Malthus and his work by James Bonar - HTML preview

 

R. Clay & Sons, Bread Street Hill, London, E. C.

 

1. The Germans talk of ‘Smithianismus.’

2. Autobiogr., vol. i. p. 71.

3. Senior, Two Lectures on Population, 1829, Appendix, pp. 56, 57.

4. Senior, l. c., p. 56.

5. Macvey Napier’s Correspondence, p. 187. Cf. Pol. Econ., 2nd ed., pp. xxxv, liv.

6. “Why,” said I, “how many children do you reckon to have at last?” “I do not care how many,” said the man, “God never sends mouths without sending meat.” “Did you ever hear,” said I, “of one Parson Malthus? he wants an act of parliament to prevent poor people from marrying young, and from having such lots of children.” “Oh, the brute!” exclaimed the wife; while the husband laughed, thinking I was joking.—Cobbett’s Advice to Young Men, Letter 3, p. 83. The references to Cobbett in the Essay are probably, 7th ed., pp. 310 and 318, cf. p. 313; but his name is not mentioned.

7. Namely, in the Monthly Magazine for Jan. 1800. But see below, Book V.

8. Thoughts on Parr’s Sermon, p. 2, and Pol. Justice, Pref. p. x.

9. Preface to first edition of Essay, 1798.

10. Leyden, 1767, translated under the title Philosophical Survey of the Animal Creation, Lond., 1768. See especially chs. vii. and x.

11. Common Sense, p. 1, quoted in Pol. Justice, Bk. II. ch. i. p. 124 (3rd ed.).

12. Pol. Justice, Bk. VIII. ch. vi. p. 484. On the other hand, Franklin, in his Letter on Luxury, Idleness, and Industry (1784), had estimated the necessary labour more moderately at four hours. Sir Thos. More suggested nine. Owen recurred to the half-hour. New Moral World, 1836, pp. x, xi.

13. Essay, 1st ed., pp. 161–2, footnote.

14. Records of the Creation, vol. i. p. 54, note.

15. Life by Kegan Paul, vol. i. p. 80. Cf. a curious passage in the Edinburgh Review, about Godwin’s Population: “As the book was dear, and not likely to fall into the hands of the labouring classes, we had no thoughts of noticing it,” July 1821, p. 363.

16. Enquirer (1797), Pref., p. 7.

17. Part II., Essay II.

18. Part II., Essays I. and III.

19. Political Justice, Book VIII. ch. ix. pp. 515–19 (3rd ed.).

20. Cf. Rich. Jones, Pol. Econ. (1859), p. 596.

21. Quoted, Political Justice, Book VIII. ch. viii. pp. 503, 520, on the authority of Price.

22. l. c., Book VIII. ch. ix. p. 528.

23. Essay, 1st ed., p. 14.

24. 1st ed., pp. 20, 173, &c., 7th ed., Book III. ch. ii.

25. 1st ed., p. 128; cf. p. 210.

26. Ibid. p. 211.

27. Ibid. p. 215.

28. Ibid. p. 215.

29. 1st ed., p. 17; cf. pp. 47–8.

30. Even Comte, who reproves economists for saying that difficulties right themselves in the “long run,” thinks that this particular difficulty will only occur there. (Pos. Phil., ii. 128 (tr.); cf. p. 54.)

31. 1st ed., pp. 15, 16.

32. Ibid. pp. 19, 62–66.

33. Pol. Just., VIII. iii 466.

34. Essay, 1st ed., pp. 175–6, 193; 7th ed., pp. 272, 277. Cf. Gibbon, ch. L., quoted in Essay, 2nd ed., p. 94; 7th ed., p. 65: “The measure of population is regulated by the means of subsistence.”

35. Pol. Just., Book VIII. ch. ix. p. 520 n. (3rd ed.).

36. Essay, 1st ed., pp. 240–1.

37. Due to Coleridge. See Godwin’s Life, i. 357.

38. Ibid. i. 25.

39. Esquisse d’un tableau historique des progrès de l’esprit humain (3rd ed., 1797), pp. 384 seq.

40. Political Justice, VIII. ix. 520 n.

41. Essay, 1st ed., p. 227.

42. Esquisse, pp. 362 seq.

43. Essay, 1st ed., pp. 146, 150.

44. Ibid. p. 154; Condorcet, Esquisse, pp. 364–373.

45. The locus classicus in Malthus is Essay, Append, (of 1817), p. 512; cf. III. iii. 286, IV. xiii. 474. The pages are those of the 7th edition (Reeves and Turner), a reprint of the 6th.

46. Malthus sometimes uses the word in the earlier sense, and Adam Smith seldom in the later.

47. Lecky, Hist. of Eighteenth Century, vol ii. p. 638.

48. Cf. Godwin, pref. to Pol. Just.

49. Hansard, Parl. Hist., vol. xxxiii, pp. 703 seq., Feb 12, 1796; cf. vol. xxxii. pp. 687 seq. The “Speenhamland Act of Parliament” was really an act of the Berkshire magistrates (1795), but had been widely imitated, and had certainly prepared the way for Pitt’s bill.

50. Cf. Essay, 7th ed., I. vii. p. 65; 1st ed., pp. 94, 95, &c.

51. Godwin, Pol. Just., VIII. viii. 508 (3rd ed.).

52. Preface to Essay, 2nd ed.

53. By implication. See below, Book I. ch. vii. p. 175.

54. Moral and Political Essays, Vol. I., Essay XI., Of the Populousness of Ancient Nations (ed. 1768), written in 1752.

55. So even Sir James Steuart, Vol. I. Pol. Econ., ch. iii. p. 22 (ed. 1805), might have helped him. Steuart wrote in 1767.

56. Essay, Book II. ch. vi.; 7th ed., p. 184.

57. Buckle would include Voltaire. See Civil. in Europe, ii. 304 n.

58. Wealth of Nations, I. viii. 36, 2 (MacCulloch’s ed.). These passages are said to have suggested to Malthus the idea of his essay. The article on Population in Edin. Review, Aug. 1810, possibly written by Malthus himself, bears out this view.

59. Compare Essay, Appendix (to 3rd ed., 1807), 7th ed., p. 507.

60. Records of Creation, 1816.

61. 1st ed., p. 395.

62. Ibid. p. 353. This and much else were probably suggested by Tucker, Light of Nature, Theology, ch. xix. (especially § 20). Cf. below, Book III.

63. Essay, 1st ed., p. 381.

64. Ibid. p. 371.

65. Cf. Essay, 2nd ed., p. 65; later editions, I. vi. (beginning), where he says that sloth is the natural state of man, and his activity is due in the first instance to the “strong goad of necessity,” though it may be kept up afterwards by habit, the spirit of enterprise, and the thirst for glory.

66. 1st ed., pp. 360–366. For the replenishment of the gap made by the Great Plague of 1348, see Prof. Rogers, Six Centuries of Work and Wages (1884), p. 226.

67. 1st ed., p. 391.

68. 1st ed., pp. 394–6; cf. pp. 241–6. Compare Mr. Henry George’s epilogue to Progress and Poverty. It is right to remember that this passage of Malthus was written two years before Paley’s Natural Theology, though four years after his Evidences of Christianity, and many more after the Moral and Political Philosophy.

69. R. of Cr., vol. ii. 103.

70. Essay, 1st ed., p. 387.

71. See below, Book I. ch. v.

72. Ibid. p. 356 note.

73. l. c. He is ready with a similar excuse in the tract on the Measure of Value, p. 61. Where there is no will there is no way.

74. Part II. sect. ii. pp. 204–6.

75. MacCulloch (J. R.), editor of the Commercial Dictionary, and probably the original of Carlyle’s Macrowdy. No one could have a proper reverence for the Fathers of Political Economy who perpetually referred to the greatest of them without his distinctive prænomen.

76. Introduction to W. of N., p. lii. So the writer of Progress and Poverty tells us “the doctrine of Malthus did not originally and does not necessarily involve the idea of progression” (Bk. II. ch. i. p. 89, ed. 1881).

77. Bagehot (Econ. Studies, p. 136 seq.), W. R. Greg (Enigmas of Life), and Held (Sociale Geschichte Englands) may be acquitted, but they are not writers of text-books.

78. Wealth of Nations, Introduction, p. lii.

79. See e. g. the tract on the Measure of Value, p. 23, and cf. Pol. Ec. (2nd ed.), p. 234.

80. Godwin’s Thoughts on Parr’s Sermon, 1801, p. 54; cf. Godwin’s Population (1820), Bk. i. 27.

81. Godwin’s Life, by Kegan Paul, vol. i. 321.

82. Hansard, sub dato, p. 1429.

83. Empson in Edinburgh Review, Jan. 1837, p. 483; cf. Essay on Population, 7th ed. p. 473 n. Empson’s authorship of that article appears from Macvey Napier’s Correspondence, p. 187. See below, Book V.

84. Works, vol. viii. p. 440.

85. Thoughts on Parr’s Sermon, p. 56.

86. Essay, 1st ed., pp. 17, 47, 48; Origin of Species, ch. iii. p. 50. Hence Sir Chas. Lyell even denies the originality of Darwin and Wallace (Antiquity of Man, ch. xxi p. 456).

87. Cf. A. R. Wallace, Contributions to Theory of Natural Selection, and the discussions raised thereupon, 1868. See also Essays in Philosophical Criticism (1883), Essay VIII., The Struggle for Existence, in which some of the mixed motives are further described.

88. Appendix to 5th ed., 1817; 7th ed., p. 526. Cf. Bacon (Essay XXXVIII.), “to bend nature like a wand to a contrary extreme whereby to set it aright.” Adam Smith had used the simile of a bent stick to describe the reaction of the French Economists against the Mercantile theorists (Wealth of Nations, IV. ix. 300).

89. Essay, 1st ed., p. 367. Cf. Senior’s Lectures on Population, p. 79, and p. 75, where he compares such progress to the exploits of the snail which every day climbed up a wall four feet and fell back three.

90. Essay, 1st ed., p. 10.

91. Cf. St. Matth. xix. 12.

92. MS. notes on p. vii of S. T. Coleridge’s copy of the 2nd ed. of the Essay, in Brit. Museum (from the library of his executor, Dr. Joseph H. Green).

93. See Otter’s biographical preface to Malthus’ Pol. Ec. (1836), p. xxxvi, and Otter’s Life of Clarke (1825), i. 437, &c.

94. See below, Book II. chap. iv.

95. 2nd ed., Book IV. chap, xii.; 7th ed., p. 477.

96. 2nd ed., I. ii. 10, 11; cf. xiv. 180; 7th ed., pp. 8 note, 262, &c.

97. 2nd ed., p. 11.

98. 7th ed., p. 351; so I. ix. 82, “moral impossibility” of increase, in a case where there is plenty of food, but bad distribution makes it unattainable. The impossibility is due not to physical law but to human institutions (mores).

99. Malthus, Essay, 1st ed., p. 387.

100. In an unpublished MS. quoted in his Life, i. 76. His published writings contain nothing quite so strong.

101. See below, Book III.

102. Essay, 7th ed., B. IV. chap. vi. and ix.

103. Wealth of Nations, B. V. ch. i. Pt. iii. Art. 2.

104. Essay, Book IV. ch. ix. of 7th ed., esp. p. 439.

105. Cf. even Essay, 1st ed., pp. 33, 34, and 324. But see later, B. II. chaps. ii. and iii.

106. 7th ed., Append., p. 495. Cf. Miss Martineau’s Autob., vol. i. p. 211; cf. pp. 209, 210.

107. Life, vol. i. ch. ix. p. 233.

108. Ingloriously, because of the severe chapter he wrote in the Political Justice, ‘Of Pensions and Salaries’ (ch. ix. of Bk. VI.).

109. Cf. Essay, 7th ed., II. xiii. p. 259.

110. Essay, 2nd ed., p. 2.

111. 2nd ed., p. 3.

112. Essay, 2nd ed., p. 3.

113. 1st ed.; see p. 16, above. “Food” in such propositions includes all the outward conditions necessary to life.

114. 2nd ed., p. 4; 7th ed., p. 3.

115. l. c. Franklin’s Observations concerning the Increase of Mankind, 1751.

116. Dissertation on the Poor Laws by a well-wisher to Mankind (1786), pp. 42–45, 53. He is quoting Dampier’s Voyages, vol. i. pt. ii p. 88.

117. It is fair to say that Ulloa, B. II. ch. iv., says “two or three goats.”

118. 2nd ed., p. 4; cf. 7th ed., p. 3.

119. Carey (H. C.) has certainly made a good case for the reverse. See Princ. of Social Science, vol. i. ch. iv. (1858).

120. Letter to Senior, Appendix to Senior’s Lectures on Population, pp. 60–72.

121. Essay, 2nd ed., p. 5.

122. He might have been warned from such by “οὐ γεωμετρικαῖς ἀλλ’ ἐρωτικαῖς ἀνάγκαις” (Plato, Republic, v. 458). But Bacon had applied the same figure still more widely: “Custom goes in arithmetical, Nature in geometrical progression” (Advancement of L., VI. iii. 259).

123. Cf. what is said of the cosmology of Malthus above, pp. 34 seq.

124. Or, keeping in view Mr. Carey’s exception, we should say not perhaps the first crop, but the earliest in which the farmer did justice to the known resources of the best land.

