Roman Politics by Frank Frost Abbott - HTML preview

NOTES

[1] The arrangements which Rome made with the several cities of Sicily are outlined by Cicero in his oration In Verrem, III. 12-14.

[2] The traditional story of the Decemvirate and its codification of the Laws of the Twelve Tables is told graphically by Livy, III. 32-54. Some of the extant fragments of these laws may be seen in F. D. Allen’s Remnants of Early Latin, Boston, 1899, pp. 84-92.

[3] On the activities of the censors, cf. Heitland, The Roman Republic, passim.

[4] On the government of the provinces under the Republic one may read Arnold-Shuckburgh, C. III.

[5] There is an interesting discussion of the motives and policy of C. Gracchus by W. W. Fowler in his Roman Essays and Interpretations, Oxford, 1920, pp. 99-110.

[6] A brilliant analysis of the political policies of Pompey and Caesar may be found in E. Meyer’s Caesars Monarchie und das Principat des Pompejus, Stuttgart, 1919.

[7] On the legal basis of the principate of Augustus, see Abbott, Roman Political Institutions, pp. 267-273.

[8] For the provinces under Augustus, see Arnold-Shuckburgh, chapter IV. For a list of them, cf. Sandys, pp. 401 ff.

[9] Five municipal charters are given in an English translation by E. G. Hardy in his Six Roman Laws and Three Spanish Charters, Oxford, 1911-12.

[10] The famous edict of Caracalla, to which reference is made in the Code of Justinian and elsewhere, may now be seen in no. 40 of the Griechische Papyri im Museum des Oberhessischen Geschichtsverein zu Giessen, E. Kornemann and P. M. Meyer, Leipzig, 1910.

[11] For the bureaux of Hadrian and his successors, see Hirschfeld.

[12] The most convenient edition of the Code of Justinian is to be found in the Corpus Iuris Civilis, 3 vols., ed. by Mommsen and others. Berlin, 1895.

[13] The Latin text of the constitution of Vespasian may be found in K. E. Bruns, Fontes Iuris Romani Antiqui, Leipzig, 1893,7 no. 56.

[14] Cf. F. F. Abbott, on “The Referendum and the Recall Among the Ancient Romans,” in The Sewanee Review, XXIII. 84-94 (1915).

[15] For Professor Frank’s discussion of these wars, see chapters V, VI, and XIII. Cf., also, Livy, XXI. 4. 1.

[16] For the comparison of the Roman Senate and the Senate of the U. S. see the chapter on “The Story of Two Oligarchies.”

[17] For a fuller discussion of representative government among the Romans under the Republic, see Frank’s Roman Imperialism, pp. 45, 209, 299, 301.

[18] The oath of the Fascisti may be found in the London Times of Jan. 2, 1923. The best literature at present on the movement is Discorsi Politici, Benito Mussolini (Milan; Essercizio Tipografico del “Popolo d’Italia,” 1922). Il Fascismo nella Vita Italiana, Pietro Gorgolini. Preface by B. Mussolini (Turin; Anonima Libraria Italiana). Fascismo Liberatore, Cipriano Giachetti (Florence; Bemporad).

[19] For the praetor’s court see Abbott, Roman Political Institutions, pp. 105 ff.

[20] A striking illustration of the looseness of procedure in Roman courts is given by Cicero in a letter to Atticus (ad Atticum, I. 16. 3-6), translated by E. O. Winstedt, Letters to Atticus, 3 vols., New York, 1919, in The Loeb Classical Library. On the course of a trial in a Roman court, cf. A. H. J. Greenidge, The Legal Procedure of Cicero’s Time, Oxford, 1901, pp. 456-504.

[21] On taxation in the provinces, see Arnold-Shuckburgh, chapter VI. On the customs duties, see R. L. V. Cagnat, Étude Historique sur les Impôts Indirects chez les Romains, Paris, 1882.

[22] On Diocletian’s tax system, see Pauly-Wissowa-Kroll, III. 1513 ff.; Daremberg-Saglio, V. 434 ff.

[23] “Rome’s First Coinage,” in Classical Philology, XIV. 314-327 (1919).

[24] On life in the provinces see Bouchier’s books cited in the Bibliography.

[25] The road-systems in the provinces may be seen in Murray’s Small Classical Atlas, or in H. S. Jones’ Companion to Roman History, Oxford, 1912, map 4.

[26] See Reid, pp. 279 ff.

[27] See Chapters I and II in the Common People of Ancient Rome.

[28] A detailed account of the method of founding Colonies and a list of them may be found in Pauly-Wissowa-Kroll, IV. 510 ff.

[29] For an account of the Idaho Colony, see Albert Shaw, “From New York to Idaho,” in The American Review of Reviews, LXIV. 177-182 (1921).

[30] See the chapter on trade-guilds and corporations in Abbott’s Common People of Ancient Rome.

[30a] This statement does not apply to Asia Minor where we do know of industrial strikes in Roman times at Ephesus, Pergamum, Miletus, and Sardis. That of the bakers at Ephesus (Kern, Die Inschriften von Magnesia, no. 114, an inscription which we now know is from Ephesus) took place in the second century A.D. The other strikes are those of builders, one in the second century A.D. at Miletus on the Roman theatre (Sitz. Berl. Ak. 1904, p. 83); for Pergamum, cf. Athen. Mitt. XXIV, 1899, p. 199 (also second cent.); for Sardis C.I.G. 3647. An article by W. H. Buckler on Labor Disputes in the Province of Asia which will soon appear in Anatolian Studies in Honor of Sir W. M. Ramsay, Manchester, 1923, discusses this question. [D. M. R.]

[31] On the failure of “big business” to determine the policy of the Roman state, see Frank’s Roman Imperialism. For a different view, cf. Ferrero.

[32] “Race Mixture In The Roman Empire,” in The American Historical Review, XXI. 689-708 (1916).

[33] Among the executives who have appealed directly to the voters may be mentioned Governor Hughes of New York State and Presidents Roosevelt and Wilson.

[34] Augustus mentions his gratuities to soldiers in chapter 17 of his Res Gestae Divi Augusti; translated into English, The Deeds of Augustus, by W. Fairley, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 1898.

[35] On methods of calculating the population of the city of Rome, see J. Beloch’s Bevölkerung der griechisch-römischen Welt, Leipzig, 1886, chapter IX. sec. 2 and “Die Bevölkerung Italiens im Altertum,” in Klio, III. 471-490 (1903).

[36] On Diocletian’s edict see the chapter on “Diocletian’s Edict and the High Cost of Living” in Abbott’s Common People of Ancient Rome.

[37] See the Theodosian Code, (Theodosiani Libri XVI ed. Th. Mommsen, Berlin, 1905), 10, 19, 1. 2. 8.

[38] On compulsion to work in the mines, see the Theodosian Code, 10, 19, 5. 6. 7. and 15.

[39] For Pliny’s inquiries see the Epistulae ad Traianum, 39; cf. 31 on work in the mines.

[40] For the influx into Italy and the West of men of Oriental extraction see T. Frank, in The American Historical Review, XXI. 689-708 (1916) and Frank’s Economic History of Rome, pp. 154 ff. et passim.