4-41. The corps headquarters can serve as a joint task force headquarters, serve as an ARFOR headquarters under a joint task force, or provide command and control for the consequence management operation in its own right. Regardless of its status, the corps headquarters plans, prepares, executes, and assesses the response and recovery operations in the AO. The corps headquarters marshals resources of its subordinate units and makes requests for available resources from the theater army and national-level force providers.
During foreign consequence management situations, the corps subordinates its assets to assist the organizations of the local government. The main CP organizes in the same way for operations predominated by stability or civil support as it does for combat operations. The functional and integrating cells operate according to standing operating procedures, fulfilling their tasks in support of the corps command and control system.
4-42. FM 3-28.1 contains additional information on consequence management.
SYNCHRONIZING INFORMATION ACTIONS
4-43. Synchronizing information actions involves information engagement and supporting processes.
INFORMATION ENGAGEMENT
4-44. Information engagement (see paragraph 2-116 for the definition of information engagement) seeks to use the power of knowledge to inform and influence internal and external audiences. The corps and its subordinates develop integrated information engagement tasks with theater army, joint, and National 26 November 2010
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strategic communications. Incorporating information engagement into the corps concept of operations is a staff responsibility of the assistant chief of staff, information engagement (G-7). With the assistance of the functional and integrating cells, the assistant chief of staff for information engagement coordinates the use of the information engagement capabilities: leader and Soldier engagement, public affairs, psychological operations, combat camera, and strategic communication and defense support to public diplomacy.
4-45. The corps focuses information engagement efforts within its AO. However, the efforts must be nested with those of higher and lower echelons to provide synergistic effects and not disrupt or confuse friendly forces rather than the target audience. Actions by corps Soldiers, both positive and negative, influence how the local populace perceives the military. Therefore, in all actions, leaders focus on managing expectations and informing the people about friendly intentions and actions. The assistant chief of staff for information engagement works with the assistant chief of staff, civil affairs operations (G-9).
The latter normally works in the command and control cell to integrate civil affairs operations into the corps operations. The vehicle most often used for this is a civil affairs operations working group. It solves civil affairs operations problems and makes recommendations to the CG on how to incorporate civil affairs operations into corps operations.
SUPPORTING PROCESSES
4-46. The corps main CP uses information actions integral to the various processes to solve problems.
Corps planning uses the military decisionmaking process to identify the problem, develop alternative solutions, subject them to thorough analysis, and make a recommendation to the commander. These results inform ISR activities, are developed into operation plans and orders, and provide the starting point to solve the next problem. The structure of the military decisionmaking process enables commanders to consider both lethal and nonlethal actions when developing corps plans and orders.
4-47. Information tasks are synchronized and integrated through activities such as the period synchronization meeting. With regards to targeting, the corps chief of fires leads the targeting working group and participates in the targeting meeting and joint targeting coordination board, when formed, in the corps main CP. Once the operation order is published and the operation controlled by the current operations integration cell, the daily operations synchronization meeting serves as a forum for final integration of lethal and nonlethal actions.
APPLYING THE ELEMENTS OF COMBAT POWER
4-48. The corps CG primarily provides resources. By applying the elements of combat power, the CG
establishes priorities and provides resources to subordinates. Early in the planning process and throughout execution, the CG clearly articulates priorities of effort and support and identifies which units get resources in what order to accomplish the mission. The CG and staff identify the requirements to accomplish its mission and constantly communicate them to the force provider in the continental United States and the theater army. The corps headquarters establishes the objective, gives subordinate headquarters required resources for the current operation, monitors execution, and ensures that the force has the assets available to execute probable branches and sequels that will lead to or reinforce success. The CG applies the elements of combat power, allocates enablers, and lifts and shifts the main effort as required.
WEIGHTING DECISIVE OPERATIONS
4-49. Weighting decisive operations is the most direct means to resource for mission accomplishment. The CG can weight these operations by providing resources, setting priorities, shaping current operations, and planning future operations. In the corps operation order, the CG directs how corps forces are to cooperate.