125. Political Arithmetic—Essay on the Multiplication of Mankind, 1682, pp. 7, 13 seq., especially p. 21 (ed. 1755).

126. Sir James Caird, Landed Interest, 4th ed., 1880, p. 177.

127. But see below, Bk. II. ch. i.

128. 2nd ed., I. i. p. 8; 7th ed., p. 6.

129. Essay, IV. iii., 7th ed., p. 407.

130. Encycl. Brit., art. Population. Cf. Essay, 7th ed., p. 236 n.

131. Sweden was a favourite with statisticians because Sweden alone at that time furnished sound statistics. For an account of the American population down to 1880, and its probable future, see Mr. Giffen’s Address on the Utility of Common Statistics (Stat. Soc., Dec. 1882).

132. 1804–24, or simply from the first census, 1801, to the third, 1821. The increase was such as would double the population of England in fifty-one years at the least (Essay, II. ix., 7th ed., p. 217).

133. Encycl. Brit., l. c.

134. Essay, III. xiv., 7th ed., p. 387.

135. Caird, Landed Interest, pp. 18, 46.

136. Encycl. Brit., l. c.

137. Apart, he ought to have said, from prudence in marriage, which would allow each man’s share to be much more than a bare living. But see below, Bk. II. ch. ii.

138. See below, Bk. II. ch. iii.

139. By the “law” of decreasing returns. See below, Bk. II. ch. i.

140. Mr. Giffen, in the Address above quoted, speaks as if Malthus considered the positive checks as the “natural checks” (p. 531). This, however, is against his distinct statement in Essay, 7th ed., App. p. 480.

141. This is probably the meaning of the author’s phrase, “alter the proportionate amount of the checks to population, or the degree in which they press upon the actual numbers” (Encyclop., l. c., p. 415).

142. See his letter of that date in Macvey Napier’s Correspondence, p. 29.

143. It was not published till 1824. It was certainly written after the results of the Census of 1821 had been published.

144. Pref. to 2nd ed., pp. iv, v; 7th ed., p. vi.

145. p. 52.

146. Essay, 2nd ed., p. 11 n.; 7th ed., p. 9 n.

147. 2nd ed., Pref. p. vii.

148. 2nd ed., Bk. I. ch. ii. p. 10.

149. Adds the 3rd ed.

150. 3rd ed., p. 21; 7th ed., p. 9.

151. 3rd ed. l. c.

152. 2nd ed., p. 13; 7th ed., p. 10. His own book has helped to make this less true.

153. 2nd ed., pp. 14, 15. With this description of the “cycle” compare the view of Marx as given below in Book IV.

154. Miss Martineau, Autob., vol. i. p. 210.

155. Reply to Malthus, p. 20. Cf. below, Book IV.

156. Pref. to 2nd ed., p. vi.

157. 2nd ed., Pref. p. vi. True even then, and much more afterwards.

158. Godwin, On Population, I. iv. 31, 32.

159. 2nd ed., p. 31; 7th ed., p. 23.

160. Démocratie en Amérique, Pt. II. ch. x. p. 278. The author is in thorough agreement with Malthus.

161. 2nd ed., p. 39; 7th ed., p. 28.

162. 2nd ed., p. 25; 7th ed., p. 18.

163. Ibid. p. 43; 7th ed., p. 31.

164. Ibid. p. 39; 7th ed., p. 28.

165. 2nd ed., p. 44; 7th ed., p. 32.

166. Malthus in Edin. Rev., July 1803, p. 345.

167. Essay, 2nd ed., p. 25; 7th ed., p. 18.

168. Ibid. p. 29; 7th ed., p. 21.

169. 2nd ed., pp. 37, 45; 7th ed., pp. 27, 32.

170. Though, like Coleridge (MS. note in another place), he mentions brandy.

171. 2nd ed., pp. 43, 92; 7th ed., pp. 31, 64. Cf. I. vi., 2nd ed., p. 82 n.; 7th ed., p. 57 n.

172. See above, pp. 35, 36.

173. E. g. 2nd ed., II. ii. 199; 7th ed., p. 135.

174. Compare the suggestive remarks of Rogers, Six Centuries, pp. 270, 271. He thinks that a movement like Lollardism could not have succeeded in times of utter depression.

175. Essay, Book I. ch. v.

176. E. g. cannibalism and late marriages.

177. 2nd ed., p. 46; 7th ed., p. 33. Cf. pp. 290 and 339.

178. In Essays, vol. i., Essay XI., Populousness of Ancient Nations, p. 444 (ed. 1768).

179. Cf. Plato, Repub., ii.

180. 2nd ed., p. 57; 7th ed., p. 41.

181. Behm and Wagner (Bevölk. d. Erde, 1882) give it at 16,300.

182. 2nd ed., p. 57 n.; 7th ed., p. 40 n.

183. Report of Admiral D’Horsey to the Admiralty, 1878.

184. See above, pp. 17, 18.

185. Behm and Wagner say ninety-three.

186. Essay, Book I. ch. vi.

187. See above, p. 83.

188. 2nd ed., p. 68 n.; 3rd ed., p. 115 n. He afterwards altered “totally” to “often entirely,” 7th ed., p. 47 n.

189. Wealth of Nations, Book IV. ch. vii. Part iii. p. 286 (ed. MacC.).

190. 2nd ed., p. 66; 7th ed., p. 46.

191. His own word: 2nd ed., p. 67; 7th ed., p. 47.

192. Gen. xiii. 1–9. Essay, 2nd ed., p. 65; 7th ed., p. 45.

193. See e. g. Mackenzie Wallace: Russia, vol. ii. pp. 48, 90, &c.

194. Essay, 2nd ed., p. 72; 7th ed., pp. 50, 51.

195. Gibbon, ch. ix. p. 175.

196. Tacitus, Germ. 14.

197. 2nd ed., pp. 74, 77; 7th ed., pp. 52, 53.

198. Ch. ix. 176: “indeed the impossibility of the supposition.”

199. Grandeur et Décadence des Romains, ch. xvi. p. 138, ed. 1876.

200. Essay, 2nd ed., p. 76; 7th ed., p. 53.

201. Ibid. Bk. I. ch. vii.

202. 2nd ed., p. 99; 7th ed., p. 68.

203. 7th ed., p. 82.

204. 2nd ed., p. 92; 7th ed., p. 63.

205. 2nd ed., p. 94; 7th ed., p. 65.

206. Ibid. p. 104; 7th ed., p. 72.

207. Coleridge (MS. notes) reminds our author that Mahomet allowed oblations of sand for water.

208. Cf. above, p. 96, &c.

209. 2nd ed., III. xi. 474–5; 7th ed., III. xiv. 381.

210. Especially Book I. ch. x., the chapter on Turkey.

211. Essay, Bk. I. ch. xii., ‘China and Japan.’

212. 2nd ed., p. 162; 7th ed., p. 112.

213. Ibid. p. 175; 7th ed., p. 120.

214. See Essay, Bk. I. chs. xiii., xiv.

215. Sparta is the chief Greek instance.

216. 2nd ed., p. 172; 7th ed., p. 118.

217. 2nd ed., p. 150; cf. pp. 164, 172–3. 7th ed., p. 104; cf. pp. 113, 118.

218. See above, p. 99.

219. 1st ed., p. 119; 7th ed., Appendix, p. 515.

220. Essay, 7th ed., p. 122.

221. 2nd ed., p. 254; 7th ed., p. 246. Cf. 2nd ed., pp. 172, 175, and 67; 7th ed., pp. 118, 120, and 47. Cf. Hume, Pop. of Anc. N., pp. 487, and especially 504.

222. 7th ed., pp. 163, 387, 394; 2nd ed., pp. 113, 287, 292. Cf. 1st ed., pp. 118–19, 123 n.

223. 2nd ed., p. 178; 7th ed., p. 122.

224. 7th ed., p. 380, top.

225. 2nd ed., p. 175; 7th ed., p. 120.

226. 2nd ed., p. 175; 7th ed., p. 120.

227. 2nd ed., p. 180; 7th ed., p. 124. “It is therefore upon these causes alone,—independently of [2nd ed. says ‘besides’] actual enumerations,—on which we can with certainty rely.”

228. Dr. Wallace, Dissertation, p. 55, had given Attica in its palmy days a population of 608 to the square mile; England in the nineteenth century has only 445, and crowded Belgium 487.

229. Essay, 1st ed., p. 54; 7th ed., pp. 120, 122; cf. pp. 262, 434. Cf. Wealth of Nations, IV. vii. 254, 255.

230. Essay, 2nd ed., p. 598; 7th ed., p. 476.

231. l. c. cf. 2nd ed., pp. 175, 178; 7th ed., pp. 120, 122.

232. Essay on Population, 2nd ed., p. 180; 7th ed., p. 124.

233. E. g. II. iii. 152, 1; IV. ix. 304, 2 (ed. MacC.).

234. E. g. 7th ed., pp. 307, 434, 473–4.

235. Taine, Angleterre, pp. 176, 232–3.

236. Ibid. p. 233.

237. Wealth of Nations, III. iv. 183, 2, &c.

238. Bacon, Nov. Org., I. xlv.

239. See below, Bk. IV.

240. Except the hog, adds Gibbon, Decl. and F., ch. ix. p. 171 n.

241. See above, p. 48.

242. The phrase on p. 216 of 2nd ed. (p. 148 of 7th), “in the preceding summer of 1788,” is probably a slip. We do not hear elsewhere of any visit so early. See below, Bk. V.

243. See above, p. 49. Cf. 2nd ed., p. 281; 7th ed., p. 173, &c.

244. For his other movements and other details of his life, see Bk. V. (Biography).

245. 2nd and 7th edd., Bk. II. ch. i.

246. Essay, 2nd ed., p. 189; 7th ed., p. 129.

247. The Russian figures being incredible. See later, p. 133.

248. 2nd ed., p. 184; 7th ed., p. 126.

249. 2nd ed., pp. 188, 189; 7th ed., pp. 128, 129. Cf. Thornton’s chapter (II.) on the “Social Effects of Peasant Proprietorships,” Peas. Prop. (ed. 1874), p. 55.

250. In 6th ed., 1826. See 7th ed., p. 144.

251. English Blue Book on Foreign Poor Laws, 1875, p. 109.

252. Statesman’s Year Book, 1880, p. 439.

253. Essay, 7th ed., p 112.

254. E. g. that of Essay, 7th ed., p. 130.

255. Essay, 7th ed., p. 139; cf. pp. 151, 152.

256. Ibid. p. 152.

257. Essay, Bk. II. ch. ii.

258. Ibid. Bk. II. ch. iii.

259. 2nd ed., pp. 213–14; 7th ed., pp. 146, 147.

260. 2nd ed., pp. 214–15; 7th ed., p. 147, foot.

261. Ibid. p. 218; 7th ed., p. 150. Cf. above, p. 30.

262. 2nd ed., p. 219; 7th ed., p. 151. Compare Price, Observations, p. 280 note; and especially Hume, Pop. of Anc. N., p. 445 (ed. 1768).

263. Essay, ibid.

264. Essay, 2nd ed., p. 220; 7th ed., p. 151.

265. Ibid. p. 221; 7th ed., p. 152.

266. Essay, 2nd ed., pp. 216–17; 7th ed., p. 149.

267. Ibid. 7th ed., Bk. II. chs. iv. to x., as rearranged in the 3rd ed.

268. Six Centuries of Work and Wages, pp. 118, 119.

269. Essay, 2nd ed., II. v. p. 245; 7th ed., II. iv. p. 159. Cf. 2nd ed., p. 320; 7th ed., p. 206.

270. Ibid. 2nd ed., p. 347; 7th ed., p. 260.

271. Ibid. 2nd ed., p. 348; 7th ed., p. 260.

272. See above, p. 18.

273. So in substance Cairnes in his rehabilitation of the Wages Fund. Leading Principles, pp. 196 seq. Cliffe Leslie passim.

274. Essay, 2nd ed., p. 240; 7th ed., p. 155.

275. Ibid. p. 247; 7th ed., p. 160.

276. “Partout où il se trouve une place où deux personnes peuvent vivre commodément, il se fait un mariage.”—Esprit des Lois, Bk. XXIII. ch. x. (not XXII., as in 7th ed.).

277. Essay, 2nd ed., p. 247; 7th ed., p. 160.

278. Ibid. 2nd ed., p. 221; 7th ed., p. 152.

279. Essay, 2nd ed., pp. 248–9; 7th ed., pp. 161–2.

280. Ibid.

281. 2nd ed., p. 246; 7th ed., p. 159. The Italics are the author’s.

282. Ibid. p. 247; 7th ed., p. 160.

283. Ibid.

284. 2nd ed., p. 205; 7th ed., p. 139.

285. Essay, 2nd ed., pp. 387 seq.; 7th ed., pp. 287 seq.

286. Ibid.

287. Essay, 2nd ed., p. 391; 7th ed., pp. 289–90.

288. Ibid.

289. Essay, 2nd ed., p. 393; 7th ed., p. 291.

290. 2nd ed., p. 395; 7th ed., p. 292.

291. Ibid.

292. Appointed in March 1826, in the last thirteen months of Lord Liverpool’s Government. Malthus came before them on 5th May, 1827. See Third Report of Emigration Committee, pp. 9, 10, and for his evidence pp. 311 seq.

293. 1st Report, 1826 (May); 2nd, 1827 (April). The free use of technical terms is not surprising, for political economy was then a popular study. For examples see 1st Report, pp. 46, 57; 2nd Report, pp. 63, 102; 3rd Report, pp. 261, 308.

