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ABBEVILLE, bridge at and road convergence, 25
ACT OF UNION (Pitt’s) and effect on the Holyhead Road, 187
ADUR, RIVER, crossing of at Bramber, 130
ALEXANDRIA, 70
ALFOLDEAN BRIDGE, 76, 153;
effect of breakdown of, 166;
and Stane Street, 167
ALPS, the, passes of, 44;
Roman roads in, 138
ANGEVINS, the, and Sussex, 132
ANTWERP, 31
ANTIOCH, 70
APENNINES, the, Roman roads in, 138
AQUILEA, 103
ARDENNES, the, Roman roads in, 138
ARMIES, necessity of road for, 74-6
ARTERIAL ROADS confined to motor traffic, need for, 195
ARTERIAL ROAD, example of a typical, from London to Birmingham, and how used, 196-7
ARTERIAL ROADS, five essentials of, 198-200;
problem of exit from dense urban centres, 200-01;
suggested finance of, and legislation regarding, 201-5
ARUN, RIVER, effect of marshes of, 17-18;
lowest bridge over, at Arundel, 97;
crossed by the southern track, 130;
crossing of at Houghton, 130;
at Burgh Hill, 139;
at Romans Wood, 153, 166;
at Pulborough, 166
ARUNDEL, road from Pulborough to, 17, 18;
crossing of Arun at, 97, 99, 130
ARUNDEL HILL, 169
ASHURST, Roman road on sand at, 156
ATHENS, 70
AULUS PLAUTIUS, 104
AUTUN, 70
AVON, Bristol, the, and British trackways, 129
BALHAM and Stane Street, 167
BALKAN PENINSULA, the, political chaos due to decay of Roman trunk roads, 76-7
BARI, road planning in, 58
BATH and the Fosse Way, 39
BEECH, woods, and chalk, 119
BELFORT, 44, 45, 46
BELGIUM, Roman road building in, 136
BERKSHIRE DOWNS, the trackway on, 120
BIGNOR and Stane Street, 138, 169
BILLINGSHURST and Stane Street, 169
BLACK DEATH, the, a date in English road history, 81-2
BLACKPOOL, a “reserve” town, 68
BOARD OF WORKS AND MACADAM, 190
BORDEAUX, 31
BOROUGH, the, and Stane Street, 167
BOSHAM during the Dark Ages, 165
BOULOGNE, harbour of, 73
BOUNDARY, road as a, 77;
instanced, 77-8
BRAMBER, causeway at, 18;
crossing of Adur at, 99, 130
BRANCASTER, Roman station at, and Peddars Way, 176
BREYDON WATER, change from estuary to a broad, 176
BRIDGE, the, and road development, 12;
building of at different periods, 22-3;
significance of term in some languages, 22-3;
cost of and effect, 22-3;
architecture of, 23;
function in making inland ports, 30-31;
marshes created by disrepair of, 65, 158-9;
at Cologne, 75;
lowest on river, effect of, on sea traffic, 96-7;
normal origin of, 20;
instanced at London, Cologne, Rouen, Isle of Paris, 21;
of piles, 21;
of boats, 21;
object of, 21-2;
high gradients of some, 23-4;
effect of change from pile to stone, 24;
convergence of roads towards, 25;
military importance of, 25;
payments of toll at, 26;
creation of a nodal point at, 26-31;
on English roads, 89
BRIDGE HEAD, the term, 25
BRIGHTON, a “reserve” town, 68
BRINDISI, 70, 77
BRITAIN, its place in the Roman Empire, 113
BURFORD BRIDGE and Stane Street, 170
BURGH HILL, 139
BURGHLEY PARK, near Stamford, 154
BURY, 169
CAEN, bridge at, and road convergence, 25
CANTERBURY and Christianity, 70;
lowest bridge over Stour at, 97;
and Richborough, 98;
and Colchester, 103;
and the early trackways, 120, 121, 122;
as nucleus of Channel ports, 163
CHALK, road courses over, 34-5;
characteristics of, 119;
distribution in England, 119-20;
and the early trackways, 119-20, 130, 131
CHALONS, disuse of Roman road from Rheims to, 157
