- Kedar Nath then went to Delhi with his own son.
- Presenting himself under a false identity, Shanti immediately told her that he was her husband and hugged her in tears.
- As soon as her son a little older than her entered the room, she kissed him as a mother would.
- Shanti answered her husband’s questions correctly and precisely.
- Gandhi then sent her to Mathura with trusted witnesses.
- On her train ride into the crowd, Shanti identified her former family and named and ran to her grandfather.
- During her stay in Mathura, she recognized dozens of people and different places.
Checks
In recent decades, the team of psychiatrist Ian Stevenson has documented more than 2.500 cases of reincarnation.
Where children remember events prior to their births. The majority of them are between 2 and 4 years old and stop talking about it around 7 years.
Given the details and accuracies of their memories, Ian Stevenson and Jim Tuckler confirmed the truth of the facts reported for twenty of them living in Asia or in United States.
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«The essential is constantly threatened by the insignificant.»
René Char
What have we learned or rediscovered in previous chapters?
What are the key pieces of information and how do we bring them together?
7.1) Cosmology
Universe
The universe unfolded from an infinitely small point of extreme density, from the first particles to the hundreds of billions of galaxies each containing hundreds of billions of stars.
Being 13,8 billion years old, it extends from the infinitely large (100.000 billion kilometers) to the infinitely small (one tenth of a millionth of a millimeter).
The cosmos is composed of 4% known matter, 23% dark matter and 73% energy. It is mainly made of vacuum and energy.
A black hole is an object with a gigantic mass enclosed in a limited volume, its gravitational attraction is such that the nearby stars are absorbed, time stops and neither matter nor light escape.
The 4,5 billion year old Earth was born from a protoplanet derived from the condensation of dust and gas escaping from the Sun.
Matter
37 particles, 90 natural elements and 4 forces are sufficient to describe the material, its elemental structure remaining 83
identical from the infinitely small to the infinitely large.
Matter is energy and vice versa, it is minimal at rest (weight) and maximum when in motion (kinetic energy).
We distinguish the particles of matter: the 12 fermions (quarks, electron, neutrinos) and the particles of force: the 13 bosons (photons, gluons).
Stable material consists of 4 fermions: up and down quarks, electron and electronic neutrino. The human body contains about 10 28 quarks and electrons.
Neutrinos are present throughout the universe, they travel through matter at high speed. 60 billion neutrinos reach every square centimeter of our skin per second. Sterile neutrinos insensitive to fundamental forces could constitute dark matter.
At the quantum level, matter has confusing properties: wave-particle duality, superposition of states and no locality. When two particles from a single system are separated, they instantly realign their characteristics despite the distance (entanglement).
At the atomic level, we find the structure of the solar system, the atom comprising an extremely dense nucleus around which electrons rotate on specific orbits.
Atoms pool their peripheral electrons to form molecules, these bonds can break allowing the formation of new molecules.
The simplest of molecules: dihydrogen results from the combination of two hydrogen atoms. It is the main constituent and fuel of the sun and other stars.
Structure
There are four basic forces: strong nuclear force, weak nuclear force, electromagnetic force and gravitational force, and three types of wave: the mechanics requiring support, the 84
electromagnetic and gravitational forces passing through the matter and vacuum.
Gravitation is not a force but a spatio-temporal effect similar to acceleration. Matter bends our space-time, deflecting light rays near massive objects.
It is by the power of calculations that physicists manage to reconcile the laws relating to the infinitely large with those describing the infinitely small.
String, loop and parallel universe theory describe the universe as a network of 10 dimensions and not a multidimensional one as our space-time.
The Big Bang could have spawned several universes, connected by black holes. Some would be stable and compatible to the appearance of life, possessing adequate physical constants (mass, gravitation, electromagnetism).
7.2) Biology
Life
Whatever their complexity, all living beings are born, breathe, feed, rest, grow, reproduce and die.
Using specific molecules, it is possible to create entities at the border of the inert and the living, possessing certain properties of the living beings.
Only the Earth would possess the physico-chemical properties conducive to the emergence of life, provided it is based on carbon chemistry, water and photosynthesis.
The isolation of organic molecules from the surrounding environment by a semi-permeable membrane gave rise to living cells, real biochemical micro plants.
The study of commonalities between species shows kinship 85
links from single-celled organisms to the most evolved beings such as trees and mammals.
Plants
In light, plants produce sugar and oxygen from carbon dioxide and water, without which animals would not be able to feed or breathe.
Today the plant kingdom extends from microscopic algae to giant redwood, passing through all sizes and environments, aquatic and terrestrial.
Animals
Animals depend on the presence of plants or other animals for food. They can move, which is essential to feed, protect or reproduce.
They are present everywhere, in rudimentary or extremely elaborate forms, aquatic or terrestrial, living in groups or solitary.
During the development of the human foetus, some earlier stages of animal evolution are observed: draft of gills, palmar tendon, coccyx, brain development.
Human beings
Man is closely related to other mammals, it belongs with chimpanzees, bonobos and gorillas to hominids whose skeleton adapted to the standing station.
At the top of the tree of evolution, man occupies a place aside, making him the most evolved living being and his brain the most mysterious and complex organ.
Genetics
All living beings share at least 25% of their genes, with humans sharing 35% with daffodils and 99,4% with 86
chimpanzees. It is estimated that 2% of the human genome is DNA coding and 8% is viral.
The structure of our genes can be altered by accidents during cell division or reproduction or by exposure to various external mutagens.
Epigenetics studies the mechanisms of gene expression leading to changes in traits but in the absence of a visible genetic mutation.
It acts on gene regulation through DNA methylation, explaining the differences observed in identical twins or the benefits of cuddling on the brain development of the newborn.
However, these superficial epigenetic changes could be passed on to the next generation.
7.3) Neurosciences
Throughout our lives, our physical and mental activities modify the structure of our brain.
Neurons die but some are renewed regularly, their total number decreasing by only 5% over the course of life.
In children under 4 years of age, hundreds of thousands of synapses are replaced every second.
Intelligence
The intelligence defined as the faculty of understanding through thinking can take various forms: rational, organizational, emotional, social, intuitive.
In vertebrates the seat of intelligence is located in the brain, especially in the cortex for mammals.
The brain contains 100 billion neurons, each of which can establish up to 10.000 connections per second.
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Every day we are exposed to hundreds of events, receiving thousands of information sorted by the amygdala, useful information or high emotional content are preferentially retained.
The memory is created in the hippocampus in the form of a precise list of the different brain areas involved in its formation, characterizing a memory as a unique neuronal spatio-temporal map: the engram.
We keep no conscious memory of our early childhood, this infantile amnesia is due to the progressive maturation of the hippocampus.
Consciousness
Consciousness can be defined as perception, knowledge of oneself and of the outside world, for neurobiologists it is an emerging property of the brain.
Our sense of self allows us to appropriate our experiences and connect our thoughts, perceptions to our bodies and actions.
The brain plays a major role in the production of consciousness, involving the cortex (perception, emotion, awareness), the thalamus (attention) and the hippocampus (memorization).
It is at the neuronal level that the processes inherent to consciousness are observed but it is possible that they take place at the molecular, atomic or quantum level.
Our perception of time is subjective, the notion of time flow dependent on the transmission speed of nerve impulses, controlled by neurotransmitters.
Disease
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A mental illness is accompanied by psychiatric manifestations covering specific pathologies: addiction, autism, depression, psychosis…
Neurodegenerative diseases are linked to a progressive degeneration of nerve tissue leading to dementia, such as Alzheimer’s or Parkinson’s disease.
7.4) Other intelligences
Animals
Blob is a single-celled organism with a complex genome without a nervous system. In less than 30 hours, it connects the 35 food sources reproducing the Tokyo region, creating a network as efficient as the city railway route.
The planar worm recovers its memory after decapitation and formation of a new head, suggesting a mode of memorization outside the brain, perhaps in his tissue stem cells.
The avian brain contains the caudolateral nidopallium with higher neuronal density than the cortex, giving the birds impressive organizational abilities.
Chimpanzees never cease to surprise us with their behaviour.
They consume medicinal plants sometimes unknown, treat their congeners or even dance in the rain or water cascades.
The animals are not indifferent to the death of their congeners, the magpies try to feed them, the elephants try to revive them to finally cover them with branches and the chimpanzees gather in front of their remains.
Plants
Mycorrhizae connect forest trees allowing the transfer of nutrients between them, the exchange being conditioned on their respective access to light, water and minerals. When they 89
die, the trees transfer their carbon to the youngest, of the same species or not.
When an insect comes into contact with the leaf of a mimosa, neurotransmitters identical to ours circulate in the phloem of the whole plant triggering the release of smelling compounds.
In thale cress, the genes encoding the sharing of information induced by a predator attack are identical to those of nerve transmission.
The relative shoots of the see-rocket tree share space and nutrients by developing fewer roots, as opposed to directly competing unrelated ones.
Artificial
Artificial intelligence combines algorithms inspired by the neuron functioning with electronic equipment to create machines that simulate our intelligence.
Thanks to their giga databases, they analyze texts and images, model knowledge, learn on their own or perform specific tasks.
7.5) Awakening type
The more intense the mind relaxation, the lower the frequency of brain waves and the greater the sense of dissociation of oneself or of the environment.
Meditation
Meditation has many effects such as: an increase in the volume of the cortex, the immune response, the effect of pain treatment, positive emotions, a decrease in anxiety and a change in gene regulation.
Hypnosis
Hypnosis leads the brain to a unique state, resembling neither 90
awakening nor sleep. It affects judgment, perception and the notion of time. Areas involved in body control, emotions, empathy and temporality showing a high activity.
