End Notes
1tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence within the narrative.
2tn Or “anger.” Here το? θυμ ? ο (tou qumou) has been translated as a genitive of content.
3tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “so” to indicate the implied result of the directions given by the voice from the temple.
4tn Grk “the first”; the referent (the first angel) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
5tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence of events within the vision.
6tn Or “ulcerated sores”; the term in the Greek text is singular but is probably best understood as a collective singular.
7tn Grk ‘the men,” but this is a generic use of ?νθρωπος (anqrwpo") and refers to both men and women.
8tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “next” to indicate the implied sequence of events within the vision.
9tn Grk “the second”; the referent (the second angel) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
10tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence of events within the vision.
11tn Grk “the third”; the referent (the third angel) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
12tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “now” to indicate the somewhat parenthetical nature of the remarks that follow.
13tn Or “righteous,” although the context favors justice as the theme.
14tn Or “because you have judged these things.” The pronoun τ ? α τ α (tauta) is neuter gender.
15tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “so” to indicate that this judgment is the result of what these wicked people did to the saints and prophets.
16tn Grk “They are worthy”; i.e., of this kind of punishment. By extension, “they got what they deserve.”
17tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence of events within the vision.
18tn Grk “the altar saying.”
19tn On this word BDAG 755 s.v. παντοκράτωρ states, “the Almighty, AllPowerful, Omnipotent (One) only of God 1/4 …(?) κύριος ? θ ? ε ς ? . π …Rv 1:8; 4:8; 11:17; 15:3; 16:7; 21:22.”
20tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence of events within the vision.
21tn Grk “the fourth”; the referent (the fourth angel) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
22tn Grk “men,” but this is a generic use of ?νθρωπος (anqrwpo") and refers to both men and women.
23tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “thus” to indicate the implied result of the bowl poured on the sun.
24tn Grk “men,” but this is a generic use of ?νθρωπος (anqrwpo") and refers to both men and women.
25tn On this phrase BDAG 536 s.v. κ ? α μα states, “burning, heat Rv 7:16…
καυματίζεσθαι κ. μέγα be burned with a scorching heat 16:9.”
26tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “yet” to indicate the contrast present in this context.
27tn For the translation “ruling authority” for ?ξουσία (exousia) see L&N 37.35.
28tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence of events within the vision.
29tn Grk “the fifth”; the referent (the fifth angel) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
30tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “so that” to indicate the implied result of the fifth bowl being poured out.
31tn Grk “his kingdom became dark.”
32tn Grk “men,” but this is a generic use of ?νθρωπος (anqrwpo") and refers to both men and women.
33tn On this term BDAG 620 s.v. μασά μο αι states, “bite w. acc. ? τ ς γλώσσας bite their tongues Rv 16:10.”
34tn The preposition ? κ (ek) has been translated here and twice in the following verse with a causal sense.
35tn Grk “pains” (the same term in Greek [πόνος, ponos] as the last word in v. 11, here translated “sufferings” because it is plural). BDAG 852 s.v. 2 states, “?κ το? . π in pain…Rv 16:10; pl. (Gen 41:51; Jos., C. Ap. 2, 146; Test. Jud. 18:4) ?κ τ?ν . π …because of their sufferings vs. 11.”
36tn Or “ulcerated sores” (see 16:2).
37tn Grk “and they did not repent.” Here καί (kai) has been translated as “but nevertheless” to express the contrast here.
38tn Grk “they did not repent” The addition of “still refused” reflects the hardness of people’s hearts in the context.
39tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence of events within the vision.
40tn Grk “the sixth”; the referent (the sixth angel) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
41tn Grk “and its water was dried up.” Here the passive construction has been translated as an active one.
42tn Grk “in order that the way might be prepared.” Here the passive construction has been translated as an active one.
43tn Grk “from the rising of the sun.” BDAG 74 s.v. ?νατολή 2.a takes this as a geographical direction: “? ? π ?. ?λίου…from the east Rv 7:2; 16:12; simply ? ? π ?. …21:13.”
44tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence of events within the vision.
45sn According to the next verse, these three unclean spirits are spirits of demons.
46tn BDAG 699 s.v. ? ο κουμένη 1 states, “the inhabited earth, the world…?λη ? ? ο κ. the whole inhabited earth…Mt 24:14; Ac 11:28; Rv 3:10; 16:14.”
