaches the Anadir, and meets Dishinef.
1682. La Salle descends the Mississippi.
1696. Russians reach Kamtschatka.
1699. Dampier discovers his strait.
1700. Delisle's maps.
1701. Sinpopoff describes the land of the Tschutkis.
1718. Jesuit map of China and East Asia published by the Emperor Kang-hi.
1721. Hans Egédé re-settles Greenland.
1731. Hadley invented the sextant.
1731. Krupishef sails round Kamtschatka.
1731. Paulutski travels round the north-east corner of Siberia.
1735-37. Maupertuis measures an arc of the meridian.
1739-44. Lord George Anson circumnavigates the globe.
1740. Varenne de la Véranderye discovers the Rocky Mountains.
1741. Behring discovers his strait.
1742. Chelyuskin discovers his cape.
1743-44. La Condamine explores the Amazon.
1745-61. Bourguignon d'Anville produces his maps.
1761-67. Carsten Niebuhr surveys Arabia.
1764. John Byron surveys the Falkland Islands.
1765. Harrison perfects the chronometer.
1767. First appearance of the Nautical Almanac.
1768. Carteret discovers Pitcairn Island, and sails through St. George's Channel, between New Britain and New Ireland.
1768-71. Cook's first voyage; discovers New Zealand and east coast of Australia; passes through Torres Strait.
1769-71. Hearne traces river Coppermine.
1769-71. James Bruce re-discovers the source of the Blue Nile in Abyssinia.
1770. Liakhoff discovers the New Siberian Islands.
1771-72. Pallas surveys West and South Siberia.
1776-79. Cook's third voyage; surveys North-West Passage; discovers Owhyhee (Hawaii), where he was killed.
1785-88. La Pérouse surveys north-east coast of Asia and Japan, discovers Saghalien, and completes delimitation of the ocean.
1785-94. Billings surveys East Siberia.
1787-88. Lesseps surveys Kamtschatka and crosses the Old World from east to west.
1788. The African Association founded.
1789-93. Mackenzie discovers his river, and first crosses North America.
1792. Vancouver explores his island.
1793. Browne reaches Darfur, and reports the existence of the White Nile.
1796. Mungo Park reaches the Niger.
1796. Lacerda explores Mozambique.
1797. Bass discovers his strait.
1799-1804. Alexander von Humboldt explores South America.
1800-4. Lewis and Clarke explore the basin of the Missouri.
1801-4. Flinders coasts south coast of Australia.
1805-7. Pike explores the country between the sources of the Mississippi and the Red River.
1810-29. Malte-Brun publishes his Géographic Universelle.
1814. Evans discovers Lachlan and Macquarie rivers.
1816. Captain Smith discovers South Shetland Isles.
1817-20. Spix and Martius explore Brazil.
1817. First edition of Stieler's atlas.
1817-22. Captain King maps the coast-line of Australia.
1819-22. Franklin, Back, and Richardson attempt the North-West Passage by land.
1819. Parry discovers Lancaster Strait and reaches 114° W.
1820-23. Wrangel discovers his land.
1821. Bellinghausen discovers Peter Island, the most southerly land then known.
1822. Denham and Clapperton discover Lake Tchad, and visit Sokoto.
1822-23. Scoresby explores the coast of East Greenland.
1823. Weddell reaches 74.15° S.
1826. Major Laing is murdered at Timbuctoo.
1827. Parry reaches 82.45° N.
1827. Réné Caillié visits Timbuctoo.
1828-31. Captain Sturt traces the Darling and the Murray.
1829-33. Ross attempts the North-West Passage; discovers Boothia Felix.
1830. Royal Geographical Society founded, and next year united with the African Association.
1831-35. Schomburgk explores Guiana.
1831. Captain Biscoe discovers Enderby Land.
1833. Back discovers Great Fish River.
1835-49. Junghuhn explores Java.
1837. T. Simpson coasts along the north mainland of North America 1277 miles.
1838-40. Wood explores the sources of the Oxus.