294. 2nd Report.

295. 3rd Report, 1827 (June).

296. p. 9.

297. Cf. below, ch. vii. (on Ireland), especially pp. 197 and 199.

298. 3rd Report, p. 315, qu. 3257.

299. The Emigration Committee recommended that the help of the state should only be given on condition of a local initiative and local contribution.

300. See e. g. qu. 3370.

301. 7th ed., p. 292.

302. W. of N., I. viii. 36 (MacC.’s ed.). “Other” is not a slip; the writer is conscious of his cynicism.

303. Essay, III. iv. 293, of which the concluding paragraph was added in 1817.

304. Essay, 7th ed., Bk. II. ch. v.

305. 2nd ed., pp. 275–6; 7th ed., p. 169.

306. Or “Leyzin,” as Malthus spells it.

307. Essay, 2nd ed., p. 271; 7th ed., p. 166.

308. Average sixty-one years.

309. 2nd ed., p. 274; 7th ed., p. 168.

310. 2nd ed., p. 280; 7th ed., p. 173, top. The remark savours of paradox.

311. Ibid. p. 280, foot; 7th ed., p. 173.

312. Ibid. p. 281; 7th ed., p. 173.

313. See above, p. 127.

314. Compare above on “oscillations,” p. 147, and below, Bk. II. chs. ii. and iii.

315. Essay, 7th ed., Bk. II. chs. vi., vii.

316. 2nd ed., p. 285; 7th ed., p. 175.

317. 2nd ed., p. 296; cf. 7th ed., p. 182 n. “Indeed in adopting Sir F. d’Ivernois’s calculations respecting the actual loss of men during the Revolution, I never thought myself borne out by facts, but the reader will be aware that I adopted them rather for the sake of illustration than from supposing them strictly true.”

318. 7th ed., p. 188.

319. 7th ed., p. 176; cf. p. 175.

320. 7th ed., pp. 177, 181 n.

321. Ibid., p. 178 and n.

322. Not above suspicion. See 7th ed., p. 176 n.

323. The military advantage of an increasing population is pointed out also in the article on Newenham’s ‘Ireland,’ Edin. Rev., July 1808, p. 350.

324. Cf. Josiah Tucker, On Trade, p. 17 (3rd ed., 1753).

325. Essay, 2nd ed., p. 297 n; 7th ed., p. 185, which omits one clause. Cf. 2nd ed., pp. 290–1; 7th ed., pp. 179, 180.

326. 2nd ed., p. 291; 7th ed., pp. 179, 180. Cf. the often-quoted passages about the bleak rock and the garden, written (be it remarked) before and not after the Revolution, in Arthur Young’s Travels in France (Bury St. Edmunds, 1792), pp. 36, 37, 42; cf. p. 341.

327. E. g. 5th, 1817; 7th ed., ch. vii.

328. 7th ed., p. 188.

329. Arthur Young, Travels in France, pp. 410, 437.

330. Essay, 7th ed., p. 189.

331. Cf. Fyffe, Mod. Europe, i. 124.

332. Essay, 7th ed., p. 189.

333. A characteristic utilitarian touch. 2nd ed., p. 295, top; 7th ed., p. 183.

334. Ibid.

335. 2nd ed., p. 294; 7th ed., p. 183.

336. Essay, 7th ed., p. 320 (III. vii.).

337. Levasseur, France avec ses Colonies (1875), p. 842. According to Anderson, Chron. Ded., Vol. III. p. xliii, some said twenty, others seventeen. But Mr. Kitchin cites Vauban to show that there had been a decline in population from fifteen to thirteen millions between the beginning of the war of Succession and the end of it (1702, 1713).—History of France, vol. iii. p. 342. Cf. Fox Bourne’s Life of Locke, i. p. 350; Vauban’s Dîme Royale, pp. 162–3.

338. Josiah Tucker, Essay on Trade (3rd ed., 1753), p. 14. There may be rhetorical exaggeration in his statements. “The subordination of the common people is an unspeakable advantage to the French in respect to trade. By this means the manufacturers [workmen] are always kept industrious. They dare not run into debauchery; to drunkenness they are not inclined. They are [practically by the law of military service] obliged to enter into the married state, whereby they raise up large families to labour, and keep down the price of it; and consequently, by working cheaper, enable the merchant to sell the cheaper.”

339. Wealth of Nations, IV. iii. pp. 220–1.

340. See above, p. 155. Levasseur makes it twenty-five; Arthur Young, who considers France over-populated by five or six millions, makes it twenty-six (Travels in France, pp. 468–9; cf. p. 474). Price had made it thirty.

341. Grounds of an Opinion, &c., p. 12. See below, Bk. II. ch. i.

342. Census as given in Annuaire de l’Économie Politique (1882), p. 899.

343. Political Economy (1820), pp. 433 seq. Cliffe Leslie (Mor. and Pol. Essays, 1879, p. 424) attributes the few births to the very Law of Succession of which Malthus was afraid.

344. In the country districts at least. On the relation of luxury to trade, &c., see below, Bk. II. ch. iii. p. 268.

345. E. g. by M. Levasseur in La France avec ses Colonies (1875), p. 853.

346. Appendix to Wealth of Nations, note iv. p. 465.

347. Levasseur, l. c. pp. 845, 846 ft.

348. Times, Jan. 1883.

349. English Registrar-General’s 45th Report, for 1882, pp. cii, cvii.

350. Levasseur, La France, l. c.

351. E. g. Times, l. c.

352. Essay, 7th ed., IV. xiii. p. 474; 2nd ed., IV. xi. p. 594.

353. 2nd ed., II. ix.; 7th ed., II. viii, ix.

354. 1st ed., pp. 63, 64.

355. 1st ed., pp. 65–6; cf. 2nd ed., p. 300, and 7th ed., p. 193.

356. See below, Bk. II. ch. iv., &c.

357. The numbers given then were five millions.—Froude, Hist. of England, i. 3.

358. See Hansard, Parl. Hist., xiv. 1317.

359. Not unfelt in 1801. So Arthur Young speaks as if the agricultural interest had not unfrequently regarded the Board of Agriculture as a new instrument of taxation. (Report on Suffolk, p. 16.)

360. In charge of Rev. Alexander Webster.

361. Parl. Hist., vol. xv. p. 69, quoted by Mahon, Hist. of England, sub dato, ch. xxxi. p. 39. Cf. Trevelyan, Early Life of Fox, ch. i. p. 14.

362. Dr. Adam Anderson, Chronological Deduc. of Commerce, Introd., p. xliii.; first printed in 1762.

363. See especially Estimate (7th ed., 1758), Vol. I. Pt. II. sect. viii. pp. 186 seq.

364. Chron. Ded., ibid.

365. I. e. to the discussion described by Dr. Anderson. Cf. Malthus, Essay, 7th ed., p. 164. Muret’s pessimistic paper was printed in 1766.

366. In his Political Arithmetic, 1774.

367. Estimate of the Comparative Strength of Britain during the present and four preceding Reigns, by George Chalmers, F.R.S., S.A., 1st ed., 1782.

368. Natural and Political Observations, 1696. Apud Davenant and Chalmers.

369. Primitive Origination of Mankind.

370. Political Survey of Great Britain, 1774.

371. Cf. Chalmers, Estimate, p. 4, Pref. p. cxxxviii., and John Howlett’s Examination of Dr. Price’s Essay (Maidstone), 1781.

372. Cf. Macaulay, History, ch. iii. 137.

373. Observations, supplement, p. 366. Cf. Malthus, Essay, App. p. 519. Arthur Young, France, p. 409. The whole subject will be considered later in connection with Scotland.

374. See Observations on Smuggling, 1779.

375. But see the caveat in the Registrar-General’s 44th Report (for 1881), p. vi.: The price of wheat and the marriage rate do not always vary inversely.

376. In the same way the returns to the Board of Agriculture at the end of the century are full of (not quite disinterested) praises of enclosures as an encouragement of population.

377. Lecky, Eighteenth Cent., i. 261, 479 seq. Restrictions on the sale were successfully adopted by Pelham in 1751, at the time when the question of depopulation was coming to the front.

378. An unsafe presumption. See below, Bk. II. ch. ii., &c.

379. E. g. inoculation.

380. Essay, 2nd ed., p. 317; 7th ed., p. 198, compared with 7th ed., p. 189, &c., above, pp. 115–16.

381. Essay, 7th ed., p. 198 note; first printed in 3rd ed. (1806), p. 461 n.

382. 2nd ed., p. 302 n.; 7th ed., p. 194 n.

383. This is asserted in the Preliminary Report to the last English census (1881). Against the idea, see the Annual Register’s reviews of Eden’s work on the Poor (1797), and of his Estimate of English numbers (1800). The Register had numbered Burke and Godwin among its writers, and was not likely to be behind public opinion.

384. See the review of Arthur Young’s Question of Scarcity plainly stated, 1800, in Ann. Register, sub dato.

385. Chairman of the Committee on the Public Finances 1797, Speaker of the Commons 1802, Lord Colchester 1817.

386. 2nd ed., p. 318; 7th ed., p. 204. Cf. 2nd ed., p. 317; 7th ed., pp. 192, 203, 206, 219, &c.

387. 2nd ed., p. 311; 7th ed., pp. 201, 202, foot. Compare 44th Rept. of Reg.-Gen. (England), p. v.

388. As e. g. in 1800–1 compared with 1802–3; 7th ed., p. 214.

389. 2nd ed., p. 319; 7th ed., p. 205. Cf. passages cited on last page.

390. Cf. Essay, 2nd ed., pp. 308–9; 7th ed., pp. 198–9.

391. 2nd ed., pp. 312–13; 7th ed., p. 201. The 2nd ed. has a reference to “the late scarcities” wanting in the later edds. Registration, be it remembered, was then of baptisms and burials, not births and deaths.

392. See above, p. 176. Cf. on the other hand the concession, 2nd ed., p. 317; 7th ed., p. 203, middle.

393. Essay, 2nd ed., p. 319; 7th ed., pp. 205–6.

394. 7th ed., p. 188.

395. Rickman himself allowed their defectiveness. See Essay, 2nd ed., p. 304; 7th ed., p. 196. Cf. above, p. 179.

396. 2nd ed., p. 302; 7th ed., p. 194. By the Registrar-General’s Report for 1882 it was as 1 in 64½ in that year.

397. 2nd ed., p. 303; 7th ed., p. 195.

398. 7th ed., p. 205.

399. 2nd ed., pp. 213–14; 7th ed., p. 202.

400. 45th Report of Registrar-General (England), (1882), p. ci.

401. 7th ed., p. 210.

402. 2nd ed., p. 302; 7th ed., p. 194 n.

403. Numbers calculated by “natural increment,” i. e. births and deaths—26,138,248; numbers actually enumerated—25,968,286.—Preliminary Report, p. iii.

404. ’31–’41, incr. 14.52; ’71–’81, incr. 14.34.

405. Or three and a quarter millions of people to England and Wales alone.

406. 7th ed., II. ix. p. 215 (written first in 5th ed., 1817).

407. Essay, 7th ed., p. 258; cf. Prel. Rept. Census, 1881, p. ix.

408. The account of Scotland in the Essay, Bk. II. ch. x., is taken from the Statistical Account of Sir John Sinclair, 1791–99. Sinclair was acting, on the south side of the Tweed, as President of the Board of Agriculture. See below, Bk. II. ch. i. p. 218.

409. There was very little in Scotland. It is only once mentioned by Adam Smith. MacCulloch says “never,” but he had overlooked Wealth of Nations, IV. vii. 251–2.

410. The last of late introduction. See Reports to Board of Agriculture: Central Highlands (1794), p. 21.

411. 2nd ed., p. 384; 7th ed., p. 229.

412. Not feudal but pre-feudal, or allodial. See Wealth of Nations, III. iv. 183, 1.

413. Wealth of Nations, ibid.

414. Selkirk, Highlands, 1805, p. 25.

415. See the Legend of Montrose, &c.

416. Adam Smith, l. c.; cf. I. viii 36, 1 (the often-quoted description of “half-starved highland women” with their twenty children in contrast to the “pampered fine lady” with few or none.)

417. Reports to Board of Agriculture: Central Highlands, 1794, p. 52.

418. Wealth of Nations, III. iv. 184, 1 (written 1774), a passage which shows that the clearances and the consequent cry of Depopulation are to be looked for as early as the middle of the century. We are sometimes told that from the ’45 to the end of the century was the golden age of highland farmers. But the willingness of the clansmen to enter Chatham’s highland regiments would hardly imply great contentment.

419. Cf. Essay on Pop., pp. 332 (2nd ed.), 227 (7th ed.), and Selkirk, l. c., pp. 43 seq. Contra, see Report of Crofters Commission, 1884, p. 51.

420. Made under the Marquis of Stafford between 1807 and 1820, in which year the popular odium was at its height, and the landlord made his defence in a well-known pamphlet by his factor, James Loch.

421. Cf. Malthus, Essay, 7th ed., p. 229, top; cf. pp. 221 ft., 223 ft.; 2nd ed., pp. 326–7.

422. See Malthus, Essay, 7th ed., p. 227. Cf. Farr in Statist. Journ., 16th Feb. 1846.

423. Drawn chiefly from the Statistical Account of Scotland, 1791–99.

424. Lavergne, Econ. Rur. de l’Angleterre, ch. xx. p. 310.

425. The 6th simply adds the numbers of the people from the census of 1821, with hardly any comment.

426. 2nd ed. says “barbarism.”