47tn On this word BDAG 755 s.v. παντοκράτωρ states, “the Almighty, AllPowerful, Omnipotent (One) only of God…(?) κύριος ? θ ? ε ς ? . π …Rv 1:8; 4:8; 11:17; 15:3; 16:7; 21:22.”
48tn Grk “and keeps.” BDAG 1002 s.v. τηρέω 2.c states “of holding on to someth. so as not to give it up or lose it… ? τ ?μάτια α?το? Rv 16:15 (or else he will have to go naked).”
49tn On the translation of ?σχημοσύνη (aschmosunh) as “shameful condition” see L&N 25.202. The indefinite third person plural (“and they see”) has been translated as a passive here.
50sn These lines are parenthetical, forming an aside to the narrative. The speaker here is the Lord Jesus Christ himself rather than the narrator. Many interpreters have seen this verse as so abrupt that it could not be an original part of the work, but the author has used such asides before (1:7; 14:13) and the suddenness here (on the eve of Armageddon) is completely parallel to Jesus’ warning in Mark 13:1516 and parallels.
51tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “now” to indicate the resumption and conclusion of the remarks about the pouring out of the sixth bowl.
52tn Grk “they”; the referent (the demonic spirits, v. 14) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
53tn Grk “gathered them”; the referent (the kings and [implied] their armies, v. 14) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
54tc There are many variations in the spelling of this name among the Greek mss, although ?Αρμαγεδών (&armagedwn) has the best support. The usual English spelling is Armageddon, used in the translation. tn Or “Harmagedon” (a literal transliteration of the Greek), or “HarMagedon” (NASB), meaning “the Mount of Magedon” in Hebrew.
55tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “finally” to indicate the conclusion of the seven bowl judgments.
56tn Grk “the seventh”; the referent (the seventh angel) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
57tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence of events within the vision.
58tn Or “sounds,” “voices.” It is not entirely clear what this refers to. BDAG 1071 s.v. φωνή 1 states, “In Rv we have ?στραπα? κ ? α φωνα? κ ? α βρονταί (cp. Ex 19:16) 4:5; 8:5; 11:19; 16:18 (are certain other sounds in nature thought of here in addition to thunder, as e.g. the roar of the storm?…).”
59tn The singular ?νθρωπος (anqrwpo") is used generically here to refer to the human race.
60tn Here καί (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style.
61tn Or “of the Gentiles” (the same Greek word may be translated “Gentiles” or “nations”).
62tn Grk “fell.”
63tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “so” to indicate the implied result of Babylon’s misdeeds (see Rev 14:8).
64tn Grk “the cup of the wine of the anger of the wrath of him.” The concatenation of four genitives has been rendered somewhat differently by various translations (see the note on the word “wrath”).
65tn Following BDAG 461 s.v. θυμός 2, the combination of the genitives of θυμός (qumo") and ?ργή (orgh) in Rev 16:19 and 19:15 are taken to be a strengthening of the thought as in the OT and Qumran literature (Exod 32:12; Jer 32:37; Lam 2:3; CD 10:9). Thus in Rev 14:8 (to which the present passage alludes) and 18:3 there is irony: The wine of immoral behavior with which Babylon makes the nations drunk becomes the wine of God’s wrath for her.
66tn Grk “And every.” Here καί (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style.
67tn Or “vanished.”
68sn Every island fled away and no mountains could be found. Major geographical and topographical changes will accompany the Day of the Lord.
69tn Here BDAG 988 s.v. ταλαντια?ος states, “weighing a talent…χάλαζ αμεγάλ η ?ς ταλαντιαία a severe hailstorm with hailstones weighing a talent (the talent=125 librae, or Roman pounds of c. 343 gr. or 12 ounces each) (weighing about a hundred pounds NRSV) Rv 16:21.” This means each hailstone would weigh just under 100 pounds or 40 kilograms.
70tn Or “the sky.” Due to the apocalyptic nature of this book, it is probably best to leave the translation as “from heaven,” since God is ultimately the source of the judgment.
71tn Grk “on men,” but ?νθρωπος (anqrwpo") is used here in a generic sense to refer to people in general (the hailstones did not single out adult males, but would have also fallen on women and children).
72tn Grk “the men”; for stylistic reasons the pronoun “they” is used here.
73tn Grk “the plague of it.”
74tn Grk “since the plague of it was exceedingly great.”