Sleep
5 stages characterize sleep, the first 4 form slow sleep and the fifth REM one.
During slow sleep the thalamus, prefrontal cortex and precuneus, involved in vigilance, memory, reasoning and reflection have a reduced activity.
During REM sleep, the temporo-occipital and cingulate cortex, the amygdala and the hippocampus, linked to vision or emotions are activated, explaining the richness of images and emotions of our dreams.
Slow sleep would be used for information processing and REM
sleep for its consolidation. In the newborn the proportion of REM sleep is 80% compared to 20% in adults.
The brain is not indispensable for controlling the wake-sleep cycle, the jellyfish being brain deprived also sleeps.
Dream
We make about 100.000 dreams in our lifetime, but very few in early childhood. We dream in color, our 5 senses are involved.
The brain areas activated when we dream are similar to those involved in the perception of reality during awakening.
The seat of complex thoughts, of metacognition and of oneself control are also activated in the case of lucid dreams.
According to Carl Jung, the dream represents an unconscious reaction to a conscious situation or a conflict between the conscious and the unconscious or a ramp for the unconscious to the conscious or reveals unconscious processes.
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The unconscious is not man’s own, the paradoxical dream also existing in reptiles, birds and other mammals.
Coma
Coma corresponds to a severe impairment of consciousness, the person no longer responding to external stimulations. It results in the absence of the wake-sleep cycle and the loss of self-consciousness and of the environment perception.
This state can last an hour or several weeks to evolve either towards the return of consciousness, but sometimes the loss of mobility persists or towards a vegetative state or brain death.
NDE
A near death experience is characterized by a modified state of consciousness, the person no longer reacts to any external stimuli, his brain no longer shows neurological activity and his electroencephalogram is totally flat.
It can include several elements such as an increased consciousness, an impression of leaving one’s body accompanied by a 360° vision, a complete review of one’s life, an encounter with deceased loved ones and sometimes access to a broader level of knowledge.
Some characteristics of a NDE can be very partially reproduced, for example by injecting a powerful psychotropic or by electrical stimulation of the temporal lobes.
There is no medical theory that clearly even partially explains the near death experience. We must admit that a global understanding of consciousness, of unconsciousness and of memory escapes us.
Death
The WHO defines death as the irreversible disappearance of the brain activity, due to the heartbeat and breathing stop.
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Death is coded in our genes, our chromosome ends shorten during the cell duplication leading eventually to the inhibition of the cell renew.
On our scale, death evokes the notion of time irreversibility. It could be different at the atom level, other combinations of its constituents being possible.
7.6) Behaviour
Astrology
Western astrology is based on the twelve zodiac signs, each linked to a constellation of stars revolving around our planet.
Chinese astrology is based on astronomical calendars whose twelve-year cycle, represented by animals, is classified into five elements attached to specific planets.
According to Western and Chinese astrology, our place and our date of birth influence our personality, our character and consequently our behaviour.
Emotion
Emotions are produced continuously in the limbic system, the hypothalamus and pituitary gland are involved, the amygdala transfering the information to the appropriate brain regions.
The section of the dog’s spinal cord, preventing any bodily feedback to the brain, does not inhibit its emotions, which may indicates the mental origin of some of them.
Conditioning
If two consecutive events occur on a regular basis, the second event is expected to happen provoking appropriated reactions.
Classical conditioning also exists in plants, which can combine two stimuli, remember them and react.
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The simple idea of a treatment triggers the healing processes through the self-generation of therapeutic molecules, inducing a beneficial effect in the mind and the body.
Studies have shown a beneficial effect in pain treatment, asthma, depression, placebo surgery or in children and animals.
The nocebo effect is the negative side of the placebo, expect to suffer can cause the onset of trouble, such as in a misdiagnosed cancer patient who presents all disease symptoms before dying.
Conscious, Unconscious
Freud distinguishes the preconscious, which can be recalled to consciousness, the conscious and the unconscious including inaccessible memories.
The Id is the seat of our aggressive, sexual impulses, representing the unconscious stocking all repressed thoughts.
The Ego is the representation that one makes of his own person, the imaginary instance of one’s personality.
The Superego designates the moral structure of our psyche, the heir of the complex of Oedipus, internalizing the prohibitions of our education, of our culture.
For Jung, the collective unconscious describes images brought to consciousness not belonging to his own experience, he would group together all human experiences.
The human psyche would be multi-layered, the deepest base common to all men and the upper floors varying from one individual to another, grouping together all human experiences.
Intuition
Larousse defines intuition as the immediate perception of truth without the aid of reasoning or as the ability to predict events.
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It would involve very rapid mental processes.
There are eight intuition types: instinctive, creative, inspiring, integrated, dissociated, stimulated, sensitive and unconscious.
For Plato intuition is the immediate grasp of truth by the soul, for Sartre all knowledge is intuitive, and for Einstein the intuitive mind is a sacred gift, the rational mind a faithful servant.
According to Spinoza, Assagio and Jung, it is a bridge between the unconscious and the conscious, intuitions elaborating in consciousness according to methods developed in the unconscious.
Synchronicity
According to Jung, synchronicity is the simultaneous occurrence of two events that have no causal link but whose association has a certain meaning for the witness.
He speaks of a unity of phenomena, suggesting a relationship not bound by causality and representing the unity of being.
Arthur Schopenhauer speaks of a simultaneity without causal link, Paul Kammerer of the law of series and Hubert Reeves sees it as a manifestation of the unity of the universe.
Telepathy
Telepathy is described as the transmission of thought from one person to another without communication through known sensory pathways.
Three conditions are required: exposure of the transmitter to a stimulus, transmitter and receiver must be in the right state of mind and the existence of a strong link between them.
Lived experiences fall into five categories: pain transmission, simultaneous accidents, premonition, view at a distance and 95
Experiments have shown our mental capacity to modify the physiology of animals, plants, cell physiology and the random generation of numbers.
Through the use of cerebral implant and/or electrodes, the thought control of exoskeleton, drone and even rats in a maze has been successfully achieved.
Reincarnation
Psychologist Jürgen Keil describes reincarnation as the survival of an individual immaterial principle in successive lives.
The belief in reincarnation is mainly found among Buddhists and Hindus. It is also present in African, Amerindian and Western cultures, with 25% of Americans and Europeans adhering to it.
The team of psychiatrist I.Stevenson documented more than 2.500 stories of children remembering events from previous lives. They are between 2 and 4 years old and stop talking about it around 7 years.
Given the details and rightness of their memories, I.Stevenson and J.Tuckler confirmed the veracity of the facts reported for twenty of them, living in Asia or in United States.
7.7) Ways of thinking
Religion
In the Middle Palaeolithic period, Homo sapiens and Homo Neanderthal buried their deceased in individual graves.
100.000 years ago, Homo sapiens laid his dead in the position of sleep, surrounded by various useful or symbolic objects and watched over them.
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Religions appeared at different times in several civilizations and are based on different practices and beliefs, but they all have similarities, each:
- Explains the origins of the world by the crucial role played by one or more gods.
- Affirms the existence of an afterlife for our spirit, leaving our body when we die.
- Recommends a set of collective rites and rigorous individual practices.
- Establishes sacred places, essential reference points for believers.
- Develops a sense of belonging, the social cement of the religious community.
- Is based on respect for a hierarchical institution and strict observance of rules.
Judaism
In Abraham, God chooses his people of faithfuls and makes a covenant with them. This chosen people receives the Law: the Torah and the Promised Land: Israel. Moses received the Torah on Mount Sinai in the 13th century BC.
The Decalogue is one of the most important passages of the Law, it is considered as the founding charter of the Western civilization.
Judaism gives more importance to the fulfillment of the commandments than to the reflections one can make on god, nature or man. It is a guided study of the texts resulting in conduct in accordance with the rites.
Christianity
Christianity also refers to Abraham. It is based on the Bible, 97
made of the Old and New Testaments. The first text corresponds to the Jewish Bible and the second relates the life of Jesus Christ, incarnation of god on earth and founder of Christianity.
It is because he comes from God that man recognizes him as his creator, lawgiver and saviour, but also as his origin and end.
Man will leave this life when his hour comes, exercising his relative freedom and responsibility during this time window in between his birth and death.
Islam
Islam is the youngest of the Abrahamic religions, it is at the beginning of the 7th century that the angel Gabriel asks Muhammad to transmit the word of God to his brothers.
For political reasons, from the beginning Islam is divided into three currents: Sunnism, Shiism and Ibadism. They are distinguished by their doctrine, their interpretation of the Koran, but also by their conception of power.
The Koran is a unique book whose author is god expressing himself through the mouth of his prophet. The Sunnah specifies and completes it, grouping together the words and teachings of the Prophet.
The practice of Islam is based on faith, a moral code, ritual obligations and a juridical set that take up the duties of each according to its social status.
Hinduism
Dharmic religions, Hinduism and Buddhism, were born in India. They are based on the concept of Dharma: the Cosmic Order and on Reincarnation, determined by the Karma: a principle of cause and effect governed by natural balance.
Without a founder or clergy with millions of deities, Hinduism 98
dates from about the 20th century BC. The main sacred texts are the Vedas, the Upanishads, the Mahabharata and the Romayana, taking up incantations, elements of philosophy and rites.
Considered polytheistic, Hinduism has however a supreme god: Brahma, present in every piece of Universe reality and existence. The spiritual goal is to merge with him, ceasing to exist in the illusory form of the individual self.
