[1]. Roger E. Bilstein, Orders of Magnitude: A History of the NACA and NASA, 1915–1990, NASA SP-4406 (Washington, DC: GPO, 1989), ch. 3.
[2]. James Schulz, Winds of Change (Washington, DC: NASA, 1992), pp. 56–57.
[3]. Richard P. Hallion, On the Frontier: Flight Research at Dryden, 1946–1981 (Washington, DC: GPO, 1984), pp. 47–85.
[4]. Donald Baals and William Corliss, Wind Tunnels of NASA, NASA SP-440 (Washington, DC: GPO, 1981), ch. 5-10: “Area Rule and the F-102.”
[5]. Richard T. Whitcomb, “A Study of the Zero-Lift Drag Rise Characteristics of Wing-Body Combinations Near the Speed of Sound,” NACA RM-L52H08 (1952).
[6]. The first was lost earlier in an explosion during a captive carry flight, resulting in the deaths of two crewmen. However, the EB-50 launch aircraft returned safely to base, thanks to the remarkable airmanship of its two pilots.
[7]. Interview with Lockheed test pilot Bob Gilliland by author, Western Museum of Flight, May 16, 2009.
[8]. James R. Hansen, Engineer in Charge, NASA SP-4305 (Washington, DC: GPO, 1987), pp. 276–280; for further discussion on swept wing evolution, see the companion case study by Richard P. Hallion in this volume.
[9]. Interviews with B-58 record flight crewmember Capt. Robert Walton on “Operation Heat Rise” by USAF Museum, location and date unknown, http://www.wvi.com/~sr71webmaster/b58.htm, accessed June 30, 2009.
[10]. Robert H. Cook, “Pyle Says Jet Noise Still Major Problem” Aviation Week and Space Technology, vol. 69, no. 4 (July 28, 1958), p. 30; “Comet Takes Idlewild Noise Test as Step to Transatlantic Service,” Aviation Week and Space Technology, vol. 69, no. 7 (Aug. 18, 1958), pp. 41–42; Glenn Garrison, “Modified 707 Starts Pan Am Cargo Runs,” Aviation Week and Space Technology, vol. 69, no. 9 (Sept. 1, 1958), pp. 28–31.
[11]. Cook, “CAA Studies Terminal Air Control Plan,” Aviation Week and Space Technology,vol. 69, no. 12 (Sept. 22, 1958), pp. 40–43; Phillip J. Klass, “Anti-Collision Device Tests Promising,” Aviation Week and Space Technology, vol. 69, no. 9 (Sept. 1, 1958), pp 32–33; Klass, “Collision Avoidance Progress,” Aviation Week and Space Technology, vol. 73, no. 26 (Dec. 26, 1960), pp. 26–27; Klass, “New Techniques Aimed at Jet Control,” Aviation Week and Space Technology, vol. 68, no. 9 (Mar. 3, 1958), pp. 219–223.
[12]. J.S. Butz, Jr., “Industry Studies Transport Area Rule,” Aviation Week and Space Technology, vol. 69, no. 2 (July 14, 1958), pp. 48–52; Richard Sweeney, “Area Rule Fits Convair 600 to Meet Jet Age Problems,” Aviation Week and Space Technology, vol. 69, no. 10 (Sept. 8, 1958), pp. 50–57.
[13]. Edwin P. Hartman, Adventures in Research: A History of Ames Research Center 1940–1965, NASA SP-4302 (Washington, DC: NASA, 1970), pp. 249–250.
[14]. J.W. Ross and D.B. Rogerson, “Technological Advancements of XB-70,” AIAA Paper 83-1048 (1983), p. 21.
[15]. Peter W. Merlin, Mach 3+ NASA/USAF YF-12 Flight Research 1969–1979 (Washington, DC: NASA, 2002), pp. 1–6.
[16]. John Tunstall, “British Weigh Entering Supersonic Race,” Aviation Week and Space Technology, vol. 70, no. 18 (May 4, 1959), pp. 55–56. For the Anglo-French program, see Kenneth Owen, Concorde: Story of a Supersonic Pioneer (London: Science Museum, 2001). The American program is treated in Mel Horwitch, Clipped Wings: The American SST Conflict (Cambridge: The MIT Press, 1982), and Erik M. Conway, High-Speed Dreams: NASA and the Technopolitics of Supersonic Transportation, 1945–1999 (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005).
[17]. “B-58A Proposed for Transport Research,” Aviation Week and Space Technology, vol. 73, no. 20 (Nov. 14, 1960), pp. 54–61.
[18]. Robert Hotz, “Supersonic Transport Race,” Aviation Week and Space Technology, vol. 73, no. 20 (Nov. 14, 1960), p. 21.
[19]. “WADD Conference on Supersonic Transport,” Aviation Week and Space Technology, vol. 73, no. 11 (Sept. 12, 1960), p. 53.
[20]. As detailed in Owen, Concorde.