The concept of operations describes the commander’s visualization. The CG synchronizes the operation so the main effort carries most of the combat power. The CG also establishes command and support relationships that provide immediate combat power and sustainment to the main effort. The ability of the CG to give the main effort the advantage in combat power depends on those assets tailored to the corps from the theater army or force generators in the continental United States.
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4-50. Examples of corps actions to weight the main effort include the following:
z
Task-organizing maneuver forces.
z
Massing fires to support offensive operations. The corps can place one or more fires brigades in support of a BCT or division with priority of fires to the main effort.
z
Nominating targets to the air component via the battlefield coordination detachment to employ joint fires and interdiction as part of corps shaping operations.
z
Placing one or more internment and resettlement battalions to process the detainee population from an operation.
z
Coordinating with the theater sustainment command to reinforce the main effort’s sustainment organization (such as a BCT’s brigade support battalion) with one or more sustainment brigades.
z
Prioritizing sustainment support to the main effort to provide them mobility, munitions, maintenance, and other logistic activities.
z
Placing additional engineers, military police, or civil affairs operations units under the OPCON
of a BCT or division conducting a stability operation concurrently with an offensive operation.
z
Placing aviation assets under the tactical control of a BCT or division to provide lift support for troop movement and resupply of critical items or ammunition.
z
Attaching ISR units and assets—such as unmanned aircraft systems, ground cavalry, and military intelligence analysis capability—to the main effort.
z
Placing psychological operations teams under OPCON of the main effort to conduct
psychological operations before an operation.
z
Attaching national assets, such as a forward contact team from the United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, to provide vector analysis.
z
Elevating priority of network resources, such as bandwidth and preemption level of information, dynamically enforceable by the network.
INTELLIGENCE, SURVEILLANCE, AND RECONNAISSANCE
4-51. The corps establishes priorities and allocates resources by apportioning enabling capabilities. Key among these is ISR. It enables the selected force to know the threat, the weather, and the terrain over which it must conduct operations. Intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance is an activity that synchronizes and integrates the planning and operation of sensors, assets, and processing, exploitation, and dissemination systems in direct support of current and future operations. This is an integrated intelligence and operations function. For Army forces, this activity is a combined arms operation that focuses on priority intelligence requirements while answering the commander’s critical information requirements (FM 3-0). The main CP
controls ISR. The corps sets the conditions for successful mission accomplishment by providing the lowest levels of the corps with the assets necessary to gain and report required information.
4-52. In the corps AO, the main CP has responsibility for intelligence. Subordinate divisions, functional brigades, and BCTs perform surveillance and reconnaissance tasks to collect information on the enemy, terrain, weather, and civil conditions. The corps requires intelligence to maintain situational understanding, support targeting, and facilitate information engagement. To accomplish these tasks, the CG directs the staff how to plan for, provide, and employ collection assets and subordinate forces. Surveillance is a continuing task; it is not oriented to a specific target. It is designed to provide warning of enemy initiatives and threats and to detect changes in enemy activities. Reconnaissance complements surveillance by obtaining specific information about activities and resources of an enemy, potential enemy, or geographic characteristics of a particular area.
4-53. Corps ISR operations vary in collection techniques in full spectrum operations. The ability to collect information, provide competent analysis, and exploit it as rapidly as possible, act on it at a measured pace, or not to act on it at all, is the key to mission accomplishment. A multidivisional corps force fighting a similar enemy requires applying ISR assets differently from a fragmented counterinsurgency operation. At the high end of the spectrum of conflict, a centralized approach to ISR synchronization and integration often differs from a decentralized approach at the low end. The CG determines the approach based on the situation.
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4-54. The main CP directs ISR efforts. As directed, corps subordinate forces conduct ISR activities.
Intelligence activities receive directions from the corps operation order and operations synchronization process. Corps-controlled collection assets are allocated to subordinate forces. Results of the corps-wide collection and preliminary analysis efforts are passed to the main CP. The main CP centers ISR
synchronization in the intelligence cell and ISR integration in the movement and maneuver cell.
4-55. ISR synchronization entails analyzing information requirements, identifying intelligence gaps, and developing commander’s critical information requirements. It results in an intelligence plan and requests for information to corps subordinate organizations to fill knowledge gaps. ISR assets collect information from all sources, provide preliminary analysis, and develop the situation. ISR forces normally conduct economy of force so that most corps forces avoid contact with the enemy without adequate intelligence.