CHANNEL, English (see English Channel)
CHESHIRE PLAIN, THE, 128
CHESTER, terminal of north-west road, 70, 121;
Roman garrison town, 71;
road from to Penkridge, 72, 148, 161, 173;
bridge at, 97;
and early trackways, 129
CHICHESTER and Stane Street, 132, 139-40, 160, 166;
harbours and Stane Street, 132
CHILTERNS, the, early trackway on, 120
CHRISTIAN RELIGION, spread of, along Roman roads, 70;
in West Sussex, 153
CLAPHAM COMMON and Stane Street, 173
CLAY, effect of weather on, 11-12;
Roman road-building on, 54;
in the Weald, effect of on communications, 131-2, 165;
and on West Sussex during Dark Ages, 153
CLIFTON GORGE, 129
CLIMATE, dampness of English, 105
COAST ROADS, features of on south coast of England, 98-9
COLCHESTER, 103;
trackway from London to, 122
COLOGNE, bridge at, 21, 29, 75;
Roman road from Paris to, 140
CONSTANTINOPLE, 77
COST, factor of in influencing number, size, and course of roads, 56-60;
and the “strangling of communication,” 57
COTSWOLDS, the early trackway on, 120, 126
CRETE, 93
CYPRUS, 93
DAMASCUS, 70
DANES, the, in Sussex, 76
DARENTH, RIVER, 19
DARK AGES, the, use of Roman roads in, 147-8;
disappearance of sections of road during, 148-50;
breakdown of Roman river crossings during, 150-55;
Roman roads on Continent during, 156-7;
formation of disrepair of roads during, 158-9;
pirates’ raids during, 162-3;
disuse of Peddars Way in, 175;
and the growth of a local road system, 177
DEE, RIVER, bridge over, at Chester, 97
DEVON, roads along south coast of, 98, 138;
and the Fosse Way, 127;
and traffic during Dark Ages, 132
DORCHESTER (Oxon), bridge over Thames at, 102;
a wheat-growing centre, 128
DORKING and Stane Street, 166, 169-70
DORSET, trackway from Salisbury Plain to, 119;
derivation of name, 119;
and the Fosse Way, 127, 138;
and traffic during Dark Ages, 132
DOVER, Roman road to Richborough from, 98;
port for Roman troops, 103;
and London, 108;
early trackway through Canterbury to, 122;
Straits of (see Straits of Dover)
DOWN BARN, near Andover, loop in road at, 138
DOWNS, Sussex, Wiltshire, &c., (see under these names)
DUNCTON HILL and Stane Street, 167
DUNWICH and coastal erosion, 176
DURAZZO, road from Constantinople to, 77
DURHAM, 125
EARTHAM and Stane Street, 51, 167
EAST ANGLIA, Roman campaigns in, 102;
wheat growing in, 128;
EDGWARE ROAD, site of trackway, 121
EGYPT, Roman trunk road from to Northumberland, 70
“ENCLOSURE,” effect of on roads, 90
ENGLAND, north and south, tendency of division into, 127-8
ENGLISH CHANNEL, the, and the Chalk ridges, 35, 126
ENGLISH ROADS on south coast, 62;
phases in the history of, 81-4;
characteristics of, 84-91;
and the French road compared, 84-6;
the, effect of political history on, 89-90;
and the Industrial Revolution, 90, 91;
the, “blindness” of, 92;
diversion and interruption of by waterways, 93-9;
effect of absence of strategy on, 99-105;
the, and dampness of climate, 105;
and diversity of soil, 105-6;
and increasing density of population, 106;
and legislation, 106;
the, effect of “potential” in its development, 107-9;
its five stages of development, 109-15;
British pre-Roman trackways, 110, 116-32;
the, and the Roman road system, 133-46;
during the Dark Ages, 147-77;
during the Mediaeval period, 177-8;
the, turnpike system of, 183-5;
1810 a pivotal date of, 185-6;