427. 2nd ed., “depressed.”

428. 2nd ed. adds, “by the filth of their persons.”

429. 2nd ed., pp. 334–5; 7th ed., p. 229. He refers to the rebellion of 1795–98, that was prelude to the Union of 1800, and was fresh in his memory.

430. Edin. Review, July 1808, the only review in that journal assigned to him by express testimony.

431. 3rd Report of Emigration Committee (1827), Evid., qu. 3225.

432. In the article on Newenham he incidentally utters the paradox that in view of the low standard of food the people’s indolence is almost an advantage, for it prevents wages falling quite down to that level.—Art. p. 341. Cf. Essay, IV. xi. 456–7. For his view of potatoes in Ireland, ibid., 453.

433. Cf. Review of Newenham, p. 352.

434. Cf. Rogers, Six Centuries of Work and Wages (1884), p. 484.

435. In a sense already frequently noticed. So in answer 3401, where he seems to accept the phrase “moral degradation” as applied to Ireland.

436. Cf. above, pp. 95 and 195 n. Professor Rogers must have forgotten such passages as these when he wrote the 62nd and 63rd pages of his Six Centuries of Work and Wages (1884), though he furnishes his own correction on a following page (484).

437. Wealth of Nations, V. iii. 430, 1, 2.

438. Sir Wm. Petty made it 1,100,000 in 1672. See MacCulloch, Append. to Wealth of Nations, (IV.) 462.

439. See Sir H. Parnell’s evidence in 3rd Report to Emigration Committee, 1827, p. 200. He thinks that between 1792 and 1821 the population of Ireland had doubled itself.

440. Malthus, Evidence before Emigration Committee, 1827; 3rd Report, qu. 3430, p. 327.

441. Querist (1735) 134: “Whether if there was a wall of brass a thousand cubits high round this kingdom, our natives might not nevertheless live cleanly and comfortably, till the land, and reap the fruits of it?” The “caged rats” of the Corn Law pamphlets give us the other side of the question.

442. “Of such consequence in the encouragement of any industry is a steady unvarying policy.”——Arthur Young, France, p. 388.

443. See above, p. 151, &c.

444. See above, pp. 191–2.

445. l. c. p. 399. Cf. Lecky, Eighteenth Cent., vol. ii. pp. 222 seq.; Review of Newenham, pp. 349, 350.

446. See above, p. 18.

447. 7th ed., p. 378 ft. Cf. Polit. Econ., 1st ed., pp. 252, 290, and 394 seq.

448. Essay, III. viii. 323 (first in 5th ed.). See later, p. 268, &c.

449. Essay, 7th ed., pp. 452–3; 2nd ed., pp. 575–6.

450. Ibid., p. 323 ft. (7th); MacCulloch, Appendix to W. of N., p. 467, 2.

451. Essay on Pop., 2nd ed., p. 576; 7th ed., p. 453 ft.

452. Lavergne, pp. 423–4.

453. Even in 1875 the Registrar-General’s Report showed that there were then fewer marriages in Ireland than in England, in proportion to the population, and that they came later. Cf. the 18th Report, for Ireland (1882), pp. 18, 19.

454. Review of Newenham, pp. 351–4.

455. See above, Bk. I. ch. i.

456. 2nd ed., Bk. III. chs. i. to iii.; 7th ed., Bk. III. chs. i. and ii.

457. 7th ed., ch. iii. (on Owen, &c.), which replaces a reply (2nd and 3rd edd.) to Godwin’s first reply.

458. All except those on pauperism. When pauperism is reached, the thread of the essay is again taken up.

459. Pol. Econ., 1820, Introd. p. 11. Cf. Tract on Value, p. 60 ft., and above, p. 37.

460. High Price of Bullion, 1809. See below, p. 285.

461. Malthus, Pol. Econ., Introd. pp. 2, 5, 22, &c.; Essay on Pop., Pref. &c.; Ricardo, Principles of Pol. Econ. and Taxn. (1817), Pref.

462. Life of Ricardo in preface to Works, p. xxxi.

463. J. S. Mill, Political Economy, 1848 and 1849. It was not a complete breach. The new faith and the old perplex each other and the reader, in the pages of Mill.

464. Pol. Econ., Introd. Cf. the Discussions on the Measure of Value, Pol. Econ., ch. ii., and pamphlet on the subject. So Roscher, Nationalökonomie, § 1 and n.

465. Arist., Ethics, i. (3).

466. “Definitions in Political Economy, preceded by an inquiry into the rules which ought to guide political economists in the definition and use of their terms, with remarks on the deviations from these rules in their writings” (1827), p. 5.

467. Pol. Econ., Introd. p. 11.

468. Definitions, p. 4.

469. Ibid., p. 5.

470. Definitions, pp. 6, 7.

471. Pol. Econ. (1820), p. 28. “And have an exchangeable value,” was the Ricardian addition; and in the Quarterly Rev., Jan. 1824, p. 298, Malthus weakly allows the addition to pass.

472. Pol. Econ., Introd. p. 11.

473. MacCulloch, Life of Ricardo, prefixed to Princ. of Econ. and Taxation (ed. 1876), p. xxv.

474. Letter quoted by Empson in Edin. Review, Jan. 1837.

475. Pol. Econ., Pref. pp. 12, 13 (2nd ed.). Cf. above, p. 57.

476. Arist., Ethics, x. 1. Some thought pleasure was the goal, but, for the sake of others, “one must not say so.”

477. See below, ch. iv.

478. Porter’s Progress of the Nation, p. 148 (ed. 1851). Cf. MacCulloch, Wealth of Nations, Notes, p. 525.

479. Dissolved in 1817.

480. Between 1767 and his death in 1820, he wrote no less than a hundred volumes on agriculture. His bet is given in Sir J. Sinclair’s Life by Archdeacon Sinclair, i. 253.

481. At the end of 1801.

482. Communications to Board of Agriculture, iv. 232–5 (1805). Cf. Ann. Reg., 1801, p. 131.

483. E. g. that the members should always use mixed instead of pure wheaten flour.

484. Ann. Reg., 1801, p. 129.

485. As was done, e. g., by Chief Justice Kenyon, King’s Bench, Rex v. John Rusby, Nov. 1799.

486. See J. S. Girdler, Forestalling, &c. (1800), S. J. Pratt’s poem on Bread for the Poor (1800).

487. Girdler, l. c. pp. 46,48, &c.

488. Philps, Progress of Great Britain, p. 132.

489. Cf. the figures given in Malthus’ Tract on Value, pp. 69–79, and in Professor Rogers’ Six Centuries of Work and Wages, pp. 487 seq.,—both of them taken chiefly from Eden on the Poor.

490. Wealth of Nations, I. viii. 44, 1.

491. On the whole subject see Craik, Hist. of Commerce, ii. 142–5.

492. Macpherson, ditto, iii. 148 (year 1728), 307 (year 1757).

493. Ibid., iii. 329, 331; MacC., Comm. Dict. (ed. 1871), p. 430.

494. Cf. Essay on Population, p. 352 (7th ed.). Cf. above, p. 25.

495. Macpherson, iii. 438, 452.

496. Cf. Malthus, Essay on Pop., p. 453 (2nd ed.); Grounds of on Opinion, &c., p. 43.

497. E. g. National Industry of Scotland, vol. ii. pp. 208–9 (1779). MacCulloch has quoted other passages (Wealth of Nations, xlviii. n., and Note on Rent, p. 453, 1, and n.). Sir Edward West agrees with Malthus in his qualified approval of the Corn Laws. See Price of Corn, &c., p. 139.

498. A reprint of the 3rd (?)

499. If we include the Crisis, it would be the fifth time.

500. It was popular enough to reach a 3rd edition in 1815.

501. See Grounds of an Opinion, &c., p. 2.

502. Observations, pp. 20–1.

503. Ibid., p. 17.

504. The English price in Nov. 1884.

505. Observations, pp. 19, 22, 23, 27.

506. Ibid., p. 28. If the Ricardian hypothesis is not true of individuals, it is still less true of Governments, as Cobden experienced.

507. Ibid., pp. 30, 31.

508. Ibid., p. 32: “Many of the questions both in morals and politics seem to be of the nature of the problems de maximis et minimis in fluxions; in which there is always a point where a certain effect is the greatest, while on either side of this point it gradually diminishes.”

509. Cf. even Observations, pp. 5, 12, 13.

510. See below, chs. ii. and iii.

511. The expression of Grenville in a letter to Pitt, 1800. See Stanhope, Life of Pitt, ii. 371.

512. Unless perhaps Mr. Bagehot’s. Col. Thompson understood the theory of population only in its cruder form. In answer 337 of the Catechism (1839) he meets the objection that free trade would only increase population by saying: “No man has a right to prevent us running a constant race with hunger if we can.”

513. Grounds, &c., p. 46 n.

514. Ibid., pp. 3, 11, 12,

515. Ibid., pp. 30, 33.

516. Ricardo, Works, p. 33[8?]5 (MacC.’s ed.). For remarks on this part of Malthus’ tract see ibid., p. 382.

517. Grounds, &c., p. 36 n. Cf. Ricardo, p. 390.

518. See above, p. 211.

519. Pol. Econ., ch. iii. sect. i. p. 134 (1820).

520. Wealth of Nations, I. xi., beginning.

521. He does not always prefix this qualification; but that he intended it appears clearly from the Tract on Rent, p. 3 n.: Not every land that yields food will yield rent. Cf. Pol Econ. (1820), p. 141.

522. Compare Tract on Rent, p. 16 n.

523. The title of the tract is, An Inquiry into the Nature and Progress of Rent, and the Principles by which it is regulated. It appears from a letter of Malthus to Sir John Sinclair on 31st Jan., 1815, that it was passing through the press in that month. Sinclair, Correspondence, i. 391 (1831).

524. As, he might have added, in education.

525. Pol. Econ. (1820), p. 142, but especially p. 187. Cf. Tract on Rent, pp. 8–12.

526. Rent, p. 10.

527. Cf. also below, p. 294.

528. Wealth of Nations, IV. ii. 307, 2; cf. IV. v. 240, 2.

529. Essay on the Application of Capital to Land, with observations showing the impolicy of any great restriction of the importation of corn, and that the bounty of 1688 did not lower the price of it. By a fellow of University College, Oxford. (London, 1815.) Page 2.

530. W. of N., II. iii. 148, 1.

531. Essay, 1st ed., p. 363.

532. Tract on Rent, p. 16; Essay on Pop. (7th ed.), p. 327. Cf. above.

533. Rent, p. 20; cf. pp. 18, 57. Essay on Pop., 2nd ed., p. 433; 7th ed., p. 327. “If we look only to the clear monied rent,” &c.

534. Ricardo, Preface to Principles of Pol. Econ. and Taxation.

535. Reprinted by MacCulloch in his edition of Pol. Econ. and Taxation, pp. 367–390.

536. MacCulloch ed. of Pol. Econ. and Taxation, p. 374 n.

537. Ibid., p. 371.

538. So Prof. Rogers ascribes the high rents of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries very largely to the low wages; higher ones would have “reduced rent first, and profits afterwards.”—Six Centuries, p. 482; cf. pp. 480 and 492.

539. Pol. Econ. (1820), p. 161 (ch. iii. sect. iii.).

540. Pol. Econ. and Taxation, pp. 373, 375, 379–80; cf. pp. 71 and 72, but especially 68 ft. Malthus on the whole follows Adam Smith, I. ix.; Mill has followed Ricardo.

541. So far as the account is meant to be historical, it must be corrected by Carey. See above, p. 65.

542. Ricardo, l. c. p. 372 and n. Cf. below. He appeals to Adam Smith’s principle of compensation (Wealth of Nations, I. x.).

543. Rogers (Six Centuries, p. 352) goes so far the other way as to make improvements the only cause of an increase of rent, though the passage should be read with p. 480, and especially pp. 482 and 492.

544. E. g. Mrs. Fawcett, Pol. Econ. for Beginners, pp. 65, 66; and even West, on Rent, p. 50.

545. 3rd Report, 1827, p. 321, qu. 3341. Cf. Perr. Thompson, True Theory of Rent, pp. 8, 12, 34, &c. (1832, 9th ed.).

546. Tract on Value, p. 6.

547. Ricardo, Low Price of Corn, &c., Works, pp. 373, 380, 381, &c.

548. Ibid., pp. 377, 379.

549. Ricardo, Works, l. c. p. 378.

550. Pol. Econ. and Tax., ibid. pp. 50 seq., esp. pp. 54, 55.

551. l. c. p. 55 ft.

552. Low Price, &c., ibid., p. 379.

553. Pol. Econ. and Tax., ch. v.; cf. Malthus, Pol. Econ. (1820), p. 230.

554. But cf. Works, p. 377 n.

555. Pol. Econ., IV. iii § 4. Cf. Walker, Land and its Rent, pp. 177–81, though it has been pointed out that on p. 178 that writer omits Mill’s qualifying phrase, (improvements) “suddenly made.”