4-56. The assistant chief of staff for intelligence, with input from all functional and integrating cells, oversees corps ISR synchronization. All staff elements in the intelligence cell contribute to the effort by providing subject matter experts. The intelligence cell, with the help of the communications integration element and others, designs the intelligence architecture so that it can pass information rapidly. The intelligence cell’s ISR operations element develops priority intelligence requirements with input from the entire staff and requests for information. The intelligence cell refines and pairs the requirements with collection means. The intelligence fusion element receives, processes, analyzes, and disseminates intelligence. Other cells participate. The fires cell contributes to ISR synchronization during the targeting process as they detect potential targets for lethal or nonlethal activities. These activities include identifying potential electronic warfare targets. The staff weather officer describes weather effects. Such identification enables the staff to further determine how weather may affect collection activities and how weather impacts their areas of expertise.
4-57. ISR integration requires assigning and controlling the corps’s ISR assets with regards to time, space, and purpose. In coordination with the intelligence cell, the assistant chief of staff, operations (G-3) integrates corps ISR activities. The intelligence cell’s ISR operations element integrates intelligence products and collection planning into current operations. It is the interface between the intelligence cell and the movement and maneuver cell. The ISR operations section coordinates the collection effort across all functional and integrating cells matching tasks with required assets. The ISR operations section’s target development element ensures that targets are developed, prioritized, and sequenced into current and future operations.
4-58. The corps can push ISR assets to the lowest tactical level. The CG can weight the ISR effort with assets from theater army and corps forces based on commander’s critical information requirements.
Potential units for ISR collection are battlefield surveillance brigades, combat aviation brigades, maneuver enhancement brigades, and reconnaissance units of subordinate divisions and BCTs. These forces combine with national- and strategic-level collection platforms to fill information and intelligence requirements.
Decentralized ISR collection assets, including providing BCTs with unmanned aircraft systems, give the lowest tactical-level imagery and signals intelligence support. Control of ISR assets at the lowest level possible is the key to adequate and timely intelligence at corps level.
4-59. See FM 2-0 for additional information on ISR operations.
UNMANNED AIRCRAFT SYSTEM SUPPORT
4-60. The unmanned aircraft system (UAS) is a force multiplier for the corps. The joint UAS normally focuses on theater-wide intelligence gathering and surveillance activities. Commanders can focus a UAS on reconnaissance. As an Army intermediate tactical headquarters, the corps cannot always rely on full-time joint UAS availability to support its operations. Even if allocated to support corps operations, higher priority missions may divert a joint UAS mission before friendly forces begin or prior to mission accomplishment.
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4-61. The UAS supports corps in several ways. Army UAS provide direct support to ongoing operations.
The UAS provides surveillance, reconnaissance, attack, communications relay, and convoy overwatch. The UAS acquires the enemy force, and either keeps it under observation or hands it over to aviation or ground assets for continued observation or destruction. After the UAS receives targets from ground maneuver or manned aircraft, it continues to observe or engage with organic fires. The UAS also facilitates engagement by other assets such as field artillery, attack helicopters, close air support, or ground maneuver. Able to loiter longer than helicopters, the UAS assists in continued intelligence collection and battle damage assessment. By prioritizing UAS assets, the corps main CP can extend its reach beyond the limited or ground-based systems.
4-62. UASs can locate and identify targets by day or night and during reduced visibility to provide real-time surveillance by data-linked, electro-optical, or infrared sensors. They also can provide laser designation of targets for attack.
Unmanned Aircraft System Platforms
4-63. The corps has access to the following UAS platforms:
z
Raven .
z
Shadow.
z
Hunter.
z
Extended range multipurpose.
4-64. The Raven small unmanned aircraft system (RQ-11B) provides a small unit with enhanced situational awareness and increased force protection by providing expanded reconnaissance and surveillance coverage of marginal maneuver areas. Raven is a hand-launched and rucksack portable UAS.
