Notes
1. This handbook draws on research previously conducted by the author and published in Teresa Whitfield, Friends Indeed? The United Nations, Groups of Friends and the Resolution of Conflict (Washington, D.C.: United States Institute of Peace Press, 2007). Additional research was conducted in parallel to that conducted for Teresa Whitfield, External actors in mediation: Dilemmas and options for mediators, Mediation Practice Series I, (Geneva: Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, February 2010)
2. See, for example, George Downs and Stephen John Stedman, "Evaluation Issues in Peace Implementation," in Ending Civil Wars: The Implementation of Peace Agreements, ed. Stephen John Stedman, Donald Rothchild, and Elizabeth M. Cousens, 43-69 (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2002).
3. See Robert Ricgliano, ed., Choosing to Engage: Armed Groups and Peace Processes,
Accord Issue 16 (London: Conciliation Resources, 2005).
4. UN press briefing by special envoy to Afghanistan, October 20, 1999.
5. See Chester A. Crocker, "Peacemaking and Mediation: Dynamics of a Changing Field,"
Coping with Crisis, Working Paper Series (New York: International Peace Academy,
2007) for a succinct discussion of this subject.
6. The group was established in 1993 as the Friends of Georgia and became the Friends of the UN Secretary-General for Georgia in 1997. Although its core membership remained France, Germany, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States, it was joined in New York only by Ukraine, Bulgaria, and Slovakia during their respective terms as elected members of the Security Council in 2000-01, 2002-03, and 2006-07.
7. Alvaro de Soto, interviewed by Jean Krasno, April 9, 1996, Yale/UN Oral History
Project.
8. In 2008 and 2009, the Norwegian Refugee Council provided the United Nations' Mediation Support Unit with a standby team of mediation experts to supplement its own in-house capacity.
9. Jean Arnault, interview conducted by Connie Peck as part of the United Nations Institute for Training and Research Programme for Briefing and Debriefing Special and Personal Representatives and Envoys of the UN Secretary-General. Consulted with the permission of Jean Arnault.
10. The nongovernmental organization Independe