[21]. For example, D.D. Baals, O.G. Morris, and T.A. Toll, “Airplane Configurations for Cruise at a Mach Number of 3,” NASA LRC, Conference on High Speed Aerodynamics, NTIS 71N5324 (1958); and M.M. Carmel, A.B. Carraway, and D.T. Gregory, “An Exploratory Investigation of a Transport Configuration Designed for Supersonic Cruise Flight Near a Mach Number of 3,” NASA TM-X-216 (1960).
[22]. D.D. Baals, “Summary of Initial NASA SCAT Airframe and Propulsion Concepts,” in NASA LRC, Proceedings of NASA Conference on Supersonic-Transport Feasibility Studies and Supporting Research, NTIS N67-31606 (1963), pp. 2–21.
[23]. John G. Lowry, “Summary and Assessment of Feasibility Studies,” in NASA, Proceedings of NASA Conference on Supersonic-Transport Feasibility Studies and Supporting Research (1963), p. 52.
[24]. North American Rockwell, Space Division, “B-70 Aircraft Study Final Report,” SD 72-SH-0003, vol. 2 (1972), pp. II-237–238.
[25]. Ibid., vol. 2, pp. II-278–284.
[26]. Ibid., vol. 4, pp. IV-16–64.
[27]. Ibid., vol. 2, p. II-280.
[28]. Chester H. Wolowicz, “Analysis of an Emergency Deceleration and Descent of the XB-70-1 Airplane Due to Engine Damage Resulting from Structural Failure,” NASA TM-X-1195 (1966).
[29]. Author’s recollection.
[30]. Dennis R. Jenkins and Tony R. Landis, Valkyrie: North American’s Mach 3 Superbomber (North Branch, MN: Specialty Press, 2004), pp. 153–164.
[31]. Donald S. Findley, Vera Huckel, and Herbert R. Henderson, “Vibration Responses of Test Structure No. 1 During the Edwards AFB Phase of the National Sonic Boom Program,” NASA TM-72706 (1975); Domenic J. Maglieri, David A. Hilton, and Norman J. McLeod, “Summary of Variations of Sonic Boom Signatures Resulting from Atmospheric Effects,” NASA TM-X-59633 (1967).
[32]. “B-70 Aircraft Study Final Report,” vol. 2, p. II-292.
[33]. Ibid., vol. 2, p. II-25.
[34]. John H. Wykes, et al., “XB-70 Structural Mode Control System Design and Performance Analyses,” NASA CR-1557 (1970).
[35]. Fitzhugh L. Fulton, Jr., “Lessons from the XB-70 as Applied to the Supersonic Transport,” NASA TM-X-56014 (1968).
[36]. Donald L. Hughes, Bruce G. Powers, and William H. Dana, “Flight Evaluation of Some Effects of the Present Air Traffic Control System on Operation of a Simulated Supersonic Transport,” NASA TN-D-2219 (1964).
[37]. H.H. Arnaiz, J.B. Peterson, Jr., and J.C. Daugherty, “Wind-tunnel/flight correlation study of aerodynamic characteristics of a large flexible supersonic cruise airplane (XB-70-1),” pt. 3: “A comparison between characteristics predicted from wind-tunnel measurements and those measured in flight,” NASA TP-1516 (1980).
[38]. Maglieri, et al., “A Summary of XB-70 Sonic Boom Signature Data,” NASA CR-189630 (1992).
[39]. Glenn Garrison, “Supersonic Transport May Aim at Mach 3,” Aviation Week and Space Technology, vol. 70, no. 5 (Feb. 2, 1959), pp. 38–40; J.S. Butz, Jr., “FAA, NASA Study Supersonic Transport,” Aviation Week and Space Technology, vol. 72, no. 18 (May 2, 1960).
[40]. Bill Yenne, “America’s Supersonic Transports,” Flightpath, vol. 3 (2004), pp 146–157.
[41]. William A. Shurcliff, SST and Sonic Boom Handbook (New York: Ballantine Books, 1970).
[42]. Yenne, “America’s SST,” p. 155.
[43]. Joe Sutter, with Jay Spenser, 747: Creating the World’s First Jumbo Jet and Other Adventures from a Life in Aviation (Washington, DC: Smithsonian Books, 2006), pp. 202–224.
[44]. Joseph R. Chambers, Innovations in Flight: Research of the NASA Langley Flight Research Center on Revolutionary Concepts for Advanced Aeronautics (Washington DC: NASA, 2005), pp 39–48.
[45]. Sherwood Hoffman, “Bibliography of Supersonic Cruise Aircraft Research (SCAR) Program, 1972-mid 1977,” NASA RP-1003 (1977); Hoffman, “Supersonic Cruise Research (SCR) Program Publications FY 1977–1979: Preliminary Bibliography,” NASA TM-80184 (1979).