556. See Sir James Caird’s table appended to Landed Interest (1878). Cf. Cairne’s Essays in Pol. Ec., vi. p. 216.

557. Bk. III. ch. vii p. 429.

558. Essay, 2nd ed., Bk. III. ch. viii. p. 437.

559. Ibid., l. c. ch. ix. pp. 443 seq.

560. Essay, Bk. III. ch. ix. p. 450.

561. Ibid., ch. x. p. 465.

562. Ibid., Bk. V. ch. x. p. 468 n.

563. Pol. Econ. (1820), pp. 227 seq., (1836) pp. 240 seq.

564. Six Centuries of Work and Wages, ch. xii., esp. p. 345.

565. The facts of Malthus’ “review” may be roughly given in the following diagram, where the bar indicates the wheat earned per day by the agricultural labourer. The amount for 1350 assumes that the Statute of Labourers was successful.

566. 7th ed., pp. 321 seq. (Bk. III. ch. viii.), first in 1817.

567. Cf. above, p. 225 n. In Pol. Econ. (1820), p. 432, he says, “All the great results in Pol. Econ. respecting wealth depend upon proportions.” 2nd ed. added (p. 376), “not only there, but throughout the whole range of nature and art.” So he thinks a peck of wheat a good “middle point” of wages. Pol. Econ. (1820), p. 284, (1836) p. 254.

568. Essay, 7th ed., Bk. III. ch. ix. pp. 328 seq. Cf. pp. 334, 338.

569. Ibid., p. 332.

570. Ibid., Bk. III. ch. x. pp. 334 seq.

571. See above, p. 201 n. Cf. Essay on Pop., 7th ed., p. 337.

572. Essay, l. c. p. 338.

573. l. c. Bk. III. ch. x. pp. 338–9.

574. Fortnightly Review, Nov. 1881, his last writing. Cf. Essay, l. c. pp. 340–342.

575. In two long chapters on Corn Laws and Bounties, Essay on Pop., Bk. III. ch. xi. pp. 343–367. Cf. above, pp. 226 seq.

576. See below, Bk. IV.

577. The Measure of Value stated and illustrated, with an application of it to the alteration in the value of the English currency since 1790. (April) 1823.

578. So Tract on Value, p. 1. But in Definitions value is “the relation of one object to some other or others, in exchange, resulting from the estimation in which a thing is held” (def. 40, 41; cf. with def. 5).

579. Adam Smith, Wealth of Nations, I. v.

580. Measure of Value, p. 23. Cf. Pol. Econ. (1820), pp. 126 seq.; (1836), pp. 84, 93 seq.

581. Measure of Value, p. 20 n. On pp. 23–4 he adds, “taking the average of summer and winter wages.”

582. See below, p. 268. Pol. Econ. (1820), p. 125; (1836) p. 102, &c.; Tract on Value, passim.

583. Work and Wages, ch. iii. p. 75. Malthus, Pol. Econ., 2nd ed., pp. 108 seq.

584. Cf. Marx, Kapital, pp. 19, 21, &c.

585. MacC.’s ed., pp. 45 seq. Cf. Tract on Value, p. 20 n., above quoted.

586. Cf. Ricardo, Pol. Econ., Works (ed. MacC.), p. 15.

587. Meas. of Value, pp. 8–12.

588. Meas. of Value, pp. 22, 65. Cf. Cairnes, Australian Episode, in Essays in Pol. Econ. (pp. 92 seq.; cf. pp. 37, 61), (1873),—first published in Fraser’s Mag., Sept. 1859.

589. Meas. of Value, p. 23.

590. Ibid., pp. 27–29.

591. Meas. of Value, p. 29 n.

592. He might have said simply that the one is intrinsic, the other extrinsic, in relation to the agricultural products themselves.

593. Meas. of Value, p. 63.

594. Meas. of Value, pp. 67 seq. Cf. below, pp. 283 seq.

595. Who allows cost to play a greater part in value. Cf. below, pp. 278–9. But Ricardo, Pol. Econ., sect vi. p. 28, disclaims belief in any universal measure of value.

596. Malthus, quoted by Empson, Edin. Rev., Jan. 1837, p. 499.

597. He was F.R.S. 1819, and a member of Pol. Econ. Club at its foundation in 1821.

598. 4th May, 1825; 7th Nov., 1827. Transactions of it R. S. L., vol. i. part i. p. 171.

599. Report of R. S. L., 1824, p. 21.

600. We might expressly wish to know a coat’s value in money or its value in cutlery or coals. The Professor at the Breakfast-table talks of “Madeira worth from two to six Bibles a bottle.”

601. Definitions (1827), p. 235.

602. I. e. to the object which measures that cost-value.

603. Ibid., p. 243.

604. See above, p. 254. Ricardo’s long correspondence with Malthus on the subject is mentioned by Empson, Edin. Rev., l. c. p. 469. Empson’s extracts from it are the most valuable part of his article.

605. R. Torrens, Production of Wealth, 1821, pp. iv, v.

606. Held, Sociale Geschichte Englands, p. 205.

607. Dialogues of Three Templars on Political Economy, 1824 (Works, Black, 1863, vol. iv.). All depends on the assumption in the middle of Dialogue I. p. 196, (“it is Mr. Ricardo’s doctrine that,” &c.), and on the confinement of the discussion to natural value (p. 198).

608. Measure of Value, p. 20 n.

609. London, 1832; Birmingham, 1833. The Constituent Assembly applied the same measure, but in a different way, in 1791. See Roscher, National-ökon. (1879), p. 298.

610. The words are, “enable the labourers to maintain a stationary or an increasing population” (Pol. Econ., 1836, p. 218). The awkwardness of the sentence may be due to bad editing; but we read elsewhere of the “price of wages.”

611. Pol. Econ., 1836, pp. 218, 223.

612. See Lassalle and Marx.

613. Cf. Malthus, Pol. Econ. (1836), pp. 224, 225, &c. Essay on Population, 7th ed., III viii. 323, but especially IV. xiii. 473. See also Rogers, Six Centuries, ch. viii., ‘The Famine and the Plague,’ especially pp. 233–242.

614. Malthus, Essay on Pop., IV. xiii. 473; cf. pp. 373 and 434.

615. Cf. especially Essay on Pop. (2nd ed.), III. ix. 444. “The price of labour has been rising—not to fall again.”

616. Emigr. Comm. (1827), p. 326, qu. 3411; cf. 3408, 3409. Cf. above, p. 197.

617. The chief of them being the rate of profits which is at the given time enough to induce the “undertaker” (or “enterpriser”) to continue business.

618. See Mill on Thornton’s ‘Labour,’ Fortnightly Review, May 1869. Cf. Walker on The Wages Question, pp. 140 seq.

619. So in Quarterly Review, Jan. 1824, p. 315, Malthus says profits depend rather on the demand for produce than on the demand for labour.

620. Discourse on Pol. Econ., by J. R. MacCulloch, pp. 61, 62 (1st and 2nd edd.), 1825.

621. Conversations on Pol. Econ., 1817 (1st and 2nd edd.), p. 137. Mrs. Marcet’s memory is preserved for latter-day readers by Macaulay’s reference to her in the essay on Milton.

622. Discourse, l. c. Cf. MacC.’s Pol. Econ., Pt. III. ch. ii. p. 378 (ed. 1843); Prof. Fawcett’s Manual of Pol. Econ., p. 131 (1876).

623. James Mill, Elem. (1821), p. 25; John Mill, Principles, II. xi. § 1. Cf. Fort. Rev., 1869, May; Thornton, Labour, II. i. p. 83.

624. Wealth of Nations, I. viii. p. 31, 2.

625. Ibid., IV. ix. 306, 1.

626. Ibid., IV. ix. 310, 2.

627. Ibid., V. i. 327, 2.

628. Pol. Econ., ed. 1836, ch. iv. sect. ii. p. 224.

629. Ibid. ed. 1820, ch. iv. p. 248.

630. Quarterly Review, Jan. 1824. Cf. below, p. 288.

631. Supplement to Encyclopædia Britannica. Cf. above, p. 71.

632. Empson in Edin. Rev., Jan. 1837, p. 496.

633. Quart. Rev., Jan. 1824 (no. lx.), pp. 333–4.

634. Ricardo, Pol. Econ. and Tax., ch. i. sections iv., v.; Works, pp. 20, 25. Cf. Malthus, Pol. Econ., 1820, p. 104, and the whole of section iii. pp. 72 seq.

635. Quart. Rev., l. c. p. 324; cf. p. 315. Cf. above.

636. Pol. Econ. and Tax., ch. i. sections iv. and v.

637. Any given value, it might be added, is influenced by custom as well as competition.

638. 1821, p. 186, ch. iv. sect. iii. “That consumption is coextensive with production.”

639. Pol. Econ., III. xiv. “Of excess of supply.” Cf. I. v. § 3, p. 42.

640. A cargo of skates was sent to Rio Janeiro in 1808.

641. The intention of the new Corn Law of 1815 was to keep out all foreign grain till the home price should reach 80s. a quarter, or the loaf 1s. See above, p. 221.

642. The article on the Bullion question, in August of the same year, might be his, if it was not Francis Horner’s. Cf. Horner’s Life, vol. i. ch. vi., dates April and Sept. 1805, from which it appears that Horner was working hard at the question and meant to write on it, as he might have done better in 1811, fresh from his experience on the Bullion Committee. As to the February article, the authorship is shown partly by internal evidence, partly by Horner’s Life, vol. ii. p. 68 (Jan. 1811): “I received Malthus’ MS. from you [Jeffrey] and have since transmitted it to him with such remarks as occurred to me in perusing it,” &c. MacCulloch did not begin to write the economical articles for the Edin. Rev. till 1818. See Notes and Queries, 5th Oct., 1878.

643. For the history of the currency in the interval see Miss Martineau’s Introd. to Hist. of Peace, Bk. II. ch. iii.; Hist. of the Peace, Bk. I. ch. iii. and ch. xv.; Cobbett’s Paper v. Gold; Macleod’s Banking, vol. ii., end of ch. ix. pp. 174–221, much the completest account.

644. Peel changed his views then on Currency, as he did later on Catholic Emancipation and the Corn Laws.

645. p. 370. He speaks approvingly of the American free trade in banking in a way that would have pleased Cobden.

646. p. 371.

647. E. g. Horner complains of this even in so clear a paper as that on Newenham. See Horner’s Life, vol. i. pp. 436–7 (sub dato 1808).

648. Works (ed. MacC.), pp. 291–296.

649. Ricardo, Works (MacC.), p. xxi.

650. Cf. below, Bk. V.

651. Horner’s Life, vol. ii. p. 68 (Jan. 1811).

652. Thoughts and Details on High and Low Prices during the last Thirty Years, 1793–1823. The later ed. of 1838 in three vols. is more valuable.

653. Political Register, 30th Nov., 1816.

654. Internal evidence, e. g. p. 237 of the Quarterly, compared with p. 65 of Measure of Value, would show his authorship, and the article is ascribed to him by Tooke, Prices, ed. 1838, vol. i. p. 21.

655. l. c. pp. 215–16.

656. Bosanquet, Practical Observations on the Report of the Bullion Committee (1810); Ricardo, The High Price of Bullion a Proof of the Depreciation of Bank-Notes (1809), and his Reply to Bosanquet (1811).

657. l. c. Pol. Econ., Introd. (1820), pp. 6 and 7 n., (1836) p. 5 n. Cf. Tooke, Prices, Part I. p. 6 (ed. 1823).

658. Tooke, Prices, Part III. p. 91.

659. See Tract on Value, p. 18.

660. Quarterly, April 1823, p. 230.

661. Econ. Pol., Part III. ch. ii., 2nd ed., 1842; 1st ed., 1802.

662. “Products” is Say’s word, however.

663. Elements (1821), ch. iv. sect. iii. pp. 186 seq. “That consumption is coextensive with production.” Mill taught this as early as 1808 in his tract (against Spence) Commerce defended.

664. Lettres à M. Malthus sur différents sujets d’écon. pol., notamment sur les causes de la stagnation générale du commerce (1820), pp. 26 seq.

665. Pol. Econ. (1820), p. 355, (1836) p. 316. Against Say’s general position see Definitions, p. 56 n.

666. Wealth of Nations, I. iii.

667. See above, p. 232. A curious footnote in Essay on Pop., 3rd ed., vol. ii. p. 264, suggested that there might be over-production in the case of high farming when its cost made the farmers charge more than the public could bear. But this note disappeared afterwards.

668. Ricardo, Pol. Econ. and Taxation, ch. xxi. p. 176 (MacCull.’s ed.). Mill (Elements, pp. 193 ft., 194) is more rigid.

669. Essay, 7th ed., IV. xiii. 473.

670. Pol. Econ. (1836), ch. iv. sect. iii. p. 239, slightly altered from 1st ed., 1820, ch. iv. sect. iii. p. 266.

671. Sismondi, Nouveaux Principes de l’Écon. Pol., 1819. See Malthus, Pol. Econ. (1820), p. 420, (1836) pp. 325 n., 366 n. Cf. on the other hand Essay, III. xiii. 372–3 and n.

672. Wealth of Nations, V. i. art. ii. pp. 350–353 (ed. MacC.). He is outrivalled by Ferguson, Civil Society, parts iv. and v. (ed. 1773).

673. 3rd ed. of Pol. Ec. and Tax. (1821), ch. xxxi. pp. 468–9, ed. MacCull., pp. 235–6. Cf. below (Critics). It is the position of Marx.

674. If we believe Bowring, Life of Bentham (ed. 1843), p. 176.

675. “Supposing that his opinions have not altered within the last twelve months.”—De Quincey, vol. iv. p. 231.