1838-40. Dumont d'Urvilie discovers Louis-Philippe Land and Adélie Land.
1839. Balleny discovers his island.
1839. Count Strzelecki discovers Gipps' Land.
1840. Captain Sturt travels in Central Australia.
1840-42. James Ross reaches 78.10° S.; discovers Victoria Land, and the volcanoes Erebus and Terror.
1841. Eyre traverses south of Western Australia.
1842-62. E. F. Jomard's Monuments de la Géographie published.
1843-47. Count Castelnau traces the source of the Paraguay.
1844. Leichhardt explores Southern Australia.
1845. Huc explores Tibet.
1845. Petermann's Mittheilungen first published.
1845-47. Franklin's last voyage.
1846. First edition of K. v. Spruner's Historische Handatlas.
1847. J. Rae connects Hudson's Bay with east coast of Boothia.
1848. Leichhardt attempts to traverse Australia, and disappears.
1849-56. Livingstone traces the Zambesi and crosses South Africa.
1850-54. M'Clure succeeds in the North-West Passage.
1850-55. Barth explores the Soudan.
1853. Dr. Kane explores Smith's Sound.
1854. Rae hears news of the Franklin expedition from the Eskimo.
1854-65. Faidherbe explores Senegambia.
1856-57. The brothers Schlagintweit cross the Himalayas, Tibet, and Kuen Lun.
1856-59. Du Chaillu travels in Central Africa.
1857-59. M'Clintock discovers remains of the Franklin expedition, and explores King William Land.
1858. Burton and Speke discover Lake Tanganyika, and Speke sees Lake
Victoria Nyanza.
1858-64. Livingstone traces Lake Nyassa.
1859. Valikhanoft reaches Kashgar.
1860. Burke travels from Victoria to Carpentaria.
1860. Grant and Speke, returning from Lake Victoria Nyanza, meet Baker coming up the Nile.
1861-62. M'Douall Stuart traverses Australia from south to north.
1863. W. G. Palgrave explores Central and Eastern Arabia.
1864. Baker discovers Lake Albert Nyanza.
1868. Nordenskiold reaches his highest point in Greenland, 81.42°.
1868-71. Ney Elias traverses Mid-China.
1868-74. John Forrest penetrates from Western to Central Australia.
1869-71. Schweinfurth explores the Southern Soudan.
1869-74. Nachtigall explores east of Tchad.
1870. Fedchenko discovers Transalai, north of Pamir.
1870. Douglas Forsyth reaches Yarkand.
1871-88. The four explorations of Western China by Prjevalsky.
1872-73. Payer and Weiprecht discover Franz Josef Land.
1872-76. H.M.S. Challenger examines the bed of the ocean.
1872-76. Ernest Giles traverses North-West Australia.
1873. Colonel Warburton traverses Australia from east to west.
1873. Livingstone discovers Lake Moero.
1874-75. Lieut. Cameron crosses equatorial Africa.
1875-94. Élisée Reclus publishes his Géographie Universelle.
1876. Albert Markham reaches 83.20° N. on the Nares expedition.
1876-77. Stanley traces the course of the Congo.
1878-82. The Pundit Krishna traces the course of the Yangtse, Pekong, and Brahmaputra.
1878-79. Nordenskiold solves the North-East Passage along the north coast of Siberia.
1878-84. Joseph Thomson explores East-Central Africa.
1878-85. Serpa Pinto twice crosses Africa.
1879-82. The Jeannette passes through Behring Strait to the mouth of the Lena.
1880. Leigh Smith surveys south coast of Franz Josef Land.
1880-82. Bonvalot traverses the Pamirs.
1881-87. Wissmann twice crosses Africa, and discovers the left affluents of the Congo.
1883. Lockwood, on the Greely Mission, reaches 83.23° N., north cape of Greenland.
1886. Francis Garnier explores the course of the Mekong.
1887. Younghusband travels from Pekin to Kashmir.
1887-89. Stanley conducts the Emin Pasha Relief Expedition across Africa, and discovers the Pigmies, and the Mountains of the Moon.
