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[2]. Tom Wolfe, The Right Stuff (Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson, Ltd., 1979), p. 78.
[3]. Ibid.
[4]. John A. Pitts, The Human Factor: Biomedicine in the Manned Space Program to 1980, NASA SP-4213 (Washington, DC: NASA, 1985), p. 18.
[5]. “National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958,” Public Law No. 85-568, 72 Stat., 426-438, July 29, 1958, Record Group 255, National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, DC, Introduction and Sec. 102(d)(3).
[6]. Loyd S. Swenson, Jr., James M. Grimwood, and Charles C. Alexander, This New Ocean: A History of Project Mercury (Washington, DC: NASA, 1966), p. 341.
[7]. Alphonse Chapanis, “Some reflections on progress,” paper presented at the Proceedings of theHuman Factors Society 29th Annual Meeting (Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors Society, 1985), pp. 1–8.
[8]. Christopher D. Wickens, Sallie E. Gordon, and Yili Liu, An Introduction to Human Factors Engineering (New York: Longman, 1998), p. 2.
[9]. Peggy Tillman and Barry Tillman, Human Factors Essentials: An Ergonomics Guide for Designers, Engineers, Scientists, and Managers (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1991), p. 4.
[10]. Ibid., p. 5.
[11]. Ibid., pp. 9–10.
[12]. Ibid., pp. 9–10.
[13]. John B. West, High Life: A History of High-Altitude Physiology and Medicine (New York:Oxford University Press, 1998), pp. xi–xv.
[14]. Ibid., pp. 51–52.
[15]. Ibid., p. 52.
[16]. Eloise Engle and Arnold S. Lott, Man in Flight: Biomedical Achievements in Aerospace (Annapolis: Leeward, 1979), pp. 31–34.
[17]. West, High Life, pp. 62–73; Engle and Lott, Man in Flight, pp. 34–37.
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[21]. Wilmer, Aviation Medicine in the A.E.F., p. 58.
[22]. Ruffin, “Flying in the Great War”; Russell R. Burton, “G-Induced Loss of Consciousness: Definition, History, Current Status,” Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, Jan. 1988, p. 2.
[23]. Wilmer, Aviation Medicine in the A.E.F., p. 217.
[24]. Armstrong, Principles and Practice of Aviation Medicine, p. 6.
[25]. U.S. Army Air Service, Air Service Medical (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1919).
[26]. Harry W. Orlady and Linda M. Orlady, Human Factors in Multi-Crew Flight Operations (Brookfield, VT: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 1999), pp. 46–47.
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[29]. Public Law 271, 63rd Congress, 3rd session, Mar. 3, 1915 (38 Stat. 930).
[30]. Frank W. Anderson, Jr., Orders of Magnitude: A History of NACA and NASA, 1915–1976, NASA SP-4403 (Washington, DC: NASA, 1976).
[31]. David Meister, The History of Human Factors and Ergonomics (Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1999), pp. 151–153.
[32]. Alphonse Chapanis, Research Techniques in Human Engineering (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1958), p. vii; R.A. Behan and H.W. Wendhausen, Some NASA Contributions to Human Factors Engineering, NASA SP-5117 (Washington, DC: NASA, 1973), pp. 1–2.
[33]. Chapanis, Research Techniques in Human Engineering, p. vii.
[34]. Earl L. Wiener and David C. Nagel, Human Factors in Aviation (San Diego: Academic Press, Inc., 1988), p. 7.
[35]. Jefferson M. Koonce, “A Historical Overview of Human Factors in Aviation,” in Daniel J. Garland, John A. Wise, and V. David Hopkin, etc., Handbook of Aviation Human Factors (Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1999), pp. 3–13.
[36]. W.F. Moroney, “The Evolution of Human Engineering: A Selected Review,” in J. Weimer, ed., Research Techniques in Human Engineering (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1995), pp. 1–19; Chapanis, Research Techniques in Human Engineering, pp. 1–2.
[37]. Alphonse Chapanis, The Chapanis Chronicles: 50 Years of Human Factors Research, Education, and Design (Santa Barbara, CA: Aegean Publishing, Co., 1999), pp. 15–16.