Buddhism
Buddhism was born in India in the 5th century BC following the awakening of Buddha and his teaching. It is neither a religion nor a philosophy. It is sometimes described as the science of the mind or of awakening.
The Buddhists focuses on the Way of liberation from our human condition, obtained by the true view and the right practice. The first summarizes the four Noble truths, essentials of Buddhist knowledge and the second is a practical life guide.
Philosophy
Philosophy is a way of seeking wisdom through reflection. It is a quest for knowledge, for understanding. The topics are numerous and many philosophers influence our world vision.
Me / Other
Other means what is not me, that is to say another conscious being, another me. Philosophy studies the relationships to others between two distinct beings, both similar and different.
Bergson distinguishes on the one hand useful memories, the
«memory-habit» anchored in the cerebral mechanisms, expressing our social self, and on the other hand, useless memories, the «memory-pure» expressing our deep self, of spiritual and immaterial nature.
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Consciousness / Unconsciousness Consciousness allows us to think of ourselves, to contemplate ourselves inwardly, we think and know that we think.
Consciousness would be the expression of our identity. For Descartes: «I think, therefore I am» is the certainty of existing, guaranteed by the fact of thinking and being aware of it.
In the strict sense, unconsciousness refers to what is devoid of consciousness. We distinguish the unconscious of the body, relative to the vital functions, from the unconscious of the mind, free sequence of thoughts, of memories.
Existence / Time
The notion of existence and the notion of time are intimately linked. Man exists in time whose flow is irreversible, our existence being merged with it.
For Sartre, man defines himself by his freedom, his actions and his existence, he chooses what he wants to be: «Existence precedes the essence». This philosophy affirms the global freedom, fundamental of being through the idea of surpassing oneself, of transcendence.
Matter / Spirit
Matter refers to physical objects, bodies. The immaterial, intangible mind represents phenomena, the mental faculties.
The materialist thesis is to bring everything back to matter. But does matter really exist? In quantum physics, matter is energy and vice versa. Poincaré claiming «matter does not exist».
Berkeley advocates immaterialism: only our ideas exist. For Bergson, the brain is the material support of mental activity.
Consciousness is the source of freedom and creation, the body being enclosed in space and time.
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In monism reality consists of one single substance, material or spiritual. Dualism is based on two separate principles.
Descartes distinguishes the «extended substance», the physical reality covering a defined space and the «thinking substance», the soul or thought, which can neither be divided nor located.
Immanent / Transcendent
These terms contrast and characterize two different orders.
Such in religions: «down here», the immanent of the spatio-temporal order and «the afterlife», the transcendent, the infinite extra temporal reality.
In philosophy, we wonder about the place of the man immanent or transcendent and his relationship with the world: is he subject like other living beings to finitude?
Metaphysics supports the existence of a reality beyond our experiences, the notion of soul expressing an ideal of transcendence. On the contrary, empiricism and materialism are philosophies of Immanence.
Determinism / Free will
In determinism everything is subject to a definite causal chain:
«everything is the result of one cause, itself the result of another cause...». Thus for Spinoza, even the will is due to a prior cause.
According to Descartes, free will corresponds to the possibility of choosing apart from any external constraint, from the freedom of indifference to enlightened freedom where choice is based on reason.
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«There is an analysis according to which, from a compact truth, one deduces simpler truths.» André Ampère Does the information in the previous chapter have a hidden, more general meaning? Can some of them be linked? Do they fall under similar phenomena?
8.1) Globality
First, the following points should be noted:
- Our vision of the Universe is limited to the part of the observable space from which light has been able to reach us in 13,8 billion years, it is much larger.
- The universe is expanding, born from a tiny point of extremely dense matter. In contrast, the black holes absorb any material around them.
- There are hundreds of billions of galaxies, each encompassing hundreds of billions of stars. The universe contains as many stars as the Earth contains grains of sand.
- Space is made up of 73% energy and 27% matter: 4%
known and 23% black. It is mainly made of vacuum and energy, in average of one atom per cubic metre.
- The atom is also 99% energy and vacuum, its nucleus is only one hundred thousand of its size.
- Molecules are formed by the pooling of peripheral electrons from different atoms.
We can therefore say that matter and living beings are ultimately made of vacuum and energy, at least at the molecular level.
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Only our planet by its distance from its star, its atmosphere and its water harbours life, in any case, in the form we know.
8.2) Network
At different scales, the organization of the universe and its components can be described as a network structure.
Type
Macroscopic
At the cosmological level, the universe is described as a network of about ten dimensions of tiny particles or micro gravitational fields or even parallel universes.
Microscopic
At the microscopic level, atoms, crystals, macromolecules or neurons are also structured in a network, but this time limited to three dimensions.
Living beings
In living beings, most cellular tissues also follow this organization, such as our skin, organs or in plants, leaves, vascular system and wood.
The organisms can also network, such as the Blob, a single-celled organism covering the forest floor or mycorrhizae, root fungi connecting trees of the same forest, of different species or not.
Binder
The universe presents a great homogeneity at the level of its components and its fundamental structure.
Forces and waves
Strong and weak nuclear forces, electromagnetic force and gravitational force are present everywhere, they could be 103
derived from an original fundamental force.
Similarly, three types of wave are detected and only mechanical waves require a physical support, unlike electromagnetic and gravitational ones passing through the vacuum.
Matter
The fondamental structure of matter is constant from the infinitely small to the infinitely large, only a hundred elements and about thirty particles are needed to describe it.
Quantum particles display behaviours that are inconceivable on a human scale: duality of body and wave, non locality, superposition of states and entanglement: permanent alignment of the physical properties of previously linked elements.
Present everywhere, neutrinos travel through space and matter at a speed close to light. Every second 60 billion of them reach every square centimeter of our skin.
8.3) Complexity
The complexity of the Universe is not simply correlated with the size of its multiple components, large and small.
General
At the macroscopic level, complexity increases when size decreases: the structure of galaxies is simpler than that of stars which is simpler than that of planets.
On the contrary, at the microscopic level, it increases with size: the atoms present a structure more complex than that of the particles composing them but simpler than that of the molecules associating them.
On our scale that complexity is maximum both for Earth and man whose anatomy and physiology show extreme complexity.
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From the organic macromolecules and then the first organisms, the organization and flexibility of the living world is impressive. It continues to increase as new animal and plant species appear.
Macromolecule
Here are three examples where molecules have an elaborate spatial structure:
- Cellulose, main component with lignin of the plant cell wall, is the plant skeleton.
- Proteins composed of about 20 amino acids and capable of adopting a helical or leaf structure.
- DNA with a double helix structure where 4 pairs of nucleotides alternate on each strand.
Let us take the opportunity to recall the following points:
- All living beings share at least 25% of their gene.
- Only 2% of our DNA is coding.
- The part of viral DNA in humans is estimated at 8%.
Organ
A continuity is observed in the evolution of living beings: to the old tissues are added new specializing, such as the development of the plant vascular system or the animal nervous system.
The phloem is the conductive tissue of sap, it fulfills a role of reserve and support.
It is assimilated to a giant nerve cell, an electrical signal similar to the nerve impulse passing through.
The nervous system of vertebrates is composed of the central 105
system (brain* and spinal cord) and the peripheral system (nerves and lymph nodes).
Organism
The level of complexity can be largely correlated with the size and/or age of the species appearance.
The larger a living being is, or its appearance recent, the more complex is its structure and its organs specialized.
To culminate with trees in the plant kingdom and in animals, with man at the top of the evolution tree.
8.4) Brain
Let us focus on main subjects: the human being and his spirit, first of all by reviewing the definitions of the spirit.
For scientists, the brain is undoubtedly the seat of thought, intelligence, memory and consciousness.
In philosophy, different schools are opposed: matter/mind, immanent/transcendent, monism/dualism...
Religions speak of our body and our brain as the material support of an immaterial and timeless entity.
For us the mind assimilates itself to consciousness, unconsciousness and memory, it manifests itself mainly by thought, reasoning, emotion, intuition and dream.
Plasticity
Our brain shows great plasticity:
- It consists of about 100 billion neurons, each capable of establishing 10.000 connections.
- 1 billion signals pass through per second.
- The total number of neurons decreases by only 5%.
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- Only hippocampus neurons are renewed in adults.
- Our lives, physical and mental activities modulate the structure of our brains.
Intelligence
Intelligence can take many forms: logical, emotional, intuitive..., it can be defined as the faculty of understanding by thought.
Its seat is located in the brain and more precisely in the cortex for mammals.
Memory
Each event memory corresponds to the precise list of all brain neurons involved in its development, named engramme.
The memory is created in the hippocampus where from adolescence, 1.400 neurons are generated per day. Useful information or high emotional content is stored in priority.
We keep no conscious memory of our early childhood, except for a few unconscious smells or faces.
Consciousness
Consciousness is defined as the knowledge of oneself and one’s environment.
Neurobiologists speak of an emerging property of the brain involving the cortex, thalamus and hippocampus.
For the philosopher David Chalmers, consciousness is a universal concept as are time and space.
In Buddhism, the fundamental aspect of consciousness is not unconsciousness, but rather an awakened presence where consciousness can unfold.
8.5) Consciousness / Unconsciousness
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The more we let go, the more we distance ourselves and our environment. As if our brain had to be inactivated so that we would fall into unconsciousness and liberate our imagination.
Among the main altered states of consciousness, meditation, hypnosis, dreams and the near death experiences are of particular interest for us.
Meditation
It is perhaps the only mental state controlled by the individual himself, it is the meditator who chooses the moment, the place and the subject of his thoughts.