1888. F. Nansen crosses Greenland from east to west.
1888-89. Captain Binger traces the bend of the Niger.
1889. The brothers Grjmailo explore Chinese Turkestan.
1889-90. Bonvalot and Prince Henri d'Orléans traverse Tibet.
1890. Selous and Jameson explore Mashonaland.
1890. Sir W. Macgregor crosses New Guinea.
1891-92. Monteil crosses from Senegal to Tripoli.
1892. Peary proves Greenland an island.
1893. Mr. and Mrs. Littledale travel across Central Asia.
1893-97. Dr. Sven Hedin explores Chinese Turkestan, Tibet, and Mongolia.
1893-97. Dr. Nansen is carried across the Arctic Ocean in the Fram, and advances farthest north (86.14° N.).
1894-95. C. E. Borchgrevink visits Antarctica.
1894-96. Jackson-Harmsworth expedition in Arctic lands.
1896. Captain Bottego explores Somaliland.
1896. Donaldson Smith traces Lake Rudolph.
1896. Prince Henri D'Orleans travels from Tonkin to Moru.
1897. Captain Foa traverses South Africa from S. to N.
1897. D. Carnegie crosses W. Australia from S. to N.
EUROPE.
Great Britain.—B.C. 450. Himilco. Circa 333. Pytheas. 60-54. Cæsar.
France.—B.C. circa 600. Marseilles founded. 57. Cæsar.
Russia.—A.D. 1554. Richard Chancellor.
Baltic.—A.D. 890. Wulfstan and Othere.
Iceland.—A.D. 861. Naddod.
ASIA.
India.—B.C. 332. Alexander. 330. Nearchus. Circa 300. Megasthenes. A.D. 400-14. Fa-hien. 518-21. Hoei-Sing and Sung-Yun. 540. Cosmas Indicopleustes. 629-46. Hiouen-Tshang. 671-95. I- tsing. 1159-73. Benjamin of Tudela. 1304-78. Ibn Batuta. 1327-72. Mandeville. 1328. Jordanus of Severac. 1328-49. John de Marignolli. 1419-40. Nicolo Conti. 1442-44. Abd-ur-Razzak. 1468-74. Athanasius Nikitin. 1487. Pedro de Covilham. 1494-99. Hieronimo di Santo Stefano. 1503-8. Ludovico di Varthema.
Farther India.—A.D. 1503. Ludovico di Varthema. 1509. Lopes di Sequira. 1886. Francis Garnier.
China.—A.D. 851-916. Suláimán and Abu Zaid. 1292. John of Monte Corvino. 1316-30. Odorico di Pordenone. 1328-49. John de Marignolli. 1537-58. Ferdinand Mendez Pinto. 1868-71. Ney Elias. 1871-88. Prjevalsky. 1878-82. Pundit Krishna. 1889. Grjmailo brothers. 1896. Prince Henri d'Orléans.
Japan.—A.D. 1542. Antonio de Mota. 1785-88. La Pérouse. Arabia.—A.D. 1761-67. Carsten Niebuhr. 1863. Palgrave. Persia.—B.C. 332. Alexander. A.D. 1468-74. Athanasius Nikitin.
Mongolia.—A.D. 1255. Ruysbroek (Rubruquis). 1260-71. Nicolo and Maffeo Polo. 1271. Marco Polo. 1893-97. Dr. Sven Hedin.
Tibet.—A.D. 1845. Huc. 1856-7. Schlagintweit. 1878. Pundit Krishna. 1887. Younghusband. 1889-90. Bonvalot and Prince Henri d'Orléans. 1893-97. Dr. Sven Hedin.
Central Asia.—A.D. 1558. Anthony Jenkinson. 1642. Wasilei Pojarkof. 1838-40. Wood. 1859. Valikhanoff. 1870. Douglas Forsyth. 1870. Fedchenko. 1880. Bonvalot. 1893. Littledale.