676. James Mill, Elements, pp. 193, 194. MacCull., Pol. Ec., p. 207. Cf. the tract Mordecai Mullion (1826).

677. Especially by Sunday Schools, according to the testimony of Samuel Bamford.—Radical, vol. i. p. 7 (1844).

678. We have his counterpart in our own day.

679. See below, Bk. III., for disproof of the charge that he was reactionary in his politics, like many economical optimists.

680. Pol. Econ., 1820, p. 236.

681. l. c. p. 472.

682. Emigr. Comm. (1827), p. 317, qu. 3281.

683. Some such view is suggested by Malthus himself, Essay, IV. xiii. p. 473 (cf. Pol. Ec., 1820, p. 475), a passage which it is hard to reconcile with the passages in the Quarterly and in the Pol. Ec. that speak of the necessity of a special class of unproductive consumers.

684. Pol. Econ. (1820), ch. vii. sect. ix. p. 473. Cf. Tract on Rent, p. 48 n.

685. Essay on Pop., III. iii. p. 282 (in relation to Robert Owen). Cf. the whole ch. xiii. of Book III., where he treats of “Increasing Wealth as it affects the Condition of the Poor.”

686. Pol. Econ., l. c. p. 474.

687. Ibid., l. c. pp. 474–5.

688. See above, pp. 245 seq. and 252.

689. See below, Bk. IV., and cf. above, p. 208.

690. See above, p. 142.

691. The passage is quoted in full because by recent critics it is much garbled; e. g. in Progress and Poverty, VII. i. 304 n.

692. Essay, 2nd ed., IV. vi. 531.

693. Lucretius, iii. 951. Cicero’s simile of the theatre open to all comers, but giving each man his own seat, had special application to Property (De Finibus, iii. 20).

694. Epitaph on Fenton.

695. James Grahame’s Population (1816), p. 34. Cf. Quarterly Rev., Dec. 1812, p. 327; Hazlitt, Spirit of the Age, ‘Malthus,’ end.

696. Book III. Part I. ch. iv. (1785).

697. E. g. Godwin, Population (1820), I. iii. 17. The withdrawal was probably due to Sumner. See Otter, Life of Malthus in Pol. Ec. (1836), p. lii.

698. Cf. Essay, 2nd ed., pp. 400, 401, and nn.; 7th ed., p. 298 n. Cf. pp. 295 and 297 n. Cf. also Tooke, above quoted, p. 291.

699. Cf. above, p. 220.

700. On Bounties and the Corn Trade. Cf. High Price of Provisions, p. 3.

701. l. c. p. 23. See above, p. 289. Also Corn Law Catechism, 1839, qu. 244.

702. l. c. pp. 9–11. Cf. the “make up” and “bread money” mentioned in Report of Poor Law Commission, 1834, p. 27.

703. High Price, &c. pp. 19, 20.

704. l. c. p. 27. Cf. above, p. 43.

705. 1st ed., pp. 82, 83; 7th ed., pp. 302–3.

706. Essay, 7th ed., Appendix, p. 493.

707. He borrows, as he himself says, the language of Sir Frederick Eden on the State of the Poor (1797). See Essay on Population, 2nd ed., p. 417 n.; 7th ed., p. 308 n.

708. Letter to Whitbread (1807), pp. 12, 13; cf. Essay, p. 445 ft.

709. Quoted, Essay, III. vi. 308 n.

710. 7th ed., III. vi. 303; 1st ed., p. 365.

711. III. vi. (7th ed.), p. 305.

712. See e. g. Emigration Committee, 1827, qu. 3369, p. 323.

713. Dr. John Moore’s View of Society and Manners in France, Switzerland, and Germany (7th ed., 1789), vol. ii. pp. 144–157.

714. Essay, 7th ed., III. vi. p. 307; Emigration Committee (1827), qu. 3361, p. 323.

715. l. c. pp. 307–8. Cf. above, p. 134.

716. Reports to Local Gov. Bd. on Foreign Poor Laws, 1875, p. 7.

717. Macvey Napier’s Correspondence, pp. 29 seq. Date 30th Sept, 1821.

718. Report of Poor Law Comm., 1834; Remedial Measures, p. 227.

719. Essay on Population, Appendix, p. 492. It was probably this disclaimer of public duty that led Coleridge to complain, “the entire tendency of the modern or Malthusian political economy is to denationalize” (Table Talk, p. 327). Cf. Toynbee, Industr. Revol., p. 24. But it may have been simply the idea that Malthus, like Ricardo, advocated laissez faire; and in this case it is singular he should not have said “Ricardian” instead of “Malthusian.”

720. Essay, 2nd ed., IV. vii. p. 538; 7th ed., IV. viii. p. 530.

721. Essay, 2nd ed., p. 539.

722. E. g. Report of Commissioners, p. 13.

723. Report, pp. 227–8.

724. Report, p. 228.

725. Even if he were a poor ratepayer, voting a sum of which his richer neighbour would pay the larger share.

726. Essay, 2nd ed., p. 490; 7th ed., p. 394; cf. pp. 392 top and 396.

727. Essay, 7th ed., IV. x. pp. 442–3; cf. p. 161.

728. 7th ed., IV. i. p. 390. Cf. above, p. 37.

729. Not quite logical, if the test of a virtuous action is its tendency to produce happiness.

730. Ibid., IV. i. p. 390.

731. 2nd ed., pp. 489, 490, 501; 7th ed., pp. 390, 401. Cf. Paley, M. and P. Phil., I. vi., II. iv.; Tucker, Light of Nature (1st ed., 1768), vol. ii. ch. xxix., esp. § 12.

732. Essay, 7th ed., IV. i. 391. Kant’s test of a moral law, so far as it was not purely dogmatic, was most easily illustrated, or he would have said parodied, by this Utilitarian argument.

733. Essay, 2nd ed., p. 487; 7th ed., p. 392.

734. Ibid., 2nd ed., p. 488; 7th ed., pp. 392–3; cf. p. 398.

735. Ibid., 1st ed. (1798), p. 211.

736. The passage in A Tale of the Tyne, which left no trace on Miss Martineau’s own memory, but so faithfully expounded Malthus that he called on purpose to thank her for it (Autobiogr., i. 253), is easily identified in the light of these extracts as ch. iii. p. 56 of ed. 1833.

737. 2nd ed., pp. 491–2; 7th ed., p. 395. See above, p. 36.

738. 2nd ed., p. 494; 7th ed., p. 397. Cf. above, p. 38.

739. The phrase in Essay, 7th ed., p. 401.

740. Not to be confused with his contemporary, Josiah Tucker, Dean of Gloucester, the forerunner of Adam Smith.

741. 1727 to 1774, the year of his death. Betchworth, now absorbed in Mrs. Hope’s estate of Deepdene, was on the farther side of Dorking from Albury and the Rookery.

742. This lucid epithet is ascribed to George III.

743. A point of difference has been noted above (p. 39) and below (p. 330). He differs from Bentham also, who would not gratify the passions but destroy them. See Held, Soc. Geschichte, p. 213.

744. Essay, 7th ed., IV. x. 441.

745. Ibid., IV. i. 391.

746. See above, p. 35.

747. 7th ed., p. 441 ft.

748. Ibid., p. 442 top.

749. Essay, III. ii. 279, explains in this way the popular prejudice which, in one case at least, visits the same sin more severely in a woman than in a man.

750. Essay, 7th ed., IV. x. 442.

751. Ibid., IV. ii. 401. Cf. Paley, Moral Philos., Vol. I. Book II. ch. iv. p. 65, there quoted, and Tucker, L. of N. (1st ed.), vol. ii ch. xxix., especially §§ 5–7 and 12.

752. Essay, 7th ed., IV. x. 443, 444 ft.

753. Ibid., IV. viii. 432, 433, compared with p. 492.

754. Essay, 7th ed., App. pp. 492–3. Cf. 7th ed., p. 280: “Self-love is the mainspring of the great machine.”

755. III. vii. 311.

756. Edin. Rev., 1810 (Aug.), an article on Ingram’s Disquisitions on Population, and [Hazlitt’s] Letters in Reply to Malthus. As the relations of Malthus to the Review were close at this time, and as the arguments and the style are remarkably like our author’s, there is at least a strong probability that he wrote the article, Jeffrey after his custom providing it with a head and tail to disguise the authorship. Cf. Cockburn’s Life of Jeffrey, Vol. I. 301, 302, cf. 285.

757. Cf. Wealth of Nations, I. x. 48, 49.

758. Edin. Rev., 1810 (Aug.), p. 475.

759. Paley, Mor. and Pol. Phil., I. vii. 9; cf. Malthus, Essay, IV. ii. 397, &c. Cf. above, p. 39.

760. Paley, ibid., I. iv. 14.

761. See above, p. 37. The passages there cited completely refute Held’s assertion that “Malthus appealed to Utility in the teeth of his belief in the Bible” (Sociale Geschichte Englands, Book I. ch. ii p. 234).

762. Mor. and Pol. Phil., vii. 10.

763. “Any condition may be denominated ‘happy’ in which the amount or aggregate of pleasure exceeds that of pain.”—Paley, M. and P. Ph., I. vi.

764. Essay, 7th ed., III. vi. 305.

765. See Mr. Sidgwick’s Method of Ethics, p. 385 ft.

766. Quoted from The Crisis, by Empson, Edin. Rev., Jan. 1837, p. 482.

767. Report of the Crofters Commission, 1884, p. 9.

768. Essay, IV. iii. 407.

769. It would help the social reformer to learn, e. g. from clergymen, guardians of the poor, and police magistrates, what exact proportion of the destitution within their experience has been due, (a) to the fault of the victim, (b) to the fault of his parents, (c) to the fraud or oppression of others, and (d) to the mere accidents of trade.

770. 7th ed., p. 280.

771. III. ii. 434.

772. Scenes of Clerical Life, p. 250.

773. 7th ed., p. 404.

774. p. 464, 1817. As early as 1803 (Essay, 2nd ed., IV. xi 689) Malthus had recommended Savings Banks.

775. 7th ed., p. 397. Cf. p. 407, &c.

776. 7th ed., p. 405. To make the whole picture complete we must add what is said above (ch. i.) on the place of man on the earth, and also (Bk. III. chs. ii. and iii.) on industrial society as it might be.

777. See above, p. 298.

778. Mackintosh changed but never recanted. See Macaulay’s Essays.

779. Essay, 7th ed., IV. vi 420–1.

780. W. of N., I. i.

781. More strictly, what grows of itself is natural; what makes it grow of itself is Nature.

782. See e. g. Essay, p. 390.

783. Life of Godwin, ii. 266.

784. Southey wished some “Crusader” like Rickman to write economical articles for the Quarterly and keep out Malthus (Life and Letters, vol. iii. p. 188).

785. Essay, III. vii. 318; written in 1817.

786. 2nd ed., IV. vi.; 7th ed., IV. vi. and vii. He must have remembered, when he wrote these words, the imprisonment of his poor tutor Gilbert Wakefield for a seditious pamphlet (1799–1800). See below, Bk. V.

787. 7th ed., p. 417.

788. 7th ed., p. 426: written in 1817. For the tendency of the French before the Revolution to look to Government for everything, see e. g. Dyer’s Modern Europe, vol. iv. ch. lii p. 304.

789. 7th ed., p. 418.

790. Essays Moral and Political, vol. i. p. 49; ‘The British Parliament.’

791. Malthus, Essay, 2nd ed., p. 502; 7th ed., p. 402. Cf. a striking passage in the review of Newenham, Edin. Rev., July 1808, pp. 348–9.

792. E. g. 7th ed., pp. 438–9 and 478. Cf. above, p. 56. Horner’s letter to Malthus in. Feb. 1812 (Mem. of Horner, vol. ii. pp. 109–10) shows it was an active sympathy. Malthus agreed to act as a “steward” at one of Lancaster’s meetings in London.

793. 2nd ed., pp. 556–7; opponents “may fairly be suspected of a wish to encourage their ignorance as a pretext for tyranny.”

794. 7th ed., p. 439; 2nd ed., pp. 555–6.

795. Miss Martineau, Hist. of Peace, I. vii. 117–18.

796. Essay, 7th ed., IV. ix. 440, 441.

797. Held, Soc. Gesch., p. 215.

798. See above, pp. 95, 96, &c.

799. See above, p. 340.

800. Essay, 7th ed., IV. x. 446–7.

801. Emigr. Comm. (1827), qu. 3310.

802. IV. xiii. 474. Potatoes are a godsend to such, he says in another place (Edin. Rev., July 1808, p. 344).

803. See above, Bk. II. ch. i.

804. See above, p. 301.

805. E. g. Essay, IV. ix. 433.

806. In Germany poor scholars from the country are often, when attending the University, billeted for bread and butter on the well-to-do citizens; and learning proves on the whole so inconsistent with laziness, that the practice does not make them unwilling to earn their own living afterwards.

807. A protective duty is indirect relief of the protected industry, but as a rule the protected are secured against indolence by their own domestic competition; and the fault of protection lies elsewhere than in encouragement of indolence.

808. Rénan, Qu’est ce qu’une Nation?

809. Cf. above, p. 225.

810. Cf. p. 36.

811. The reaction against Rousseau and Godwin may partly account for the absence of Cosmopolitanism.

812. See above, ch. i.

813. Some one has said, “Was man nicht definiren kann, zieht man als Organismus an;” and we had been told, long before, that a simile is either “idem per idem” or “idem per aliud,” either of them a logical fallacy.