The most experienced meditators reach such a level of detachment that some simply stop thinking, they then speak of awakened, universal consciousness.
Hypnosis
Hypnosis also translates a certain desire to let go, but this time it requires the intervention of a third party, it is most often practiced for a therapeutic purpose.
This may involve accessing memories that are repressed in our memory, our unconscious or mentally conditioning pushing ourselves to act in a particular way when awakening.
Dream
Isn’t it extraordinary that during sleep we can experience fictional events so intensely that some brain areas are reactivate.
The dream scenarios are also out of norm, mixing living people with other dead, known or unknown, evolving in existing or not decors often endowing us with super powers.
Even better, everything suggests that animals also dream during their sleep, they can also be present in our own dreams.
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Like the dream, a near-death experience is a process that is beyond our control, but there are significant differences.
The physiological and cerebral state is strongly altered, the unconscious patient is plunged into a deep coma, very close to brain death.
If he wakes up, the patient remembers most of the time in detail his experience where:
- His consciousness is amplified, as if he was liberate from all physical constraints,
- Likewise for his infinite faculty of movement and exploration,
- Attains a universal level of knowledge,
- Meeting deceased family members, sometimes even those whose death he did not know.
A NDE often changes the personality of the person. The disappearance of the fear of dying, the development of altruism and disinterest in material life are common.
To date, there is no medical theory that clearly describes, even partially, the near death experience.
Unconsciousness
The unconscious establishes predictions, guiding our actions and giving way to conscious analysis only in case of error.
The meaning of this term varies according to the discipline, in:
- Biology, management of autonomous vital functions such as breathing, heartbeat or archaic reflexes.
- Neurosciences, automatic processes for managing 109
complex situations, with consciousness managing only the simplest following a limited workspace.
- Psychoanalysis, fundamental structure of the psyche: the seat of our repressed memories, of our aggressive impulses and our unconscious thoughts.
8.6) Body / Mind
We will limit ourselves to the effects of thought, ignoring those of the reciprocal physiological interactions between the brain and the body, widely described in the medical literature.
Which of us has not observed the impact of our mood, our state of mind on our behaviour.
We will look more specifically at the conditioning of the mind and its effect on our physical and mental state.
Placebo / Nocebo effect
The placebo effect and its corresponding negative nocebo show unquestionably the expectation impact of the psychological conditioning of the mind on the body.
We have given examples in humans, children or even animals, such as the effect of the supposed use of medication, false surgery or misdiagnosis.
Precise measurements of certain body or brain parameters highlight a real psychobiological effect in many pathologies.
The resulting conditioning and waiting directly alter our physiology.
Pavlov reflex
Again the mind conditioning, the mental preparation act on us, but this time directly on our behaviour.
If two consecutive events occur regularly, we prepare ourselves 110
to react to the second one expecting it to happen.
Note that plants are also concerned. They can combine two stimuli, which means remembering them and then preparing to react.
Meditation
Par excellence, the method of mental preparation, but this time it is an individual, conscious and voluntary process.
Meditation acts on the mind: feeling of well-being, positive emotions, increased attention, memory, loss of anxiety.
More unexpected, it changes the physiology: increased immune response, pain resistance, cortex volume, gene expression.
These three types of conditioning confirm how our thoughts impact on our physiology, mind state and approach to events.
8.7) Inborn
At birth and early years, children have physical and mental specificities, which part of them disappears when growing up.
For example, neurosciences show that a newborn has the innate sense of numbers, is preprogrammed to speak and is born with a certain moral sense.
We have chosen to look at some of them from a different angle, but also to the reincarnation and astrology.
Early childhood
Even more than in adults, the brain of young children is the site of many changes, indicating a rapid transformation of its structures and increased plasticity:
- Even before birth, the brain made 80 billion neurons, a large part of which formed the cerebral cortex.
- But from birth up to 4 years, hundreds of thousands of 111
synapses connecting these young neurons are replaced per second.
- At age 6 the brain reaches 90% of adult size.
- REM sleep stimulates brain development, the proportion of REM sleep in infants is 80% versus 20%
in adults.
Learning begins in the 5th month of pregnancy, in the 7th month the foetus has memorized the voice of its mother. An hour after his birth the newborn reproduces the mimics and at 4
months he reads on the lips.
As he acquired new skills, the young child, growing up, also lost some, such as archaic reflexes or the recognition of phonemes* of foreign languages. These facts combined with childhood amnesia could correspond to the reset of memory, releasing neural circuits necessary for the brain development.
Reincarnation
We have just seen that the newborn has the skills and the knowledge to grow and loses some of them when getting old.
Reincarnation highlights another phenomenon: some young children are able to describe a large number of events which occured before their birth.
This knowledge of the past could be explained by the existence of a previous life of their mind.
These children are usually between 2 and 4 years old, these memories of a bygone era gradually fade away, usually they stop talking about it after 7 years.
Everything happens as if access to this innate memory were lost, freeing up the memory resources necessary to record the present time.
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Without wanting to debate the precision of the themes and horoscopes, it appears that in a large number of cases, the character traits correspond quite well with the astral signs.
By caricaturing, aries are impulsive, virgos meticulous, cancers empathic, capricorns pragmatic, pisces talkative...
Fortunately we are a combination of our sign, our ascendant and our element and therefore much better balanced!
Only a statistical study could confirm this, but this could mean that certain traits of character are innate, regardless of the genetic background and the education.
8.8) Location
Let us now look at the seat of intelligence, memory and consciousness. Are they intracerebral, bodily and/or extracorporeal?
Intelligence
Man likes to believe that he is the only thinking being and possesses exceptional cognitive abilities. The study of the behaviour of other animals and plants requires us to moderate this assertion.
We have given several examples where animals and plants behave in an organized manner, sometimes planned very closely to ours. In addition, other living beings also show signs of empathy or mutual aid, in their community and between species.
How to explain that animals without nervous systems have memory, that the blob connects food sources according to a scheme as elaborate as a railway network, that plants transmit information through neurotransmitters identical to those of animals.
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Clearly, the localization of intelligence, memory and consciousness is not limited to the brain, experiments on the planar worm or octopus may suggest the involvement of stem cells and the genome.
Memory
We have seen that the seat of memory can be located outside the brain but can it be partly extracorporeal?
The capacity of our memory seems unlimited, yet it has a limited physical space.
Is our physical memory sufficient in terms of its multiple roles and number of events, information and knowledge to record?
Digital
The storage capacity of our brain is estimated at 2,5 million Gb* and that of a film from 90 min to 10, the brain can therefore memorize a total of 250.000 films (2,5 million/10).
The average life expectancy estimated at 80 years or 700.800
hours corresponds to 467.200 films (700.800/1,5).
The memory should therefore be doubled to record the film of a whole life in 2D (467.200/250.000).
This digital analogy is truncated, the total of data recorded being much higher:
- Our life takes place in a 4-dimensional space-time environment,
- Our 5 senses are involved,
- Not to mention our emotions and thoughts.
Thus the totality of memories and knowledge accumulated throughout life exceeds our memory capacity.
Neurobiology
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Moreover, the brain is not limited to a biological library, therefore, the whole of its space cannot be allocated to the memory:
- We also have a working, procedural and perceptive memory, all 3 of which require workspace.
- Only semantic memory (body of knowledge) and episodic memory (significant events) retain long-term information.
- In addition to memory, the brain has many other functions: body management, environment perception and analysis, manifestation of consciousness...
- A 3-year-old girl with her left hemisphere removed had no particular disability and developed normally.
- A man with a brain reduced to 2 millimetres thick and to 100g following hydrocephalus* leads a perfectly normal life including academic studies.
Once again it appears that the brain storage capacity cannot cover our entire needs on its own.
We must admit that memory is at least partly relocated.
Consciousness
Where do our emotions, feelings, ideas, intuitions come from?
How do we explain the richness and intensity of our dreams and near death experiences?
It is at the neuronal level that the processes inherent to consciousness are observed, but it is possible that they take place at the molecular, atomic or quantum level.
What are the commonalities between these manifestations of the mind. Are they only the result of intracerebral processes?
We propose to revisit the most fascinating experiences: 115
intuition, synchronicity, dream, NDE and terminal lucidity.
Intuition, Synchronicity
Who from time to time does not make decisions without any prior analysis, simply by following his instinct, his intuition because they seem obvious to him.
Similarly, we sometimes see happy coincidences in the sequence of minor or major events in our lives or in the course of things in general.
Following the high number of cases experienced or reported by relatives and media, limiting intuition and synchronicity to chance seems reductive and unlikely.
Psychiatrists R. Assagio and C. Jung describe intuition as a bridge between the conscious and the unconscious, elaborated according to methods developed in unconsciousness.
Carl Jung speaks of a unity of phenomena implicit in synchronicity, suggesting a relationship unrelated by causality and representing the unity of being.
Dream
According to Freud, the dream plunges us into our unconsciousness. The study of our dreams allows us to better understand the nature and the mechanism of our unconscious.
How else to explain their wealth, this mixture of known and unknown people and backgrounds or that people with diminished abilities no longer suffer from them.
Everything suggests access to expanded skills and knowledge, unsuspected of our consciousness in the waking phase, as if our mental abilities were greatly increased.
NDE
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Near death experiences recall dreams, however, their conducts of unfolding, their amplitudes and their impacts have no equivalent.
In both cases, they are unconscious phenomena but during an NDE, the patient is very close to brain death or clinically dead.
And yet, his consciousness is amplified to a point that is difficult to conceive, it is no longer about fantastic scenarios but an access to an unlimited level of skills and knowledge.