and Telford, 186-9;
improvement of surface of, by Macadam, 189-91;
effect of railroads upon, 192-3;
the, present need for new arterial roads (q.v.), 194-5
EPHESUS, 70
EPSOM and Stane Street, 170
EPSOM DOWNS, 170
EPSOM RACE-COURSE, gap in Roman road between Merton and, 103, 149
ERITH, 121
EXE RIVER, importance of bridge at Exeter, 97-8;
trackway from to Humber, 117, 126, 129
EXETER and the Exe, 97-8
FAL, RIVER, 97
FARNHAM, road to in Wey Valley, 34;
to Guildford, 35;
and the Pilgrims’ Way, 131
FENS, the, former absence of main roads in, 53-4;
and trackway to the north, 125
FERRIES, use of by Romans, 102
FERRY, the, rather than ford precedes bridges, 20-21
FLEET, RIVER, 122
FLINT, use of in road construction, 55;
disadvantages to motor traffic, 55
FORD, and the bridge, 12, 20;
etymology of term, 19;
significance of as particle with “stone” and “street” in place-names, 154
FOREST, influence of on course of road, 47-51;
of Mormal, 49;
in the tropics, 49;
and the railroad, 50;
and the Roman road, 50-51
FOSSE WAY, the, gradients of in Somerset, 38-9;
survival of early trackway from Exe to Humber, 126-7;
alluded to, 138;
use of in Dark Ages, 177
FOWEY, RIVER, 97
FRANCE, Northern, Roman roads in, 147-8
FRENCH ROAD, the, characteristics of, 84-6
FUEL, taxation of;
simplest method of collecting a road tax, 202-3
GABAS, valley of, 44
GAINSBOROUGH, bridge at, 97
GALLEGO, 44;
bridge over near Huesca, 24
GARGANO, isolation of by marsh, 15
GAUL, military roads of, 75-6;
Roman road building in, 136-7
GENOA, 67
GLASGOW, 31
GLOUCESTER, bridge of, 74;
function of in making an inland port, 30;
and the Severn crossing, 98;
road from Winchester to, 138
GRADIENTS of bridges, 23;
factors determining, 37-8;
of the Fosse Way in Somerset, 38-9;
of the roads in the Jura, 40;
and of the Vosges, 41;
of railroads, 41-2;
and the internal-combustion engine, 42;
at Lynton and Lynmouth, 42;
of the mountain pass, 43-6;
of English roads, 89;
straightness of Roman roads modified by, 138
GRANITE, use of in road construction, 54-5
GRAVEL, road courses over, 33-4;
example in Wey Valley, 34
GRAVESEND, 164
GRAYS, 121
GREAT NORTH ROAD, 50, 163, 191
GUILDFORD, 35, 130
HAMPSHIRE, chalk ridge of, 119;
ease of communication through, 130-31
HAMPSHIRE DOWNS, 130
HARDHAM and Stane Street, 139, 168
HASTINGS, 99
HAVRE, 74
HIGHLANDS ROADS COMMISSION AND TELFORD, 187
HILLS, effect of on course of roads, 7-11
HIPPO, 103
HOG’S BACK, the, track over, 35
HOLLAND, roads of, 53-4
HOLMES, RICE, 98
HOLYHEAD ROAD, THE, 71-2;
and Telford, 186-9;
completion of, 192-3
HOUGHTON, 130
HUESCA, bridge near, 24
HUMBER crossed by Roman road, 98, 102;
strategical consideration of, 100-01, 104;
trackway from Exe to, 117, 125-6, 129
ICELAND, 93
ICENI, the, 174
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION, the, and the turnpike road, 90
INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINE AND GRADIENTS, 42;
makes a crisis in road building, 91;
and the need for new roads, 180, 195-6;
danger of crossing roads confined to, and solution of difficulty, 198-9
IRELAND, Chester once the port for, 70
IRON INDUSTRY, the Wealden, 131
ISLAM, Western, influence of drift sand on roads of, 36
ITALY, marshes created by the Road in, 65
JERUSALEM, 70
JUNIPER HILL, near Dorking road, 149