[38]. Moroney, “The Evolution of Human Engineering: A Selected Review,” pp. 1–19.
[39]. Wiener and Nagel, Human Factors in Aviation, pp. 7–9.
[40]. Chapanis, The Chapanis Chronicles, p. 15–16.
[41]. Engle and Lott, Man in Flight, pp. 79.
[42]. Wiener and Nagel, Human Factors in Aviation, pp. 9.
[43]. J. Miller, The X-Planes (Arlington, TX: Aerofax, Inc., 1988); Lane E. Wallace, Flights of Discovery: 60 Years at the Dryden Flight Research Center, NASA SP-2006-4318 (Washington, DC: NASA, 2006), pp. 33–72.
[44]. Ibid.
[45]. Kenneth S. Thomas and Harold J. McMann, U.S. Spacesuits (Chichester UK, Praxis Publishing, Ltd., 2006), p. 8; Lillian D. Kozloski, U.S. Space Gear: Outfitting the Astronaut (Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1994), pp. 26–31.
[46]. Richard P. Hallion, Supersonic Flight: Breaking the Sound Barrier and Beyond (London: Brassey’s, 1997), pp. 130, 214.
[47]. Milton O. Thompson, At the Edge of Space (Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1992), pp. 281–355.
[48]. Dennis R. Jenkins, Hypersonics Before the Shuttle: A Concise History of the X-15 Research Airplane, NASA SP-2000-4518, Monographs in Aerospace History, No. 18 (Washington: GPO, June 2000), pp. 39, 70; Kozloski, U.S. Space Gear, pp. 31–40.
[49]. Wendell H. Stillwell, X-15 Research Results (Washington, DC: NASA, 1965), pp. 86–88; Jenkins, Hypersonics Before the Shuttle, p. 70; Thomas and McCann, U.S. Spacesuits, pp. 25–31; Kozloski, U.S. Space Gear, pp. 31–40.
[50]. Stillwell, X-15 Research Results, p. 89.
[51]. Craig Ryan, The Pre-Astronauts: Manned Ballooning on the Threshold of Space (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1995); Gregory P. Kennedy, Touching Space: The Story of Project Manhigh (Atglen, PA: Schiffer Military History, 2007); National Museum of the United States Air Force Fact Sheet, “Excelsior Gondola,” http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=562, accessed Oct. 7, 2009.
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[53]. David Bushnell, History of Research in Space Biology and Biodynamics, 1946–58, AF Missile Dev. Center, Holloman AFB, NM (1958); Engle and Lott, Man in Flight, pp. 210–215; Eugene M. Emme, Aeronautics and Astronautics: An American Chronology of Science and Technology in the Exploration of Space, 1915–1960 (Washington, DC: NASA, 1961), pp. 62, 68.
[54]. Behan and Wendhausen, Some NASA Contributions to Human Factors Engineering, p. 5.
[55]. Pitts, The Human Factor, pp. 8–10.
[56]. Engle and Lott, Man in Flight, p. 130.
[57]. Ibid., p. 131.
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[63]. Stillwell, X-15 Research Results, p. 89; Project Mercury Summary, U.S. Manned Spacecraft Center, Houston, TX (Washington, DC: NASA, 1963), pp. 203–207; Stillwell, X-15 Research Results, p. 89.
[64]. Richard S. Johnston, Bioastronautics, NASA SP-18 (1962), pp. 21–28; Pitts, The Human Factor, pp. 20–28; Engle and Lott, Man in Flight, p. 233.
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[68]. The name Terminal Configured Vehicle was changed in 1982 to Advanced Transport Operating Systems (ATOPS) to reflect additional emphasis on air transportation systems, as opposed to individual aircraft technologies.
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[82]. Ibid.; Edwin L. Fasanella and Emilio Alfaro-Bou, “Vertical Drop Test of a Transport Fuselage Section Located Aft of the Wing,” NASA TM-89025 (Sept. 1986).
[83]. Joseph R. Chambers, Concept to Reality: Contributi