814. Essay, Bk. IV. ch. x. p. 445. “Every man has a right to do what he will with his own.” But the question is:—What is his own?

815. Professor T. H. Green, Liberal Legislation and Freedom of Contract, Oxford, 1881.

816. τὴν φιλίαν ἀναγκαῖον ὑάρη γίνεσθαι. Ar. Pol., II. ii.

817. See above, p. 310.

818. Discourse on the Christian Union. See Essay on Population, 7th ed., p. 254 n.; Price, Observations, p. 206 n.

819. From Matth. vi. 10, and Psal. cxxii. 2 seq.

820. See esp. pp. 12–18, and 20 (4th ed., 1790).

821. Pt. II. Essay V. pp. 228 seq. Life, ii. 292. Cf. ii. 64.

822. Life, ii. 64.

823. Thoughts, p. 10 and n. Cf. pp. 43, 45. In Progress and Poverty (p. 93, ed. 1881) we are told that Godwin “until his old age disdained a reply” to Malthus.

824. Thoughts, p. 61.

825. Ibid., p. 67.

826. Ibid., pp. 72–3.

827. Life of Godwin, i. 324.

828. See above, p. 208 n. In the 5th edition he turns his back on Godwin and addresses Owen.

829. So Coleridge (MS. note to p. vii. of his quarto copy of the essay): “And of course you wholly confute your former pamphlet, and might have spared yourself the trouble of making up the present quarto.”

830. Edin. Rev., 1802, on Dr. Rennel’s Discourses, Syd. Sm., Works, i. p. 8.

831. p. 18. Compare De Quincey’s answer to Hazlitt in London Magazine, 1823 (vol. viii. pp. 349, 459, 569, 586).

832. Senior, Lect. on Pop., p. 35.

833. Population, I. iv. p. 27 (1820).

834. Cf. also speech on 9th April, 1816. Hansard, sub dato, p. 1109.

835. See above, p. 75. Cf. also above, pp. 142 seq., on Emigration.

836. Godwin, Popn., I. xiii. 106. Cf. I. iv. 22, II. ii. 142, VI. vi. 585.

837. Hawick, 1807, especially p. 84.

838. Sadler, Popn., I. i. 15 (1830).

839. Append. to 3rd ed., 1806; 7th ed., p. 485; cf. pp. 395, 446, and al.

840. See Appendix to ed. 1826, 7th ed., p. 627.

841. Life, ii. 271.

842. l. c. p. 259.

843. Life, ii. 259, 260. Cf. what Godwin writes to Sir John Sinclair, July 1821 (Sinclair’s Correspondence, i. 393).

844. l. c. p. 271.

845. Morgan and Rosser, e. g. See Life, ii. 272–5; cf. p. 280.

846. Edin. Rev., July 1821, p. 364.

847. Life of Godwin, ii. 274

848. Ibid., pp. 274–5.

849. No. 1, Oct 1802, esp. p. 26.

850. Population, I. i.

851. Appendix to 3rd ed., p. 520 n.; 7th ed., p. 491 n.

852. See his Letter to Godwin, dated October 1818, and quoted in Godwin’s Population, Bk. II. ch. i pp. 116–123, with comments.

853. See above, p. 66.

854. Population, II. x. 244–7.

855. E. g. II. xi. 274, 282, but especially I. iv. 25, and for the third argument, pp. 29, 30, cf. pp. 43–50, &c. Cf. also Godwin to Sinclair in Sinclair’s Correspondence, i. 393.

856. Population tends to double in a bundled years, and there is no risk of over-population except in occasional times of dull trade (Letter of Godwin to Sinclair, Sinclair’s Correspondence, l. c.). A notable exception.

857. Population, II. xi. 251–2.

858. IV. i.

859. II. ii. 127, and cf. above.

860. II. xi. 287, &c., &c.

861. III. iii. 327 seq.

862. Coups d’état in nature. Paul Bert, L’Enseignement Primaire, 1880, p. xxviii.

863. Edinburgh Review, July 1821. Cf. Letter to the Rev. T. R. Malthus by David Booth (1823), who absurdly assumes Malthus to be the reviewer. Though internal evidence dispels this fancy, it shows that Malthus was still believed to write for the Edinburgh Review.

864. Others, in Table Talk and Biogr. Literaria, are chiefly declamation.

865. In these quotations the capitals are in the original, and the italics correspond to underlinings.

866. Arthur Aikin’s Annual Review, vol. ii. (for 1803) pp. 292 seq. Cf. Southey’s Life and Correspondence (ed. 1850), vol. ii. p. 251, 20th Jan. 1804: “Yesterday Malthus received, I trust, a mortal wound from my hand;” cf. vol. vi. p. 399, and vol. ii. p. 294. There is no hint of obligation to Coleridge.

867. Cf. above, ch. iii. pp. 81 seq., and Bk. III.

868. Sic, though it explains a thing by itself.

869. He probably meant 353rd, but his numbers are careless.

870. On margin of p. 364, 2nd paragr.: “Quote and apply to himself.”

871. E. g. on p. 65 opposite to lines 5, 6, “Ass!” a monosyllabic refinement omitted in Southey’s review.

872. First in 1817, 7th ed., pp. 509 seq.

873. One of the charges (p. 18: that Malthus recommends the same remedies as Condorcet) is sufficient to stamp the character of the book—An Inquiry into the Principle of Population, &c., by James Grahame. Its Introduction gives a useful list of writers on both sides; see p. 71. (Edin., 1816.) Simonin repeats Grahame’s charges, with more mistakes of his own. See his Hist. de la Psychologie (1879), pp. 397–9.

874. 7th ed., p. 511. Cf. above, p. 52, and the reply to Godwin’s Reply, Essay, 2nd ed., III. iii. 384.

875. Edinburgh Review, Jan. 1837.

876. Life and Correspondence of Southey, vol. iii. pp. 21–2, and p. 188.

877. Bishop of Gloucester and later of Hereford. Theolog. Works (1832).

878. “The prolificness of human things, otherwise similarly circumstanced, varies inversely as their numbers.”—Sadler, Popn., vol. iii. p. 352 (1830). Reviewed somewhat caustically by Macaulay in Edin. Rev., July 1830. See Trevelyan’s Life of Macaulay, vol. i. p. 126. Cf. Sadler’s ‘Reply’ to Edin. Rev. His weakest point was his use of “inversely.”

879. Malthus, Essay, II. v. (7th ed.), pp. 164, 166; cf. p. 485.

880. G. P. Scrope, M.P., Pol. Econ., 1833, &c. Malthus, Essay, III. iii. (7th ed.), 282–6 (Owen), IV. xii. 457 (Owen), III. xiv. 380 n. (Anderson).

881. John Weyland, junr., F.R.S. The Principles of Population and Production as they are affected by the Progress of Society with a view to Moral and Political Consequences, 1816.

882. So Arnold Toynbee, Industrial Revolution, p. 107.

883. Ch. iii. p. 21. He adds, as his second: “This tendency can never be destroyed.”

884. Essay, Appendix, p. 517.

885. Propos. iii and iv.

886. Essay, l. c. p. 521, a very strong passage.

887. Append. p. 526.

888. Pop. and Prod., pp. 82 seq.

889. 7th ed., I. ii. 12 n.; 2nd ed., p. 16.

890. Tour in Southern Counties of England, 1767, p. 342.

891. Between 1767 and 1820. Cf. above (England).

892. Travels in France, pp. 408–9 (ed. 1792) and al.

893. Essay on Pop., 7th ed., pp. 449, 451 seq.; Annals of Agriculture, no. 239, pp. 219 seq. (quoted in Essay, App. pp. 496–7). Young had reproached Malthus for denying the right to relief.

894. Travels in France, ed. 1792, pp. 438–9.

895. App. to Essay, pp. 499, 500. It is not true that “Owen was right as against Malthus when he regarded a certain amount of comfort as the indispensable condition of a moral life, and thought that a considerable increase of man’s powers of production was possible” (Held, Soc. Gesch. Englands, pp. 351–2). Malthus himself did both.

896. The Plan is quoted by Cobbett, Pol. Reg., Dec. 14, 1816. Malthus (Pol. Ec. (1820), pp. 434, 435, (1836) p. 378) thinks that “co-proprietorship” of Government with the landlords, after the scheme of the Economists and on the analogy of Oriental “sole proprietorship,” might become too ready an engine of taxation for a military despotism.

897. See above, pp. 87, 112, &c.

898. Essay, 7th ed., p. 284.

899. E. g. by Bagehot, Econ. Stud. (1880), pp. 135 seq., and by Southey in Aikin’s Annual Review above quoted.

900. III. iii. 286. This and the rest of his argument (even its application to Civil Liberty) is to be found in Aristotle, Politics, ii. 3 and 4, but esp. 5. δεὶ δὲ μηδὲ τοῦτο λανθάνειν, &c.

901. Essay on Pop., 7th ed., p. 282.

902. See above, p. 24.

903. Genesis of Species, 2nd ed., 1871, p. 5.

904. The puzzling effect of counting up one’s great-grandfathers and great-grandmothers up to the twentieth degree or so is described by Blackstone as quoted by Godwin (Popn.) and re-quoted by Hazlitt (Spirit of the Age, 1825, p. 273, ‘Godwin’). The puzzle is less if we remember that our remote ancestors must have married into each other’s families, or rather were scions in the end of the same families. We cannot go back to a single pair except through the “prohibited degrees.”

905. We are to understand, therefore, that Malthus and the author agree that population needs a check, and are simply not agreed what the checks are to be.

906. See below, p. 392.

907. See above, p. 370. The sixteen positions not touched in their own place will be met by a reference to the following places in this book: i. to p. 20, add Essay, 2nd ed. Bk. III. ch. iii. p. 383, ii. to p. 37, iii. to p. 338, iv. to pp. 51, 78, v. to p. 80, vi. to p. 83, viii. to p. 113, ix. to p. 376, x. to p. 67, xi. to pp. 231, 297, see Essay, 7th ed. p. 381, xii. to pp. 70, 75, 91, xiii. to p. 393, xiv. to pp. 91, 270, xv. to p. 294, xvi. to p. 69, and xvii. to p. 75.

908. Das Kapital, 7ter Abschn. 23tes Kap. pp. 653 seq. (ed. 1872); cf. 646 seq.

909. The language of Ricardo, ch. xxxi. p. 236 (quoted by Marx, p. 656 n.). Cf. above, p. 297. Cf. also Marx, pp. 427 foll.

910. Cf. what Prof. Rogers says in Six Centuries, p. 229, of the attempt made in the fifteenth century to increase the “residuum” of agricultural labour for the benefit of the farmers and landlords. Also above, p. 164 n.

911. Marx, ibid., p. 659.

912. Misprinted in Marx as 254.

913. See above, pp. 137, 188, &c.

914. See above, p. 335.

915. See above, pp. 299, 335, &c.

916. Das Kap., p. 549 n.

917. Das Kap., p. 641 n.

918. The passage omitted is neither true nor decent.

919. G. M. Ortes Reflessioni sulla popolazione (1790).

920. Das Kap., p. 549 n.

921. Cf. above, p. 382, and Malthus, Essay, 2nd ed. III. iii. 386, where he says that Duty and Interest must work together.

922. ‘Theory of Population,’ in Westminster Rev., April 1852, pirated by the German Professor Trall in 1877 (Eine neue Bevölkerungstheorie), and substantially maintained by its author (Mr. Herbert Spencer) in Principles of Biology, Vol. II. Part vi., ‘Laws of Multiplication.’

923. Essay, 7th ed., p. 269.

924. Above, p. 377.

925. E. g. Hazlitt, Reply to Essay on Population, p. 20.

926. W. R. Greg, Enigmas of Life, 8th ed., 1874, pp. 58 seq. This was nearly Godwin’s position in his first reply.

927. Sadler on Population, and Reply to Edinburgh Review. Godwin, Population, Bk. VI. ch. ii., &c.

928. Carey (H. C.), Princ. of Social Science (1858), vol. i. ch. xiv.; cf. above, p. 74 seq. H. George, Progress and Poverty, pp. 115, 116. Sadler, p. 70, &c.

929. Godwin, Sadler, &c.

930. Sadler, pp. 354–5, &c. Cf. Adam Smith, W. of N., I. viii. 36. See above, pp. 82, 83.

931. Godwin, see above, p. 361. Southey, Life and Corresp., III. 188. Bagehot, Econ. Studies, pp. 133 seq. Cf. George, II. ii. 94. Above, pp. 362, 381.

932. Besant, Law of Population, ch. iii. Cf. Malthus, pp. 407 seq. (IV. iv.); Cobbett, Taking Leave of his Countrymen (1817), p. 6; Political Register, 4th Jan. 1817, p. 26, &c., &c. Above, p. 329.

933. Godwin, Population, passim. George, II. ii. 102, 109. Above, pp. 111, 112.

934. Godwin, ibid.; George, pp. 138, 259, &c., &c.; Coleridge, MS. note to p. 358 (of Essay, 2nd ed.), where for “physical constitution of our nature” he would read, “in the existing system of society.” So verbatim Southey in Aikin’s Ann. Rev. l. c.

935. Doubleday, True Law of Population (1841). Above, p. 65. See Herbert Spencer, Biology, Vol. II. pt. vi. ch. xii. pp. 455, 480, &c. The physiologists have amply refuted Doubleday.