[46]. Barrett L. Schout, et al., “Review of NASA Supercruise Configuration Studies,” presented at Supercruise Military Aircraft Design Conference, U.S. Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs, CO, Feb. 17–20, 1976; B.R. Wright, F. Bruckman, et al., “Arrow Wings for Supersonic Cruise Aircraft,” Journal of Aircraft, vol. 15, no. 12 (Dec. 1978), pp. 829–836.
[47]. Chambers, Partners in Freedom: Contributions of the Langley Research Center to U.S. Military Aircraft of the 1990s, No. 19 in the Monographs in Aerospace History series (Washington, DC: NASA, 2000), pp. 156–158.
[48]. Merlin, Mach 3+, pp. 7–11.
[49]. Jerald M. Jenkins and Robert D. Quinn, “A Historical Perspective of the YF-12A Thermal Loads and Structures Program,” NASA TM-104317 (1996).
[50]. Donald T. Berry and Glenn B. Gilyard, “A Review of Supersonic Cruise Flight Path Control,” in Proceedings of NASA Aircraft Safety and Operating Problems, Oct. 18–20, 1976, NASA SP-416 (1977), pp. 147–164.
[51]. James A. Albers, “Status of YF-12 Propulsion Research,” NASA TM-X-56039 (1976).
[52]. Donald T. Berry and William G. Schweikhard, “Potential Benefits of Propulsion and Flight Control Integration for Supersonic Cruise Vehicles,” in NASA TM-X-3409 (1974), pp. 433–452.
[53]. D.L. Anderson, G.F. Connolly, F.M. Mauro, and P.J. Reukauf, “YF-12 Cooperative Airframe/Propulsion Control System Program,” vol. 1, NASA CR-163099 (1980), pp. 4-39–4-49.
[54]. Merlin, Mach 3+, pp. 34–36.
[55]. Chambers, Innovation in Flight, pp. 40–61.
[56]. T. Edwards, et al., “Sonic Boom Prediction and Minimization Using Computational Fluid Dynamics,” in NASA, First Annual High Speed Research Workshop, May 14–16, 1991, Williamsburg, VA (1991).
[57]. Tu-144LL testing is the subject of a subsequent case study in this volume.
[58]. Timothy H. Cox and Alisa Marshall, “Longitudinal Handling Qualities of the Tu-144LL Airplane and Comparisons With Other Large, Supersonic Aircraft,” NASA TM-2000-209020 (2000).
[59]. Bianca T. Anderson and Marta Bohn-Meyer, “Overview of Supersonic Laminar Flow Control Research on F-16XL Ships 1 and 2,” NASA TM-104257 (1992).
[60]. A.G. Powell “Supersonic LFC: Challenges and Opportunities,” in NASA, First Annual High Speed Research Workshop, May 14–16, 1991, Williamsburg, VA (1991), p. 1824.
[61]. Timothy H. Cox, and Dante Jackson, “Supersonic Flying Qualities Experience Using the SR-71,” NASA TM-4800 (1997), pp. 4–5.
[62]. Stephen Corda, Bradford A. Neal, Timothy R. Moes, Timothy H. Cox, Richard C. Monaghan, Leonard S. Voelker, Griffin P. Corpening, and Richard R. Larson “Flight Testing the Linear Aerospike SR-71 Experiment (LASRE),” NASA TM-1998-206567 (1998).
[63]. M. Leroy Spearman, “The Evolution of the High-Speed Civil Transport,” NASA TM-109089 (1994) is an excellent configuration survey. See also A. Warner Robins, et al., “Concept Development of a Mach 3.0 High-Speed Civil Transport,” NASA TM-4058 (1988); P.G. Parikh and A.L. Nagel, “Application of Laminar Flow Control to Supersonic Transport Configurations,” NASA CR-181917 (1990); Christopher D. Domack, et al., “Concept Development of a Mach 4 High-Speed Civil Transport,” NASA TM-4223 (1990); T. Edwards, et al., “Sonic Boom Prediction and Minimization Using Computational Fluid Dynamics,” in NASA, First Annual High Speed Research Workshop, May 14–16, 1991, Williamsburg, VA (1991); A.G. Powell, “Supersonic LFC: Challenges and Opportunities,” in NASA, First Annual High Speed Research Workshop, May 14–16, 1991, Williamsburg, VA (1991); Bianca T. Anderson and Marta Bohn-Meyer, “Overview of Supersonic Laminar Flow Control Research on F-16XL Ships 1 and 2,” NASA TM-104257 (1992).
[64]. National Science and Technology Council, Executive Office of the President, “Report to the Congress: Impact of the Termination of NASA’s High Speed Research Program and The Redirection of NASA’s Advanced Subsonic Technology Program,” p. 6.
[65]. Chambers, Innovation in Flight, pp. 62–68.
[66]. The experiment is detailed in another case study within this volume.
[67]. Dan Banks, “Overview of Experimental Capabilities,” in NASA Fundamental Aeronautics 2007 Annual Meeting, Oct. 30–Nov. 1, 2007, New Orleans, LA.