Notes
1. Louise Diamond and John W. McDonald, Multi-Track Diplomacy: A Systems Approach to Peace (Kumarian Press, 1996); and John McDonald, “Multi-Track Diplomacy,” in Beyond Intractability, ed. Heidi Burgess and Guy Burgess, http://www. beyondintractability.org/essay/multi-track_diplomacy/ (accessed March 23, 2009). Beyond Intractability is an online knowledge base focusing on constructive approaches to conflict. Launched in 2003, the Beyond Intractability Knowledge Base Project is based at the University of Colorado.
2. This apt metaphor is William Ury’s. See his Getting Past No: Negotiating with Difficult People (New York: Bantam Books, 1991), 11. An online summary of this is available in Beyond Intractability, ed. Burgess and Burgess, http://www.beyondintractability.org/ booksummary/10438/?nid=5486.
3. See David G. Savage, “Supreme Court Upholds Law against Advising Terrorists,” Los Angeles Times, June 22, 2010, http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/ la-na-court-terror-20100622,0,5090110.story. The article begins: “The Supreme Court ruled Monday that human rights advocates led by a USC professor could be prosecuted if they offered advice to a foreign terrorist group, even if the advice was to settle disputes peaceful y.”
4. Diana Chigas, “track II (Citizen) Diplomacy,” in Beyond Intractability, http://www. beyondintractability.org/essay/track2_diplomacy/ (accessed March 23, 2009).
5. This phrase is used by Chester A. Crocker, Fen Osler Hampson, and Pamela Aall to describe conflicts that are “out of sight, out of mind.” See Taming Intractable Conflicts: Mediation in the Hardest Cases (Washington, D.C.: United States Institute of Peace Press, 2004), 45–72.
6. Ramesh Prakashvelu, “Conflict Transformation Training as Intervention,” in Beyond Intractability, ed. Burgess and Burgess, http://www.beyondintractability.org/essay/ training_as_intervention/?nid=6771 (accessed March 21, 2010).
7. John Paul Lederach, Preparing for Peace: Conflict Transformation across Cultures (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1995).
8. Andrea Bartoli, “Mediating Peace in Mozambique: The Role of the Community of Sant’Egidio,” in Chester A. Crocker, Fen Osler Hampson, and Pamela Aal , eds. Herding Cats: Multiparty Mediation in a Complex World (Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press, 1999),264.
9. See John Paul Lederach, Reina Neufeldt, and Hal Culbertson, Reflective Peacebuilding: A Planning, Monitoring, and Learning Toolkit (Mindanao, Philippines: Joan B. Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies and Catholic Relief Services Southeast/East Asia Regional Office, 2007), 51; http://crs.org/publications/showpdf.cfm?pdf_id=80 (accessed November 7, 2008).
10. Ibid.
11. Ibid.
12. James Voorhees, Dialogue Sustained: The Multilevel Peace Process and the Dartmouth Conference (Washington, D.C.: United States Institute of Peace Press, 2002).
13. “Transfer” is the term preferred by Roger Fisher, a leading exponent of ICR. See Ronald J. Fisher “Introduction: Analyzing Successful Transfer Effects in Interactive Conflict Resolution,” in Paving the Way: Contributions of Interactive Conflict Resolution to Peacemaking, ed. Ronald J. Fisher, 1–17(Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2005).
14. Ronald J. Fisher, “Conclusion: Evidence for the Essential Contributions of Interactive Conflict Resolution” in Paving the Way, ed. Fisher, 203–30.
15. John Paul Lederach, Building Peace: Sustainable Reconciliation in Divided Societies (Washington, D.C.: United States Institute of Peace Press, 1998).
16. Herbert Kelman, “Interactive Problem Solving in the Israeli-Palestinian Case: Past Contributions and Present Challenges,” in Paving the Way, ed. Fisher, 41–64.
17. For a discussion by Kelman of the contributions of his workshops to the overall peace process, see ibid., 55–56.
18. From an interview conducted in fall 2006. A transcript is on the Beyond Intractability Web site, http://www.beyondintractability.org/audio/sandra_melone/.
19. This mission statement is on the Seeds of Peace Web site, http://www.seedsofpeace.org/. See also John Wal ach’s book about the Seeds of Peace program, The Enemy Has a Face: The Seeds of Peace Experience (Washington, D.C.: United States Institute of Peace Press, 2000).
20. Julie Salamon, “Israeli-Palestinian Battles Intrude on ‘Sesame Street’” New York Times Learning Network, http://www.nytimes.com/learning/teachers/featured_
articles/20020731wednesday.html (accessed March 23, 2010).
21. Lauren Gelfond, “Sesame Street Divided,” Common Ground News Service, February 20, 2004, http://friedensbewegung.zionismus.info/dialog/sumsum.htm, accessed July 29, 2010.