It consists of three air vehicles, a ground control station and remote video terminal, electro-optical and infrared payloads, a ground antenna, a field repair kit, and one initial spares package. It can fly for 90
minutes with a range of 10 kilometers. As a small UAS operating at the same altitudes as manned aircraft, the Raven creates challenges in airspace coordination and deconfliction.
4-65. The Shadow-200 tactical unmanned aircraft system (RQ-7B) is the Army’s current force UAS for the BCT. The Shadow system provides Army brigade commanders with tactical-level reconnaissance, surveillance, target acquisition, laser designation, battle damage assessment, and communications relay. It is catapulted from a rail launcher, lands via an automated take-off and landing system and is supported by a platoon of 22 Soldiers. The Shadow system provides over 6 hours endurance and can be operated at 120
kilometers. It has an early-entry configuration that can be transported via three C-130s (Hercules).
4-66. The Hunter unmanned aircraft system (MQ-5B) is a multimission system which provides ISR, target acquisition, and battle damage assessment capability to division and corps commanders. The modular Hunter system uses the tactical command data link. Such systems enable the Hunter to be tailored to the specific location and mission requirements, including electro optical infrared laser designator, communications relay, Greendart, and weaponization. Hunter provides 18 hours endurance and can be operated at 200 kilometers.
4-67. The extended range multipurpose system (MQ-1C, sometimes known as Warrior) provides the division commander with a dedicated, assured, multimission UAS for the tactical fight assigned to the combat aviation brigade in each division and supports the division commander’s priorities. The extended range multipurpose system provides reconnaissance, surveillance, target acquisition, command and control, communications relay, signals intelligence, electronic warfare, attack, detection of weapons of mass destruction, and battle damage assessment capabilities. A company of 128 Soldiers within a combat aviation brigade operates and maintains the system. The extended range multipurpose system can operate beyond the line-of-sight at distances greater than 300 kilometers.
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Unmanned Aircraft System Contributing Cells
4-68. Functional and integrating cells contribute to synchronize and integrate UAS operations. The movement and maneuver cell contains seven elements, two of which contribute to UAS. The aviation element coordinates and synchronizes UAS activities in corps planning and monitors UAS operations to deconflict operations with other airspace users. Deconfliction requires constant attention. The airspace over the corps AO can become crowded with unmanned aircraft, manned rotary- and fixed-wing aircraft, and indirect fires. The airspace command and control element develops and coordinates the airspace control architecture during planning. It develops the required airspace coordinating measures and fire support control measures and monitors operations for compliance.
4-69. The intelligence cell provides tasks for UASs, focusing on intelligence collection. The intelligence collection management element monitors UAS collection activities and integrates and synchronizes UAS
use to satisfy commander’s critical information requirements. The intelligence signals element develops tasks to optimize collection of electronic intelligence. The imagery intelligence element receives, processes, and disseminates UAS imagery to meet information requirements.
4-70. The fires cell develops targets suitable for UAS attack resources and integrates them into the fire support plan. The fires cell provides input to the ISR plan to synchronize it with regards to designated targets. The field artillery intelligence officer coordinates with the intelligence cell for target selection, prioritization, and assessment. The electronic warfare element coordinates with the intelligence cell to synchronize electronic warfare and counter-electronic warfare activities for current operations and plans.
The fires cell coordinates clearance of fires with other cells and elements in the main CP.
4-71. The protection cell coordinates with other functional and integrating cells. Together they conduct the Army support to joint personnel recovery and corps protection operations facilitated by UASs.
4-72. The sustainment cell coordinates with the intelligence cell for appropriate sustainment support such as repairs, parts, and maintenance of the UAS.
4-73. The command and control cell is the lead organization in the main CP. It ensures the necessary communication networks are in place and maintained during UAS operations. The cell coordinates with the other functional and integrating cells to synchronize network management, communications security, and information assurance into UAS operations. Depending on the situation, the network management element supports UAS communications relay activities. The command and control cell coordinates UAS actions that affect psychological operations, civil affairs operations, and information engagement activities in the corps AO.
4-74. Depending on the situation, the ISR operations section can be given tasking authority and tactical control over Army UAS in the corps AO. In coordination with the functional cells, the ISR operations section integrates UAS activities with the corps concept of operations and directs lethal and nonlethal actions. When the UAS ground control station exercises tactical control, the ISR operations section and other current operations integration cell support sections monitor the situation and provide necessary support.