Perhaps it is a much richer collective unconscious, composed of all human experiences since the dawn of time, as suggested by Carl Jung.
Terminal lucidity
A legend of ancient Greece asserts that the swan, known for its dissonant song, would have a moment of musical grace just before dying.
Not to mention the swan song, it is common to observe a surge of energy in man on the threshold of death or in some deceased, a soothed or radiant face.
More surprisingly, people suffering from senile dementia, Alzheimer disease, brain tumors, or the aftermath of a stroke may become briefly sane just before dying.
Michael Nahm has analyzed more than 80 records covering a 250 year period of what he called terminal lucidity, and Alexander Batthyany has collected more than 250 of them, here are three examples:
- A grandfather with senile dementia for over two years thanked a nurse for caring of him just before dying.
- A lady with Alzheimer disease no longer recognizing anyone had a normal conversation with her daughter a few hours before she died.
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- A woman with severe mental disabilities who had never been able to speak started singing for half an hour before passing away.
These cases of terminal lucidity where the brain is failing, sometimes for many years, go against a materialistic theory limiting consciousness to a set of intracerebral physico-chemical reactions.
Conclusion
The variety, intensity and richness of our mental manifestations exceed the physical brain capacities, probably reflecting a partial relocation of memory but also of consciousness and unconsciousness.
How else to explain the experience of Pamela Reynolds operated on an aneurysm of the brain stem whose cerebral arterial circulation was interrupted more than an hour and the brain cools to 15,5°C.
When she awoke, she described in details her operation and the surgeon conversation with the cardiologist present during the operation.
8.9) Communication
It is time to analyze the modes of communication within matter, our body, between individuals and in the universe as a whole. What can we say about them, what are they?
Particle
Despite the physical interactions between particles and between atoms, leading to the formation of matter, we cannot speak of communication, of exchange of information in the strict sense.
However, there is a phenomenon that is similar to this: 118
entanglement. Undoubtedly, one of the most confusing particle properties of quantum mechanics.
When two particles are separated, they realign their physical properties instantly, regardless of the distance between them and are considered to still belong to the same object.
Only the existence of a form of communication can explain this persistence of a physical correlation between separate elements, even if we do not know its nature.
Body
Multiple chemical messengers travel within our body, they are indispensable to its maintenance, they result in part from our emotions and thoughts influencing our health and well-being.
PNI*
Psycho-Neuro-Immunology studies the sharing of information through chemical messengers linking the nervous, immune and endocrine systems, role played respectively by neurotransmitters, cytokines and hormones.
It is a multidirectional network where psychological factors lead to biochemical changes, determining our resistance to stress and disease.
Brain waves
5 types of brain waves are measured: gamma: intense mental activity, beta: active awakening, alpha: light relaxation, theta: hypnosis or meditation and delta: deep sleep or meditation.
Thus, in addition to the flow of biochemical messengers, the brain is also crossed by electromagnetic waves.
Individual
Human beings as well as other living beings communicate in 119
many ways with their congeners but also with other species, the spoken and written language being the most evolved form.
In our eyes, telepathy is the most extraordinary type of communication, observed in multiple circumstances, it resembles a transmission of thought between individuals.
We think it could be transmission and reception of specific brain waves, some of us more prone or inclined to use it.
Cosmic
Let us step back and search for the lowest common denominators at the cosmos level, in terms of number, speed and transfer of information.
Particles
We know that some particles are present throughout the universe which paradoxically and at all levels is mainly made of vacuum and energy and therefore potentially permeable.
More specifically, quarks, electrons, neutrinos and photons are numerous and propagate at speeds close to light one, with two remarks:
- Photons should be the fastest as they make up light but are stopped or deflected by matter.
- Neutrinos are so numerous that every second 60
billion of them reach every skin square centimeter.
Waves
Three types of waves are universal, the mechanical, the electromagnetic and the gravitational ones.
If mechanical waves require a physical support, this is not the case for electromagnetic and gravitational ones.
Thus, both at the level of the messenger: the particles and the 120
vector: the waves, we see that there are indeed possibilities for information relay at the global level.
8.10) Finitude
At the end of the analysis, let us now look at what we learned in terms of finitude or not, regarding time, space, matter and spirit. Do science, philosophy and religions agree on these?
Time
We feel daily the effect of the passage of time, yet for some it is a simple constant and for others it does not exist!
- On our scale, death evokes the irreversibility of time, the average life of a human being being limited to approximately 80 years.
«Time does not pass, we pass.» François Wygergangs
- In fundamental physics equations, time is only one of the variables and even more reversible.
«If we were connected with the whole Universe, there would be no difference between the past and the future»
Carlo Revelli
- In philosophy, the notions of existence and time are intimately linked and man is aware of the time passage.
«Consciousness is a link between what has been and what will be, a bridge built between the past and the future.»
Henri Bergson
- In the Christian religion, eternity removes us from the grip of time.
«To those who look to eternity, what is subject to time is so little.»
Saint Francis de Sales
Finally, most agree on the infinite flow of time, in which case...
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«Eternity is long, especially towards the end.» Woody Allen Space
Our exploration of the Universe is mainly limited to its visible part, the LOFAR radio telescope based on the detection of radio waves opening up new perspectives.
Despite these limitations, everything leads us to believe in the vastness of the cosmos, still expanding from an immensely dense initial point, 13,8 billion years ago.
Some astrophysicists even speak of multiverse like Stephen Hawking for whom multiple universes would be connected by black holes, reverse structures of the initial bing bang.
Beyond our earthly scale, we can therefore speak of cosmic infinity.
Matter
We all aware that living beings are not immortal, similarly at the molecular level:
«Nothing is lost, nothing is created, everything is transformed»
A-L De Lavoisier.
It could be theoretically different at the atom level, where combinations of its elements are infinite.
In fine, matter consists of four stable particles, quarks up, quarks down, electrons and electronic neutrinos.
Spirit
Some of us see the mind as immaterial and timeless even though many prefer to speak of the soul.
Most neurobiologists support the materialistic hypothesis of the mind, the brain being the seat of intelligence, consciousness and memory.
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Other scientists are more nuanced and do not oppose a relocation at least partial of the consciousness.
In philosophy, schools clash like monism and dualism, immanent and transcendent.
On the other hand, all religions distinguish the body from the spirit, the latter being immaterial and immortal.
Conclusion
At our level, time, space, ultimate matter components and presumably the mind are infinite.
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«In a discussion, the difficult point is not to defend one’s opinion, but to know it.» André Maurois With the analysis completed, we are able to answer the questions raised in the introduction.
We will then propose a model of the mind, encompassing the key information presented upstream.
Finally, to the extent of our knowledge, we will try to compare our interpretation with those presented in the scientific, philosophical and religious literature.
9.1) Questions
How to define the mind?
For us the mind assimilates itself to the consciousness, the unconsciousness and the memory.
It manifests itself mainly through the thought, the reasoning, the intuition and the dream.
It has an emotional dimension, expressed by emotions and feelings.
Is it limited to our body?
- No
The intensity of mental manifestations and sometimes their circumstances of appearance exceed our limited physical faculties.
Implying a relocation of the memory, the consciousness and the unconsciousness.
What is its nature?
Partly relocated, the mind keeps a material component, 124
Does he survive us?
- Yes
The mind of quantum nature being partially delocated, it is liberated from our scale of time.
Remember that the ultimate components of matter are stable quantum particles, insensitive to the time flow.
How does the mind differ from the soul?
Only the name is different whether we call it spirit or soul, it is the same entity.
However we prefer the term mind, free of any religious consonance and based on objective analyses.
Is man the only being thinking?
- No
We have given examples where animals and plants behave in an organized, sometimes planned manner, similar to ours.
Other living beings also show signs of empathy or mutual aid, within their community, between species or even between plants and animals.
The chimpanzee rain dance recalls the false causal link, characteristic of a superstitious behaviour.
In the face of death, some animals have questioning conduct, quite similar to ours.
When they die, the old trees transfer their nutritients to the younger ones, of the same species or not.
9.2) Key facts
We will now attempt to link the most relevant information in a 125
simple and general mind model. We will proceed in stages, recalling the main facts, and then build step by step our general proposal.
Mind
Inborn
The child is born with skills that he loses as he grows up, such as the phonemes regognition of foreign languages or the knowledge of events preceding his birth.
According to astrology, our place and date of birth influence our personality, regardless of the genetic background and the education.
Cerebral plasticity
Throughout life, the brain shows a disconcerting plasticity, allowing a normal life its size reduced by 50% or more.
It is highest in children in whom every second, hundreds of thousands of synapses are replaced until the age of 4 years.
Unconsciousness
The unconscious analyzing the environment guides our actions giving way to a conscious analysis only in case of error.
Mind body interactions
Examples where the mind acts on the body are numerous, sometimes unexpected, such as the effect of meditation on the immune system or the benefit of a pseudo-surgery.
Brain waves
5 types of brain waves are measured, the more intense the mind relaxation, the lower the brain waves and the greater the dissociation of oneself from the environment.
Bodily and extracorporeal
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Some facts oppose a limited location of the mind to the brain, starting with its insufficient memory capacity in view of the high number of recorded events.
The unconventional skill, near death experience and terminal lucidity reinforce the hypothesis of a partial exteriorization of the mind.
Consciousness and memory stages
Everything happens as if the consciousness, the unconsciousness and the memory had steps, some being accessible only during an exceptional mind relaxation or the brain switched off.
Bridge
The intuitions, dreams and NDE are bridges between the unconsciousness and the consciousness.
The consciousness allows us to distinguish and rely to the past, the present and the future.