Siberia.—A.D. 1579. Timovief. 1639. Kupiloff. 1644-50. Staduchin. 1648. Dshineif. 1701. Sinpopoff. 1731. Paulutski. 1742. Chelyuskin. 1771-72. Pallas. 1785-94. Billings.
Kamtschatka.—A.D. 1696. Russians. 1731. Kru pishef. 1787-88. Lesseps.
AFRICA.
A.D. circa 450. Hanno. 1420. Zarco. 1462. Pedro de Cintra. 1484. Diego Cam. 1486. Bartholomew Diaz. 1497. Vasco da Gama. 1520. Alvarez. 1549. Bareto and Homera. 1590. Battel.
1596. Payz. 1618. Thompson. 1623. Lobo. 1645. Italian Capuchins. 1769-71. Bruce. 1793. Browne. 1796. Mungo Park. 1796. Lacerda. 1822. Denham and Clapperton. 1826. Laing. 1827. Réné Caillié. 1849-73. Livingstone. 1850-55. Barth. 1854-65. Faidherbe. 1856-59. Du Chaillu.
1858. Burton and Speke. 1860. Grant and Speke. 1864. Baker. 1869-71. Schweinfurth. 1869-74. Nachtigall. 1874-75. Cameron. 1876-89. Stanley. 1878-84. Thomson. 1878-85. Serpa Pinto. 1881– 87. Wissmann. 1888-89. Binger. 1890. Selous and Jameson. 1891-92. Monteil. 1896. Bottego.
1896. Donaldson Smith. 1897. Foa.
NORTH AMERICA.
A.D. 499. Hoei-Sin. Circa 1000. Lyef. 1497, 1517. John and Sebastian Cabot. 1500. Corte Real. 1513. Ponce de Leon. 1524. Verazzano. 1532. Cortez. 1534. Cartier. 1539. Ulloa. 1542. Cabrillo. 1516. Frobisher. 1586. Davis. 1592. Juan de Fuca. 1608. Champlain. 1609, 10. Hudson. 1631. Fox. 1682. La Salle. 1740. Varenne de la Véranderye 1741. Behring. 1789-93. Mackenzie. 1792. Vancouver. 1800-4. Lewis and Clarke. 1805-7. Pike. 1837. Simpson.
SOUTH AMERICA.
A.D. 1498. Columbus. 1499-1501. Amerigo Vespucci. 1499. Pinzon. 1500. Pedro Cabral. 1517. Juan Diaz de Solis. 1519-20. Magellan. 1531. Francisco Pizarro. 1535. D'Almagro. 1536. Gonsalo Pizarro. 1541. Orellana. 1572. Juan Fernandez. 1580. Dutch in Guiana. 1615. Lemaire. 1743-44. La Condamine. 1764. John Byron. 1799-1804. Humboldt. 1817-20. Spix and Martius. 1831-35. Schomburgk. 1843-47. Castelnau.
CENTRAL AMERICA.
A.D. 1502. Columbus. 1513. Vasco Nuñez de Balbao. 1518. Grijalva. 1519. Fernando Cortez. 1519. Guray.
AUSTRALIA.
A.D. 1605. Torres. 1606. Quiros. 1616. Hartog. 1619. Edel and Houtman. 1622. The Leeuwin. 1627. Nuyts. 1699. Dampier. 1770. Cook. 1797. Bass. 1801-4. Flinders. 1814. Evans. 1817-22. King. 1828-40. Sturt. 1839. Strzelecki. 1841. Eyre. 1844-48. Leichhardt. 1860. Burke. 1861-62. MacDouall Stuart. 1868-74. Forrest. 1872-76. Giles. 1873. Warburton. 1897. Carnegie.
NEW ZEALAND.
A.D. 1642. Tasman. 1643. Brouwer. 1768-79. Cook.