JURA, the, gradients of roads in, 40
KENT, Roman road system in, 98;
Roman campaigns in, 102-3;
early trackways through, 120-29;
approach to London from, 121
LAMBETH, crossing of Thames at, 121;
and early trackway, 129
LANCASHIRE, effect of marsh on, 15;
plain of, 105, 126;
communication of with main trackway, 122
LANDES, the, scarcity of roads in, 53
LEA, RIVER, 122
LEATHERHEAD and Stane Street, 170
LEGISLATION, road, 60-61, 83, 106, 115, 186-8;
suggested for arterial roads, 201-5
LEITH HILL and Stane Street, 139, 166, 169
LEWES, lowest old bridge at, 97;
and the south coast road, 99
LINCOLN, 35
LINCOLNSHIRE, 125
LITTLEHAMPTON, swing bridge at, 98-9
LIVERPOOL, 129
LIVERPOOL STREET STATION, 68
LOCOMOTIVE (see Railroad)
LONDON, crossing of Thames at, 15;
plans for rebuilding after Great Fire, 58-9;
growth of due to railroads, 67-8;
and spread of Christianity, 70;
potential between Dover and, 108;
centre of a series of trackways, 116-7, 120-2, 129;
and Stane Street, 132, 165-6;
and Watling Street, 140, 162-4;
road entries into, 201;
and Chester, 70, 72, 148;
lack of potential between, 164
LONDON BRIDGE, OLD, 21;
avoidance of high gradient and result, 24;
convergence of roads to, 25;
effect of on development of the city, 29;
function of in making an inland port, 30;
lowest old bridge on the Thames, 97;
and necessity of detours by Roman troops, 103;
advantage of site of, 122
LYME REGIS, 98
LYNTON AND LYNMOUTH, GRADIENTS AT, 42
LYONS, double crossing of streams at, 32;
spread of Christian religion to, 70
MACADAM, 90;
and the improvement of road surface, 189-90
MAESTRICHT, 29
MANCHESTER, 122
MARBLE ARCH and Watling Street, 164
MARSH, effect of on course of roads, 7-10;
impassability of, 14-15;
divided Lancashire from Southern England, 15;
Thames estuarine, 15;
protected Venice, 15;
and Russian Church, 15;
and Russian Revolution, 15;
isolation of Gargano due to, 15;
effect of on course of road from Pulborough to Arundel, 17;
and Eastern and Western European civilisation, 15;
at Bramber, 18;
created by roads, 64-5;
Pinsk, 76-7;
of Thames estuary, 121-2;
effect of on Roman roads, 103-4;
formation of during Dark Ages by disrepair of Roman road at river crossings, 158-9
MARSHES, disappearance of section of Roman roads in during Dark Ages, 149-55
MATERIAL for road construction, influence of proximity on course and number of roads, 14, 52-5;
diversity of in England, 105-6
MEDWAY, the, 19;
crossing of at Snodland, 130;
at Rochester, 130
MELUN, double crossing of streams at, 32
MENAI STRAITS, suspension bridge over, 188
MENDIPS, lead mines of, 98;
trackway to, 120
MERSEY, RIVER, marshes of, 122
MERTON, gap in Roman road between Epsom race-course and, 149;
and Stane Street, 166-70
MICHELHAM and Stane Street, 170
MIDDLE AGES, the, and bridge building, 22;
and the bridge as a place of toll, 26;
road system of, 114, 154, 177-8
MIDHURST, 131
MILITARY ROADS, Roman roads designed as, 133-7;
in U.S.A., 75;
on the Rhine, 75;
Alpine, 75
MOLE, RIVER, 19;
crossing of by Pilgrims’ Way, 131
MONTREUIL, 31
MOROCCO, effect of “nullahs” in, 36-7
MOSELLE, valley of, 44-6
MOTOR VEHICLE, the (see Internal-combustion Engine)
NAPLES, 70
NERO, 102
NEWCASTLE, bridge of, 97;
function in making an inland port, 30
NEWHAVEN, swing bridge at, 99
Nodal Points, definition of, 26;