The human psyche would be multi-layered, the base common to all and the upper layers varying from one individual to another.
Messenger
Thought
The mind manifests itself primarily through emotion, thought, reasoning and intuition, the brain playing an essential role in their genesis.
Nevertheless, the brain is not the only support of the mind, what are our thoughts made of?
Particles
The elementary matter structure is constant from the infinitely 127
small to infinitely large, only about thirty particles are needed to describe it.
Quarks up, quarks down, electrons and electronic neutrinos, the ultimate components of matter, are stable quantum particles.
They possess surprising properties including wave-particle duality, non locality, superposition of states and entanglement.
A quantum particle has neither a precise position, nor an energy, nor a velocity which can take several values at a time.
When two particles are separated, they are considered to still belong to the same system.
Neutrinos travel through space and matter at a speed close to light, with 60 billion of them reaching every second each square centimetre of our skin.
Vectors
The telepathy could be seen as emission and reception of specific brain waves whose nature remains unknown.
Three types of waves are universal, the mechanical, the electromagnetic and the gravitational ones, the last two passing through matter.
Network
Space is made up of 73% energy and 27% matter. Made of vacuum and energy, it is permeable to quantum particles.
Particle
The 4 elementary particles can be structured to give birth to atoms and molecules.
Neuron
The brain contains 100 billion neurons, each establishing thousands of connections, exchanging one billion signals 128
Universe
The universe would be organized in a network of 10
dimensions, consisting of tiny particles, micro fields or parallel universes.
9.3) Model
Seat
The quantum mind divides into a bodily and a non-local part.
The physically limited brain hosts the working memory and the consciousness, ensuring the daily management of the human body.
The outer part of the mind is the real seat of the memory, the consciousness and the unconsciousness, its capacity is unlimited compared to its cerebral component.
Relay
The brain regulates vital functions, manages the environment analysis and the responses to its changes.
It is also the neurological interface of the memory, the consciousness and the unconsciousness outsourced.
The more intense the relaxation, the greater the sense of dissociation of one'self and the environment, the less active the brain is and the better the access to the delocated mind.
Stage
The memory and the consciousness are organized in stages, parallel to the awakening ones: relaxation, hypnosis, meditation, falling asleep and dreaming.
The first stage is limited to the physical brain faculties, the followings are externalized and at least the ultimate stage: the 129
unconsciousness could be collective.
When the brain is on standby or at a standstill, during our dreams or a deep coma, the released unconscious can express himself without constraint.
Universality
The universality of the mind comes from three angles: sprawl in space, independence of time and globality.
Space
Quantum in nature, the mind needs no other material support and can unfold in the infinity of the Universe.
Our concept of space limited to three dimensions is no longer applicable at this scale.
Time
Consisting of one or more of the 4 elementary particles of matter, the notion of time does not apply at this level.
The mind has an infinite lifetime through its stable components, it is timeless.
Globality
The mind is global, it has a dimension common to all men and also probably to other living beings.
The mind thus connects individual consciences and memories in a wider, intertwined and interdependent entity.
Cloud*
We can compare the mind to a cloud of networked information, powered primarily by our emotions, thoughts and knowledge.
Since data has a quantum nature, the mind benefits from the properties of quantum components: wave-particle duality, nonlocality, state superposition, and entanglement.
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Quarks up, quarks down, electrons or electronic neutrinos could be the final components of the mind. Present throughout the Universe, they have an infinite lifespan.
The communication is established through a global entanglement and/or by the emission and reception of very low frequency electromagnetic waves.
The mind can thus communicate with the body and influence its functioning but also with other consciences in a wider environment.
9.4) Comparison
How does this model differ from the different proposals described in the literature?
Religion
All religions separate the body, the temporary physical support, from the immortal soul, reaching after death the immaterial afterlife, described as heavenly, magnificent and divine.
Monotheistic religions
In Judaism, Catholicism and Islam, the soul remains an individual entity, preserving the oneness of being after death.
Dharmic religions
In Hinduism and Buddhism, the earthly life is a stage that must liberate us from our human condition to cease to exist in the illusory form of the individual self.
All living beings have a spirit, are interconnected and interdependent at the Universe level.
Philosophy
Philosophy covers differently this topic. It is a quest for understanding instead of sharing a divine revelation.
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In monism reality consists of a single substance, material or spiritual. For Epicurus, reality is made up of atoms, of various sizes and shapes.
Dualism is based on the existence of two irreducible principles.
Descartes distinguishes the «extended substance», the physical reality covering a defined space and the «thinking substance», the soul or thought, which can neither be divided nor located.
Materialism / Immaterialism
The materialist thesis reduces everything to matter. Does it really exist? Abandoning the notion of an indivisible atom we have passed into quantum physics where matter is energy and vice versa.
Berkeley advocates immaterialism: only our ideas exist. For Bergson, the brain is the support of mental activity, distinguishing the «memory-habit», our social self from the spiritual and immaterial «memory-pure».
Immanent / transcendent
Empiricism and materialism are philosophies of Immanence. In determinism everything is subject to a determined causal chain, including the will according to Spinoza.
Metaphysics supports the existence of a reality beyond our experiences, the notion of soul expressing an ideal of transcendence.
In the existentialism of Sartre, transcendence expresses the capacity of our consciousness to be beyond itself.
Psychanalysis
The psyche is divided into several individual or common layers, some being accessible to the consciousness of others.
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Freud distinguishes the conscious, the preconscious, which can be recalled and the unconscious sheltering repressed or inconceivable memories.
For Jung, the unconscious is partly collective, bringing to the consciousness images that do not belong to our own experience and gathering all the human experiences.
Neurosciences
Materialist thesis
For the materialists, the mental processes are entirely dependent on intracerebral physiological activities, the memory and the consciousness not surviving to our death.
This materialistic approach relies mainly on the identification of specific brain areas, which can be electrically stimulated.
Quantum brain
Some physicists and neurobiologists suspect that the quantum mechanics is the key to the functioning of the brain, suggesting that the states superposition and the entanglement are involved in the consciousness emergence.
Bohr sees in the probabilistic and not mechanical character of quantum physics the origin of consciousness. For Hameroff and Penrose it is due to neuronal delocated electrons and for Pribram to a holographic model of the brain and the cognition.
Non locality
For the past ten years, the idea of consciousness delocation has been gaining ground among some doctors, neurobiologists and quantum physicists.
Van Lommel, Beauregard, Ransford propose a modelling of consciousness based on multidisciplinary scientific studies.
Van Lommel speaks of non-local consciousness surviving the 133
brain death, Beauregard of a quantum mind acting beyond the body, liberate of spatio-temporal constraints and Ransford of an immaterial consciousness interacting with the body.
Summary
The concept of a spirit surviving our physical death is widespread but only certain philosophers and scientists assimilate it to a delocalized and timeless consciousness.
As a result of recent advances in psychoanalysis, neurosciences and particle physics, the quantum nature of the mind is increasingly quoted.
Our model belongs to this school but we extend this quantum delocation to memory, another key component of the mind.
Our conclusions are based on a knowledge review from the infinitely large to the infinitely small, focusing on man and his direct environment.
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«The horizon underlines the infinite. » Victor Hugo More and more multidisciplinary observations undermine the materialist thesis reducing the mind to intracerebral reactions.
If the perception of consciousness is an intrinsic property of the brain, the consciousness, the unconsciousness and the memory are more complex mental processes.
The quantum mind divides into a bodily and a non-local part, the brain ensuring the neurological interface of the memory, the consciousness and the unconsciousness relocated.
When we meditate or dream, the brain is put to rest and the liberate consciousness can reach higher levels of knowledge.
The non-local and timeless mind can be compared to an expanded network of information, being enriched by our emotions, thoughts and knowledge.
Consciousness, unconsciousness and memory remain after death, detached from the spatio-temporal body constraints.
The concept of a mind surviving physical death is widespread, but only a few philosophers and scientists compare it to an externalized and timeless consciousness.
We share this approach and extend it to the relocation of the memory, another key mind component.
The global mind connects the individual consciences and memories in a wider and interdependent entity.
Our conclusions are based on a knowledge review from the infinitely large to the infinitely small, focusing on man.
It is now up to you to make your own opinion ... In all conscience naturally.