22. The Parents Circle—Family Forum Organizational Flyer, http://www.theparentscirclecom/ParentsCircleflyer.pdf (accessed March 23, 2010).
23. See Building Bridges for Peace, http://www.buildingbridgesforpeace.org/index-2.html (accessed March 24, 2010); also Christine Crowstaff “Ex-IRA Terrorist and Victim’s Daughter Working Together for Peace,” mepeace.org, Network for Peace, http://www. mepeace.org/forum/topics/exira-terrorist-and-victims?xg_source=activity (accessed March 24, 2010).
24. The basic items in this list came from Andrea Strimling, “Building Capacity for Justpeace: Design, Implementation, and Evaluation of Training Programs.” in Second Track/Citizens’ Diplomacy: Concepts and Techniques for Conflict Transformation, ed. John Davies and Edward (Edy) Kaufman, 270 (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2002). The details about how these items might be interpreted, however, are ours.
25. For more details about CNA’s work, see Simon Fisher and Lada Zimina, “Just Wasting Our Time? An Open Letter to Peacebuilders,” 27; http://lettertopeacebuilders.ning.com/ (accessed November 8, 2008).
26. Nicole Naurath, “Opinion Briefing: Making Progress in Afghanistan.” Gal up.com. http://www.gal up.com/poll/116134/opinion-briefing-making-progress-afghanistan. aspx (accessed March 27, 2010).
27. GPPAC’s homepage: http://www.gppac.net/page.php?id=1485 (accessed March 24, 2010).
28. Lederach, Preparing for Peace, 37–39.
29. These observations were made by Hannah Reich in an excellent critique of local involvement, “Local Ownership,” in Conflict Transformation Projects: Partnership, Participation or Patronage? Berghof Occasional Paper no. 27 (Berghof Research Center for Constructive Conflict Management, 2006), http://www.berghof-center.org/uploads/download/boc27e.pdf (accessed March 24, 2010).
30. See Lederach, Preparing For Peace, 55–70.
31. Richard Salem, “Trust in Mediation,” in Beyond Intractability, ed. Burgess and Burgess, http://www.beyondintractability.org/essay/trust_mediation/ (accessed November 8, 2008).
32. Jay Rothman, Resolving Identity-Based Conflict in Nations, Organizations and Communities (San Francisco: Jossey Bass, 1997).
33. See Mohammed Abu-Nimer, Dialogue, Conflict Resolution, and Change: Arab-Jewish Encounters in Israel. (Albany, NY: SUNY Press, 1999), 71.
34. Diana Chigas. “Track Two (Citizen) Diplomacy” in Beyond Intractability, ed. Burgess and Burgess, http://www.beyondintractability.org/essay/track2_diplomacy (accessed November 8, 2008).
35. Susan Allen Nan, “track I–track II Cooperation” in Beyond Intractability, ed. Burgess and Burgess, http://www.beyondintractability.org/essay/track_1_2_cooperation/
(accessed November 8, 2008).
36. Susan Allen Nan, “Intervention Coordination,” in Beyond Intractability, ed. Burgess and Burgess, http://www.beyondintractability.org/essay/intervention_coordination/
(accessed June 12, 2009).
37. Ibid.
38. Ibid.
39. Ibid.
40. Fisher and Zimina, “Just Wasting Our Time?” 28.
41. See Christopher Mitchel , “The Process and Stages of Mediation: Two Sudanese Cases,” in Making War and Waging Peace: Foreign Intervention in Africa, ed. David Smock (Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press, 1993), 146.
42. Susan Allen Nan and Andrea Strimling, “track I–track II Cooperation,” Beyond Intractability, ed. Burgess and Burgess, http://www.beyondintractability.org/essay/track_1_2_cooperation (accessed June 12, 2009).
43. The material in this bulleted list is drawn from the authors’ own knowledge as well as two Beyond Intractability articles: Susan Allen Nan. “Intervention Coordination,” http://www.beyondintractability.org/essay/intervention_coordination/; and Susan Allen Nan and Andrea Strimling, “track I–track II Cooperation,” http://www.beyondintractability. org/essay/track_1_2_cooperation/ (both accessed March 28, 2010).
44. The term “peace writ large” was coined by Mary Anderson (and the Reflecting on Peace Practice Project) to refer to peace as a grand, overarching concept. See Reflecting on Peace Practice Project homepage, http://www.cdainc.com/cdawww/project_profile.
php?pid=RPP&pname=Reflecting on Peace Practice (accessed March 25, 2010).
Another similar term is “stable peace”; see Kenneth Boulding, Stable Peace (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1978).
45. John Paul Lederach, The Moral Imagination (Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2005).
46. John Paul Lederach, transcript of a talk given on The Moral Imagination at the 2004 Annual Meeting of the Association for Conflict Resolution, held in Sacramento, CA.
Transcript at http://acrnet.org/acrlibrary/more.php?id=49_0_1_0_M (accessed November 9, 2008).