4-75. For additional information on UASs, see FM 3-04.15.
TARGET ACQUISITION
4-76. Resourcing for target acquisition enhances corps operational capabilities. Without knowledge of the enemy and its intentions, the corps fire support and other systems cannot contribute to mission accomplishment, or worse will spend its resources on unproductive or counterproductive targets. Target acquisition is the detection, identification, and location of a target in sufficient detail to permit the effective employment of weapons (JP 3-60). At the corps level and below, ground reports commonly provide target acquisition. Soldiers on the battlefield observe the situation as they perform a task. They are augmented by human intelligence. Scouts, reconnaissance patrols, observation posts, long-range surveillance units, detachments left in contact, artillery observers, combat observation and lasing teams, and fire support teams at battalion and BCT levels provide this intelligence. Ground observers receive assistance from remote 4-12
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electronic and acoustic sensor systems. Electronic systems augment human intelligence by using the electromagnetic spectrum to detect information in the AO. Manned and unmanned aircraft support target acquisition.
4-77. Target acquisition information is received, processed, analyzed, and disseminated at the main CP in the intelligence and fires cells. In the intelligence cell, several sections coordinate and help synchronize target acquisition, including the ISR operations and G-2X (counterintelligence and human intelligence operations) sections. The current operations integration cell integrates target acquisition activities into day-to-day operations.
CIVIL SUPPORT OPERATIONS
4-78. In the continental United States, the Army National Guard, Active Army, and sometimes Army Reserve, civilians, and contractors work together to conduct civil support operations. Proper resourcing of the corps facilitates this part of corps operations. The corps can be called upon to interact with civil authorities. Civil support is Department of Defense support to U.S. civil authorities for domestic emergencies and for designated law enforcement and other activities (JP 3-28). Army forces provide this support when requested and private, local, state, and other federal government resources are insufficient to protect the life, limb, or property of citizens. Most Army civil support operations are conducted by the state-controlled Army National Guard. Generally, the Active Army is called upon when the Army National Guard requires augmentation for a disaster or other incident response.
4-79. The Army’s roles and responsibilities for civil support operations fall under four primary tasks: z
Provide support for domestic disasters.
z
Provide support for domestic chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, or high-yield explosives incidents.
z
Provide support for domestic civilian law enforcement agencies.
z
Provide other designated support.
4-80. For more information about Army civil support operations, see FM 3-28.
THE CORPS ROLE IN THEATER AIR AND MISSILE DEFENSE
4-81. Air defense and its twin air superiority are always a consideration of the joint force commander. The enemy may be able to strike from the air with rockets, ballistic, and cruise missiles, fixed- and rotary-wing aircraft. However, the enemy’s capabilities, or lack of capability, and UASs may enable the theater commander to accept risk and establish theater air and missile defense (TAMD) as an economy of force effort.
4-82. TAMD falls under the control of the area air defense commander. Normally, the area air defense commander is the joint force air component commander or a senior officer reporting to that commander.
The area air defense commander integrates all aspects of air and missile defense (AMD) in the joint operations area. Specifically, the area air defense commander contributes to force protection through the suite of command and control systems, sensors, and shooters. TAMD systems provide information on the threat from the airspace to facilitate situational awareness and the COP.
4-83. The centralized approach of the TAMD fight commanded and controlled by the area air defense commander includes both Air Force and Army command and control, sensor, and strike assets in its decentralized execution. The theater army’s senior air and missile defense headquarters is the Army air and missile defense command, a theater-level organization to which subordinate air defense units are assigned.
Normally its commander is the deputy commander for the area air defense commander. Depending on the situation, these units can include air defense brigades, air defense battalions, and air defense batteries. The battalions are equipped with Patriot antiaircraft and antimissile units and short-range air defense systems such as the Avenger. The battalions can be all Patriot, all Avenger, or a mix depending on the threat.
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concentrate on ballistic missile defense with some units identified as counterrocket, artillery, and mortar formations.
4-84. The corps main CP contributes to the TAMD effort by coordinating the TAMD assets provided by the theater army. The corps main CP’s protection c