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1 Thinking ways
1.2 Mythology
Au cœur des mythologies, Jacques La carrière, France Loisirs, 1984
Dieu et la Science, Laurent Brasier, Hors-Série Science & Vie, N°265, Décembre 2013
1.3 Religion
La force du boudhisme, le Dalaï-Lama et J-C Carrière, Pocket, 1994
Histoire de Dieu, M.Ruby, Editions du Rocher, 2002
Religions du monde entier, V. Grigorieff, Eyrolles, 2005
Chemins spirituels, M.Ricard, Pocket, 2011
Dieu et la Science, Hors-Série Science & Vie, N°265, Décembre 2013
www.gotquestions.org/francais/hindouisme.html http://bouddhisme-universite.org/decouverte/
1.4 Philosophy
Apprendre à vivre, Luc Ferry, J'ai Lu, 2006
Du bonheur, Frédéric Lenoir, Le livre de Poche, 2013
Le Bled Philosophie, Yohann Durand, Lisa Klein, Éric Marquer, Hachette Education, 2015
https://www.cnrtl.fr/definition/moi
2 Universe
2.1 Astronomy
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L'origine de la Terre, Paul Antoine, Brigitte Culot & Laurent Cugnon, Biologie 6e secondaire, Hatier, 2007
Charles Q. Choi, Sciences & Astronomy, www. Space.com, April 27, 2010
Notre monde se résume à 37 particules, Cécile Bonneau, Temps, Matière & Espace, Science &Vie Hors-Série, N°260, Septembre 2012
Le neutrino réserve bien des surprises, Matthieu Grousson, Temps, Matière & Espace, Science &Vie Hors-Série, N°260, Septembre 2012
La relativité restreinte fait toujours loi, Cécile Bonneau et Hervé Poirier, Temps, Matière & Espace, Science &Vie Hors-Série, N° 260, Septembre 2012
La relativité générale a mis l'univers en équation, Cécile Bonneau et Hervé Poirier, Temps, Matière & Espace, Science
&Vie Hors-Série, N° 260, Septembre 2012
Dernières nouvelles des trous noirs, Stephen Hawking, Flammarion BBC, 2016
Brèves réponses aux grandes questions, Stephen Hawking, Odile Jacob Sciences, 2018
Big Bang, trous noirs et mondes multiples, Hélène Colimard, Science & Univers, N°34, Novembre 2019
Chris Mahon, Sciences news, www. Outofplaces.com, 03
January 2018
Notre univers est-il unique, Hélène Le Meur, La recherche Hors-Série, N°27, Octobre 2018
Quand la Terre a-t-elle atteint sa taille définitive, M. Grousson, Science &Vie, Questions réponses, n° 33, Juin-juillet-Août 2019
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Notre univers est-il né d'un trou noir, M. Grousson, Science
&Vie, Questions réponses, n° 33, Juin-juillet-Août 2019
Les Univers Parallèles, Hélène Collimard, Sciences & Univers, N°34, Novembre 2019
Quantique, Science &Vie Hors-Série, N°292, Octobre 2020
La nouvelle histoire de l'univers, Science &Vie Hors-Série, N°293, Décembre 2020
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interaction élémentaire
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onde
L'Intrication quantique et l'espace-temps, R.Alléaume, La recherche N°566, Juillet-Septembre 2021
3 Behavioural and Life Sciences
3.1 Life boundaries
Ils ont créé des êtres presque vivants, Emilie Rauscher, Science
&Vie, N° 1157, Février 2014
Living-robots, Michael Levin, Douglas Blackiston, Josh Bongard & Sam Kriegman, PNAS, January 2020
Créer des cellules artificielles, Cécile Sykes, La Recherche, N°558, Avril 2020
3.2 Biology
Plant Physiology, Dieter Hess, Springer-Verlag, 1975
Biologie et physiologie cellulaire, A. Berkaloff, J.Bourguet, P.
Favard et M. Guinnebault, Hermann, Paris, 1976
Atlas d'anatomie végétale, Pierre Vincent, Librairies Vuibert, 1977
Atlas d'anatomie animale- vertébrés, Pierre Vincent, Librairies Vuibert, 1977
138
Embryologie, Charles Houillon, Hermann, Paris, 1977
L'odyssée de l'Espèce, Yves Coppens, Nicolas Buchet et Philippe Dagneaux, Le Chêne, Librairies Eyrolles, 2003
L'apparition de la vie et son évolution, Paul Antoine, Brigitte Culot & Laurent Cugnon, Biologie 6e secondaire, Hatier, 2007
La continuité entre génération, Paul Antoine, Brigitte Culot & Laurent Cugnon, Biologie 6e secondaire, Hatier, 2007
Botanicum, Katie Scott et Kathy Willis, Casterman, 2017
La symphonie du vivant, Joël De Rosnay, LLL, 2019
https://www.futura-sciences.com/sante/definitions/medecine-virus-291/
https://www.notre-planete.info/actualites/4485-combien-especes-Terre
https//planet-vie.ens.fr/thematiques/evolution/hominoides-hominides-homonines-et-les autres
https://www.hominides.com/html/dossiers/bipedie-caracteristique-station-debout.php
https://www.futura-sciences.com/sante/definitions/genetique-epigenetique-136/
3.3 Neurosciences
The Physiology of Truth, Jean-Pierre Changeux, Belknap Press, 2009
Quand l'esprit dérape, Science &Vie Hors-Série, N° 255, Juin 2011
La mémoire ses secrets, ses troubles; Science &Vie Hors-Série, N° 268, Septembre 2014
La neuroplasticité, Mort ou Pas?, Pim Van Lommel, InterEdition, 2015
139
Cerveau et intelligence, ça m'intéresse, n°8, septembre-octobre 2016
Cerveau & Méditation, M. Ricard et W. Singer, Pocket, 2017, Le temps, La recherche Hors-Série n°20, décembre-janvier 2017
Le temps existe-t-il, C.Rovelli, La recherche Hors-Série n°27, octobre-novembre 2018
Le Grand Larousse du Cerveau, R.Carter, S.Aldrige, M.Page et S.Parker, Larousse, Septembre 2019
https:// fr.wikipedia.org /wiki/ Trouble_psychique https://www.mmt-fr.org/maladies-degeneratives/
3.4 Psychology
The powerful placebo, HK. Beecher, JAMA 1955, 15
3 minutes pour comprendre les 50 plus grandes théories en psychologie, Christian Jarret, Le courrier du livre, 2013
Les plantes sont capables d'apprendre par association, Sciences et Avenir, décembre 2016
La psychologie du développement: enfance et adolescence, Agnès Florin, Dunod, 2018
Effet placebo il soigne vraiment, Marie-Catherine Mérat, Science&Vie N°1225, Octobre 2019
Psychologie, Wikipedia.fr Psychologies.com Conditionnement classique, Wikipedia.fr
3.5 Psychanalysis
La Psychanalyse, Christiane Alberti, Marie-Jean Sauret, Les Essentiels Milan, 2013
140
A la Recherche de l'Inconscient. Les nouvelles théories des neurosciences, Pour La science Hors-Série, N° 108, Août-Septembre 2020
4 Other intelligences
4.1 Animal intelligence
Les animaux sont-ils mystiques; L. Brasier; Dieu et la Science, Hors-Série Science & Vie, N°265, Décembre 2013
30 animaux qui défient la science, Sciences et Vie Hors-Série, N°279, 2017
Les secrets de l'intelligence animale, Yolaine de La Bigne, Pascal Picq, Larousse, Mai 2018
Le génie de l'animal, Les essentiels de la recherche, N°30, Juin-Août 2019
4.2 Plant intelligence
La Vie secrète des arbres, Peter Wohlleben, Les Arènes, Octobre 2017
L'intelligence des plantes, Fleur Daugey, Ulmer, Mars 2018
L'intelligence des plantes et des arbres, Dominique Leglu, Juin 2019, Sciences & Avenir
4.3 Artificial intelligence
L'essentiel sur l'Intelligence Artificielle, Novembre 2017, www.cea.fr
Apprendre! Les talents du cerveau et le défi des machines, Stanilas Dehaene, Odile Jacob, 2018
Brèves réponses aux grandes questions, Stephen Hawking, Odile Jacob Sciences, 2018
L'avenir des robots et l'intelligence humaine, Hans Moravec, Odile Jacob, 2019
141
5 Consciousness states 5.1 Brain states
Le cerveau dans tous ses états, Elena Sender, Sciences et Avenir, n° 837, Novembre 2016
Le Grand Larousse du Cerveau, R.Carter, S.Aldrige, M.Page et S.Parker, Larousse, Septembre 2019
5.2 Meditation
Cerveau et Méditation, Matthieu Ricard & Wolf Singer, Allary Editions, 2017
Une journée de méditation modifie la régulation des gènes, Elena Sender, Sciences et Avenir n°875, Janvier 2020
5.3 Hypnosis
Que provoque l'hypnose dans le cerveau? M. Saemann, Science
&Vie Questions réponses, n° 33, Juin-juillet-Août 2019
5.4 Sleep
Les mystères du sommeil, Sciences & Vie, n° 262, mars 2013
5.5 Dream
Sur l'interprétation des rêves, C.G. Jung, Albin Michel, 1998
La clé des songes, M. Kontente, P. Etevenon, Ned. T. Sahin, Sciences &Vie, n°262, mars 2013
On peut contrôler ses rêves, Thomas Cavaillé-Fol, Sciences
&Vie, n°1215, décembre 2018
Le Grand Larousse du Cerveau, R.Carter, S.Aldrige, M.Page et S.Parker, Larousse, Septembre 2019
L'Alchimie de nos rêves, Athena Laz, Hugo New Life, mars 2022
5.6 Coma
142
Les mystères du coma, Bruno Stevens, ça m'intéresse, n°8, septembre-octobre 2016
Le Grand Larousse du Cerveau, R.Carter, S.Aldrige, M.Page et S.Parker, Larousse, Septembre 2019
5.7 Near death experience (NDE)
La source noire, Patrice Van Eersel, Le Livre de Poche, 1986
Les preuves scientifiques d'une vie après la vie, Jean-Jacques Charbonier, J'ai lu, n°11350, 2014
Mort ou Pas? Pim Van Lommel, InterEdition, 2015
Mieux comprendre les expériences de mort imminente, Penny Sartori, GuyTrédaniel éditions, 2020
5.8 Death
La mort, Science &Vie Hors-Série n° 248, septembre 2009
Dix minutes pour mourir, Hugo Jaliniere, Sciences et Avenir N°873, Novembre 2019
6 Specific themes
6.1 Astrology
L’astrologie, Julia & Derek Parker, Sélection du Reader's digest 1993
L'astrologie chinoise, New Holland publisher Ltd 1997
La double astrologie, Suzanne White, Aux Éditions du Dauphin 2003
6.2 Intuition
Le Génie de l'intuition, Gerd Girenzer, Belfond, 2009
L'Intuition, sixième sens ou réminiscence?, Delphine Bailly, Ça M'Intéresse, N°8, Septembre 2016
143
L'intuition. Et si on l'écoutait vraiment?, Lydie et Bernard Castells, éd. Eyrolles, 2018
Intuition,Wikipedia.fr; Isabelle Fontaine; histoiredintuition.com, 2016)
6.3 Synchronicity
Synchronicité,Wikipedia.fr;science-etmagie.com/archives01
/moisset
6.4 Telepathy
Possible PK influence on the resuscitation of anesthized mice, G.K.Watkins & A.Watkins, Journal of the Parapsychology, 3, 1971
Nouvelles conférences d’introduction à la psychanalyse, Gallimard, 1989