936. Herbert Spencer. See above, p. 393. W. R. Greg, Enigmas. Above, p. 394.

937. New Malthusians. See above, p. 24.

938. See above, pp. 365 seq. The orthodoxy of Malthus is proved not by a few orthodox sentences which can be gleaned from him (as from Bacon), or even by the discovery of flaws in the received doctrine, but by the whole logic of the essay.

939. See above, pp. 365 seq.

940. See above, p. 336.

941. See above, p. 328.

942. See above, p. 96.

943. The authorship of the article is shown by Macvey Napier’s Letters sub dato, and that of the biogr. preface by Empson’s art., p. 472.

944. “Daniel Malthus, 17, Sydenham de parochia Sti Giles Londini Armigeri filius” (Matriculation entry, Easter term, 1747).

945. See Gibbon’s Memoirs, p. 46 (ed. Hunt and Clarke), and Jeffrey’s Life, i. 40.

946. Cf. Wealth of Nations, V. i. art., pp. 341 foll.

947. Biogr. pref. to Pol. Econ. (1836), p. xxvi.

948. The name Malthus itself is probably Malt-hus, or Malthouse (cf. Shorthouse, Maltby), which still occurs as a surname in England. Francis (or, some say, Thomas) Malthus wrote on ‘Fireworks, fortification, and arithmetic,’ in French and in English, 1629.

949. Except perhaps in a letter quoted by Otter, biogr. pref. p. xxvii. (date 1788).

950. l. c. p. xxv.

951. l. c. pp. xxv and xxvi, which show, however, that at fifty-seven the strength had failed a little.

952. “He was not born to copy the works of others.”—Letter in Gentl. Mag., Feb. 1800. See above, p. 7, and Otter, p. xxii.

953. Otter, pp. xxi, xxii.

954. So he urges Robert continually to “apply his tools.” “I hate to see a girl working curious stitches upon a piece of rag.”—Otter, p. xxvi.

955. Gentl. Mag., Jan. 1800, p. 86; cf. Feb. 1800, p. 177; Otter, p. xxvi.

956. Monthly Mag., March 1800, Otter, p. xxii. What and where were the pieces we are not told.

957. Written in 1772, and republished in Mrs. Barbauld’s series of British Novelists, 1820. Graves lived at Claverton from 1750 till his death in 1804, in his ninetieth year. He became Fellow of All Souls in 1730, and may have known Daniel Malthus at Oxford.

958. Whom he names and quotes freely. Tucker, in Light of Nature, shows the same open dislike of them, but with much more good-humour and taste.

959. In 1780 or thereabouts.

960. Wakefield’s Life (1804), vol. i. p. 214. It is curious to remember that Marat is said to have been an usher at a Warrington School a short time before this.

961. Wakefield’s Life, i. p. 344.

962. Elected in 1776. See Life, i. p. 111 ft.

963. Otter, l. c. p. xxvii. ft.

964. Letter in App. II. to Wakefield, Life, ii. pp. 454–463. A comparison of this letter with Wakefield, Life, ii. p. 334, and Otter, l. c. p. xxiv. ft. (“by his own acknowledgment”), makes it almost certain that the letter is by Malthus.

965. E. g. with such very different men as Watson, Bishop of Llandaff, and Thomas Paine.

966. Though at college he took several prizes for Latin and Greek and English Declamations. We may hope that his defect of utterance had not become pronounced at that date, or that the declamations were not always declaimed.

967. Wakefield, Life, ii. p. 9.

968. Otter, l. c. p. xxv.

969. Otter himself was fourth wrangler in 1790, and E. D. Clarke junior optime in the same year.

970. Otter, l. c. p. xxviii.

971. l. c. p. xxvii.

972. l. c. p. xxviii.

973. On the road leading out of Albury towards Guildford, a snug little low-roofed house clinging to a hill slope, less ambitious than the Rookery, but not without its pleasant garden walks, trees, and shrubberies.

974. See above, p. 7.

975. Of which the genesis has been sufficiently described above, Bk. I. ch. i.

976. One of his sources is shown by Essay, IV. ix. 438: “In some conversations with labouring men during the late scarcities.” Cf. the tract on The High Price of Provisions, p. 10, &c.

977. See above, pp. 48, 49 (abroad), and p. 195 (in Ireland).

978. Clarke (E. D.) (Life by Otter, vol. ii. p. 15) refers to a letter from Malthus, asking about the Foundling Hospital at St. Petersburg (date March 1800). Cf. ibid., p. 39: “As for Malthus, tell him he is not worth writing to. He is wrapped up in other matters and obliterating all traces of his pilgrimage.... He is a great deal trop de plomb pour un tourist” [sic]. So he draws on Mackintosh when the latter is in India, in 1804. See Mackintosh’s Life (1836), p. 215.

979. E. g. Ricardo, Senior, and Dr. Thos. Chalmers (who paid him a flying visit in October 1822: Life by Hanna, vol. ii. p. 358), and Francis Horner (Memoirs and Corresp., e. g. vol. i. p. 406). In i. 436 of his Memoirs Horner speaks of having gone with John Whishaw, the barrister, to visit Malthus at Haileybury in 1808, and takes occasion to praise his mere love of truth above the eloquence and versatility of others, though that, he says, may look like a decision in favour of dulness.

980. E. g. the reservoir, p. 106; but the most extravagant is perhaps the botanical figure, on p. 273, where he says that “the forcing manure,” employed to cause the French Revolution, has “burst the calyx of humanity.” Macaulay uses a similar metaphor of precisely the same event, in the Essay on Burleigh.

981. His own command of metaphor made it the easier for him to turn the edge of an opponent’s. See e. g. his handling of Weyland’s Giant, Musket-ball, and Swaddling-clothes, in Essay, Append. pp. 514–521.

982. Engraved by Fournier for the Dictionnaire de l’Économie Politique, art. ‘Malthus.’

983. See below, p. 418 n.

984. Gentl. Mag., March 1835, p. 324.

985. Essay (7th ed.), II. iii. 148, where “winter of 1788” is perhaps for 1798, though it is 1788 in the second and all subsequent editions; or else “preceding” may be wrong. Cf. High Price of Prov., p. 2.

986. Cf. above, pp. 48, 127, which should be read in conjunction with this Biography.

987. Life of Clarke, vol. ii. p. 183. We know from a footnote in the essay itself (7th ed., p. 194) that part of it at least was written in 1802.

988. Stanhope, Life of Pitt, iii. p. 36; cf. p. 53. “Our election at Cambridge was perfectly quiet.”

989. Life of Clarke, ii. 203–4 n.

990. Earl of Carlisle, the poet. See Engl. Bards and Scotch Reviewers.

991. Otter, l. c. p. xxvi. Cf. Essay, 1st ed., pp. 210–12. Gentl. Mag., April 1804, p. 374. A compliment which Otter pays him (in an obituary in the Athenæum, 10th Jan. 1835), that his servants stayed long with him, would fall more naturally to his wife.

992. Mr. Sargant (Life of Owen, p. 85) says, on the authority of Mr. Holyoake, that Malthus visited New Lanark in its palmy days. Owen’s work then was after Malthus’ own heart; he was reforming the world by beginning with one individual corner of it. Cf. Essay, III. iii. 282 ft.

993. See below, p. 423.

994. Memoirs of Horner, i. 436–7; cf. p. 406. Cf. Miss Martineau, Hist. of Peace, Introduction, II. i. 257.

995. He was made a member of the French Institute, and, in 1833, one of the five foreign Associates of the Acad. des Sciences Mor. and Pol., and a member of the Royal Academy of Berlin (Otter, l. c. p. xli.). See Chas. Comte, Notice, and Garnier, Dict. de l’Éc. Pol.

996. Bain, Life of James Mill (1882), p. 199.

997. All that is certainly known of the bulk of his contributions to the Edin. Review is that, like those of James Mill and Mackintosh, they do not occur before the twentieth number of it (in July 1807). See Bain, Life of James Mill, p. 75 n. Horner mentions (Memoirs, Vol. I. p. 437) the article on Newenham’s Population of Ireland, 1808, and another (of which he had seen the MS.) Feb. 1811 (Vol. II. p. 68). But see above, p. 285, note.

998. The apocryphal story of his eleven daughters is given and exposed by Garnier, Dict. de l’Éc. Pol., art. ‘Malthus.’

999. Otter’s son-in-law. “Hal” in his childhood was asked what he would have done if, like the Good Samaritan, he had found a man half dead by the roadside; he answered (on the analogy of flies), “I should have killed him outright.” Contrast the child’s answer with his father’s remarks on the same parable in Essay, IV. xi. 447.

1000. Clergy List, 1881.

1001. Moore’s Memoirs, Journals, &c. (ed. Russell, 1853), vol. iii. p. 148, date Sept. 1820. Moore himself speaks of meeting Malthus and his wife when he was on a visit to Mackintosh at Haileybury in May 1819. Ibid., ii. 315.

1002. Volksvermehrung, p. 9. Kautsky sometimes trips, but he is more accurate than most of Malthus’ foreign biographers. Chas. Comte (in his Notice historique sur la vie et les travaux de M. T. R. Malthus, read to Acad. of Mor. and Pol. Sciences, 28th Dec., 1836) converts Haileybury into Aylesbury (p. 31).

1003. Pol. Econ. (1836), p. 380 n. Sydney Smith wrote to Grey about him without success, in 1831 (Holland’s Life of Sydney Smith, vol, ii. p. 328).

1004. Richard, the brother of Wellington. See his Minute of 18th August, 1800, quoted by Malthus in his Statements.

1005. E. India Register and Directory (Hatchard), year 1807, pp. xxiv. seq. “Preliminary view of the establishment of the E. India College.” These two branches of the Haileybury programme correspond in their subjects to the Competitive and the Further examinations of candidates for the Civil Service of India as at present conducted. Malthus claims the credit of making the test in Oriental languages a necessary condition of final appointment (Statements, p. 100).

1006. Accordingly Malthus gets many of his illustrations from India, e. g. Pol. Ec. (2nd ed.), pp. 154–5.

1007. India Register, l. c. p. xxv.

1008. There must be some on the Pension List who still remember him.

1009. From the first there was a school, affiliated with the college though not confined to its future pupils. The present school is of later origin.

1010. Statements, p. 103, &c. This idea of the proper preparation for a civilian’s career in India chimes in with Malthus’ idea of the first requisite of good citizenship at home and everywhere.

1011. A hare-lip. Miss Martineau, who describes it, adds that “his vowels at least were sonorous, whatever might become of the consonants.” But she understood him without her ear trumpet. Autobiogr., i. 327–8. Cf. above, p. 58. Sydney Smith says, “I would almost consent to speak as inarticulately if I could think and act as wisely.” Life by Holland, vol. ii. p. 326. He attributes a similar physical defect to Talleyrand, with perhaps as much seriousness. Life by Holland, vol. ii. pp. 256–7.

1012. Letter to Lord Grenville (1813), p. 14. Cf. what he says of the importance of teaching Political Economy in elementary schools, &c. Essay, IV. ix. 438 n.

1013. Jeffrey, Life, vol. ii. pp. 339, 340. To Mrs. C. Innes, 9th May, 1841.

1014. Autobiogr., i. 327. Other visits of Malthus to her are recorded, iii. 83, i. 253. For her view of him and his work see especially i. 200, 209, 253, 331.

1015. Ib. I. pp. 328–9.

1016. Cf. 1st Essay, pp. 225–6, which shows him on the Hunting-Field.

1017. A slip of the pen for “Professor.” The Principal was J. H. Batten, F.R.S.

1018. Where the fear expressed in some quarters (see Statements, p. 87) that the place would become a barrack has been realized architecturally.

1019. Life by Holland, vol. ii. p. 73.

1020. l. c. vol. ii p. 150.

1021. Debate in House of Lords, April 9th, 1813, Hansard, pp. 750, 751.

1022. ‘Statements respecting the East India College, with an appeal to facts in refutation of the charges lately brought against it in the Court of Proprietors’ (1817). Cf. his ‘Letter to Lord Grenville, occasioned by some observations of his Lordship on the E. India Co.’s establishment for the education of their Civil servants’ (1813). Cf. Edin. Rev., Dec. 1816. The Letter to Lord Grenville (1813) states the case a little less fully; but both pamphlets contain substantially the same arguments.

1023. A property it often was, in the most literal sense, being bought and sold for cash. See Hist. of Peace, Introd. II. ii. 329–30.

1024. Statements, p. 103 n.

1025. Candidates were to be nominated in groups of four, the best of the four to have the appointment. Cf. Mill and Wilson’s Brit. India, Vol. IX. Book III. ch. ix. p. 381.

1026. The steps of the change may be followed in the fourth Report (1858) of the Civil Service Commissioners, pp. xix. seq. and 228 seq. Cf. also their first Report (1855).

1027. For proofs of their regard, see the letters quoted in the blue-book of 1876 on “the Selection and Training of candidates for the Civil Service of India,” passim, and Trevelyan’s “Competition Wallah” (1864), pp. 7, 8, 15, 16, but cf. 149.

1028. See Works, Review of Rennel, footnote.

1029. Memoirs, Vol. I. p. 436, &c.

1030. Quoted in Empson, Edin. Rev., Jan. 1837, p. 473. Sinclair’s ‘Correspondence’ (1831), amongst other curious matter, gives the autographs of the three great masters (I. 101).