The positive effect of prayer on plants, R. Miller, Psychic, 1972
Evidence for consciousness-related anomalies in random physical systems, D. Radin & R. Nelson, Foundations of physics 19, 1989
Psychologie.com, Erik Pagani, février 2002, Storm et al, Psychological Bulletin 136, 2010
Les jumeaux et le mystère de la télépathie, Guy Lyon Playflair, InterEditions, 2013
Premier drone piloté par la pensée, Marc Zaffagni, Mars 2015, futura-sciences.com
Un saut quantique de la conscience, M. Beauregard, GuyTrédaniel éditeur, 2018
L'intelligence émotionnelle des plantes, C. Backster, GuyTrédaniel éditeur, 2018
144
Un patient tétraplégique parvient à piloter un exosquelette par la pensée, Elena sender, sciences & avenir.fr, Octobre 2019
Un rat cyborg piloté par la pensée, Hugo Jalinière, www.sciences & avenir.fr, Février 2019
Tous connectés. L'émergence d'une conscience mondiale, R.D.Nelson, Massot Éditions, 2019
https://www.sciencesetavenir.fr/sante/cerveau-et-psy/aux-
origines-de-la-telepathie_15273,2021
6.5 Reincarnation
Twenty cases suggestive of Reincarnation, I. Stevenson, University of Virginia Press, 1988
Se rappeler ses vies antérieures?, Cerveau et Méditation, Matthieu Ricard & Wolf Singer, Allary Editions, 2017
Un saut quantique de la conscience, Mario Beauregard, Guy Tédaniel éditeur, 2018
8 Analysis
8.8 Location
Is Your Brain Really Necessary?, Roger Lewin, Science, Vol 210, n°4475, December, 1980
Light and Death- One Doctor's fascinating Account of Near-Death Experiences, Michael Sabom, Zondervan Publishing Company, 1998
Half brain but not half function, M.T.Acosta & al, Lancet, August 24, 2002
The Revolutionary Health Science of
Psychoendoneuroimmunology, O.Ray, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1057, p.492-505, 2005
145
What Is the Memory Capacity of the Human Brain? Paul Reber, Scientific American, May 2010
Terminal lucidity: a review and a case collection, M.Nahm & al, Archives of Gerontogy and Geriatrics, Jul-Aug 55(1) 138-42, 2012
Hypermnésie, Yann Chavance, Science&Vie Hors Série, N°268, Septembre 2014
Le mystère de la lucidité terminale, Hugo Jalinière, Sciences et Avenir, N°873, Novembre 2019
146
Amygdala
Located in the temporal lobe and part of the limbic system, it is involved in the emotional evaluation of sensory stimuli.
Bayesian unconscious
According to this thesis, the brain constantly makes predictions that it confronts its perceptions, updating its world vision.
Encephalon
Includes the brain, cerebellum and brainstem.
Bluetooth
Two-way data exchange at very short distances using UHF
radio waves.
Chromatin
A substance consisting of nucleic acids and proteins present in chromosomes.
Chromosome
Molecular structure consisting of DNA and proteins, carrying genes and transmitted during cell divisions.
CLN
The caudolateral nidopallium is an avian brain region analogous to the mammalian cortex.
Cloud
Data storage on line, also called cloud computing.
Cognitive
Which relates to the faculty of knowing.
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All the functions of the mind related to knowledge.
Cerebral cortex
Refers to the peripheral grey substance of the cerebral hemispheres.
Dark Matter
Dark matter is present throughout the universe, invisible and unknown in nature.
Determinism
Chain of cause and effect between two or more phenomena.
DMT
Dimethyltryptamine or DMT is a potent psychotropic.
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA is a biological macromolecule containing genetic information.
Dopamine
Main neurotransmitter involved in the brain reward circuit.
Dualism
A philosophical or religious system divided into two irreducibly opposing sub-elements.
Encephalon
Includes the brain, the cerebellum and the brainstem.
EEG
Electroencephalogram or EEG is a recording of the electromagnetic waves of the brain.
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Morphological description of the transformations of the fertilized egg into an adult organism.
Endorphine
Endogenous opioid neuropeptide acting as a neurotransmitter binding to opiate receptors.
Engram
Neuronal spatio-temporal map of a memory in the brain.
Enzyme
A specific protein that can catalyze a cell chemical reactions.
Epigenetics
Gene expression variations due to environmental changes.
Ethics
That has to do with human conduct and the values that form it.
Ethology
Study of the behaviour of animals in their natural or experimental environment.
Eukaryote
An organism whose cells have a nucleus surrounded by a membrane and containing chromosomes.
Experiencer
Person who has experienced NDE.
Free will
Faculty that has the will to determine itself.
149
A basic unit of inheritance that predetermines a specific feature of a living organism.
Genetics
Study of the nature, function and transmission of genes at the scale of cells, individuals and populations.
Genome
The whole genetic material of a species, coded in its DNA or RNA for viruses.
Genotype
Set of genetic characteristics of an individual.
Gigabyte
Gigabyte or Gb is a computer storage unit equal to one billion bytes.
Glutamate
Neurotransmitter allowing neurons to transmit nerve impulses.
It intervenes in the formation of memories, the management of attention and the regulation of emotions.
Gravitational field
Field distributed in space and due to the presence of a large mass exerting a gravitational influence on any other body in its vicinity.
Hemolysis
Destruction of red blood cells in the blood plasma.
Heuristics
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Problem solving method not based on a formal model.
Hippocampus
Part of the limbic system, in the temporal lobe, it plays a central role in memory and spatial orientation.
Histone
Protein localized in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.
Hormone
A substance released by an endocrine gland acting on one or more target organs.
Hydrocephalus
Cerebral disorder, characterized by an increase in the volume of cerebral spinal fluid in spinal cord or the brain.
Hypohysis
Endocrine gland connected to the hypothalamus secreting many hormones, also named pituitary gland.
Immanent
Which is contained in a being, which results from the very nature of that being and not from an external action.
Immaterialism
Idealistic philosophical system denying the existence of matter.
LOFAR
Low Frequency Analyzer & Recorder.
Materialism
Philosophical doctrine that affirms the primacy of matter over spirit.
151
Thinking about your own thoughts.
Methylation
Methylation is the binding of a methyl group to a substrate.
Monisme
A system of thought that maintains the object unity to which thought applies, as opposed to dualism.
Multivers
A finite or infinite hypothetical set of universes, including the visible Universe.
Mycelium
Vegetative part of the mushrooms formed by underground filaments from which its aerial parts emerge.
NDE
Near death experience.
Neuron
A nerve cell that transmits nerve impulses.
Neurotransmitter
A chemical that allows neurons to transmit nerve impulses to each other or to another cell, muscle or glandular.
Ontology
Which is part of being.
Organite
Specialized structure contained in the cell cytoplasm, bounded by a membrane.
152
Doctrine erected in truth.
Orthopraxia
Conduct in accordance with moral or religious rites.
Phenotype
Set of observable traits of an organism.
Pheromone
Chemical substance comparable to hormones, emitted by animals and plants, acting as a chemical messenger.
Phloem
Conductive tissue of sap in vascular plants also having a reserve and support role.
Phoneme
Sound specific to a language distinguishing it from those belonging to others.
Phylogeny
Study of common characteristics between living beings.
PNI
Psycho-neuro-immunology.
Psychism / Psyche
A conscious or unconscious whole or not set of processes of mind, intelligence and affectivity.
Quantum entanglement
A phenomenon in which two particles form a bound system and have quantum states dependent on each other regardless of the distance between them.
153
The same quantum state may have several values for an defined quantity.
Quark
Basic particle of matter, associating to form hadrons including protons and neutrons.
Religiosity
Religious need, religious disposition, without reference to a particular religion.
REM
Rapid eye movements are observed during sleep.
RNA
Ribonucleic acid or RNA recalls DNA, containing ribose instead of deoxyribose and uracil instead of thymine, it plays a key role in protein synthesis.
RNG
Electronic device generating numbers randomly.
Rhizome
Underground perennial stem producing new plants.
Sabbath
Weekly rest day dedicated to God, strict obligation of the Mosaic law.
Serotonin
Neurotransmitter for transmission of nerve impulses, involved in development, depression and ageing.
Spinal cord
154
Part of the central nervous system located in the spine, responsible for certain reflexes and conduction of nerve impulses to and from the brain.
Supernova
Set of phenomena resulting from the implosion of a star at the end of its life.
Synapse
Zone of functional contact between two neurons or between one neuron and another cell.
Telomere
Extremity of chromosomes essential for their duplication.
Thalamus
Anatomical structure of a diencephalic grey substance, involved in regulation of consciousness, alertness and sleep.
Transcendence
Character of that which is transcendent.
Transcendent
That goes beyond the sensitive world, as opposed to immanent.
WHO
World Health Organization.
155
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