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enemy will attempt to disrupt their radio
vent the jammer from learning the effect of
communications through an intensive jam-
his jamming.
ming effort. Jamming is the deliberate radia-
tion of energy to prevent or degrade the
Reduce the transmitter power. Transmit-
receipt of information by a receiver. It is the
ting on low power reduces the opportunities
deliberate production of radio interference. It
for the enemy to hear the transmission. Use
can be likened, in a sense, to static on a TV
only enough transmitting power to be heard
set. The static interferes with the radio’s
within the net but not enough to be heard by
receiver but not the transmitter. Antijam-
the enemy. Some radios (AN/PRC-77) do not
ming procedures to be used include the
have multiple power settings. To reduce
following:
power, the radiation pattern must be modi-
fied. This can be easily done by carrying the
Recognize the jamming. If interference is
radio upside down with the antenna tip a foot
heard, do not immediately assume jamming.
above the ground. This technique will usu-
Symptoms of jamming are often similar to
ally provide a good strong signal within a
other types of radio interference. Try to deter-
radius of 5 kilometer. As a last resort and
mine what is causing the interference. Dis-
when authorized, change to an alternate
connect the receiver antenna to see if a signal
frequency.
is being generated internally by the receiver.
If the interference decreases with the antenna
Report the jamming. As soon as jamming
removed, the interference is probably exter-
is recognized, a report should be sent to the
nal and may be jamming.
next higher headquarters. Use an alternate
means of communications for this report. A
Continue to operate. Radio operations
jamming report format is included in the
should continue in a normal manner once
CEOI.
MINE WARFARE
Every soldier should be aware of the des-
Where to look and what to look for in
tructive potential of enemy mines. Mines can
recognizing a mine’s location is an expertise
inflict severe injury to troops and equipment.
that may come in very handy. Signs indicat-
They can effectively prevent troops from
ing possible mine locations include but are
entering certain areas and channel them into
not limited to the following:
areas with concentrated enemy fire. Supply
lines may be disrupted and convoys forced to
Mud smears, grass, sticks, dirt, or other
bunch together due to damaged vehicles.
unusual material on roads.
MANPAD teams supporting maneuver
Fresh asphalt or other signs of road repairs.
units frequently find themselves alone and in
Markers, stakes, or other signs used to
unfamiliar areas. These areas may contain
identify certain areas.
mines. For this reason, team chiefs and gun-
Wires leading away from roads.
ners should take protective measures, be
aware of likely mine locations, and be able to
Dead vegetation in small or scattered areas.
recognize the tell-tale signs of enemy mines.
Civilians avoiding certain areas.
9-6
FM 44-18-1
MANPAD personnel should avoid sus-
not normally be attempted by MANPAD per-
pected mined areas. However, if your team
sonnel. Do not probe for mines with metallic
encounters a mined area, do not panic. Notify
objects, as some mines are triggered magnet-
your next higher level of command imme-
ically. Additional information on mine war-
diately as specified in your unit TSOP. Prob-
fare is contained in FM 20-32.
ing for mines is a tedious process and should
9-7
FM 44-18-1
OTHER SURVIVABILITY MEASURES
Unit TSOPs prescribe specific warning
tion of light from a shiny surface attracts
signals for ground, air, air assault, and
attention and can be seen for great distances.
nuclear, biological, and chemical (NBC) de-
Use garnish netting, pattern-painting, and
fense. The signals must be understood by all
natural materials to camouflage the position.
personnel. Periodic rehearsals and drills
should be conducted to insure that the sig-
Blend equipment into natural background.
nals are understood and that the method of
Erase or cover tracks.
dissemination works (refer to appendix F for
Keep position litter free. Be sure to replace
warning signals).
dunnage (packing material) and barrier bags
To survive, remember the following:
from the missile-round container into the
container after the missile-round has been
Stay alert—see the enemy first. Seeing him
removed.
first gives you the edge in the engagement.
Don’t lose sight of him.
Report detected mines immediately to the
next higher level of command IAW unit SOP.
Select a position that is hidden from enemy
ground observation.
Move into positions during darkness.
How MANPAD teams survive an NBC
attack is dependent on the degree of NBC
Take advantage of terrain to provide cover
training and the availability and proper use
and concealment for the weapon.
of protective equipment (refer to appendix I
DO not expose anything that shines. Reflec-
for operations in an NBC environment).
9-8
CHAPTER 10
Mobility and Combat Loading
The Stinger weapon is a man-portable air defense missile system. This chapter discusses mobility, vehicular combat loading, and dismounted march loads in which Stinger team personnel should be proficient.
TEAM MOBILITY
Normally, the Stinger team uses its own
nel carrier(s) (APC). In such a case, the
transportation to carry its basic load of
Stinger team will have to share a ride with
weapons and team equipment. The Stinger
other troops in the APC. Changing the mode
basic load fits easily into the team’s organic
of transportation of the team includes provid-
1/4-ton trailer. All TOE items are carried in the
ing space for the basic load of Stinger weap-
truck. The 1/4-ton truck and trailer provide
ons. If the team has insufficient room for the
limited mobility in the forward area. (When
complete basic load, the load may have to be
the high mobility multipurpose wheeled vehi-
split into several carriers.
cle (HMMWV) is fielded, it will become the
team vehicle.)
Loading Plan for a 1/4-ton truck and
trailer; Normally, a Stinger team and equip-
During mobile operations with mecha-
ment will consist of the items shown in the
nized forces, the Stinger team may not be
next illustration.
able to keep up with their supported unit.
Also, the Stinger team may be vulnerable to
CONTENTS
hostile ground fire. When a Stinger team is in
Page
support of a mechanized element, the maneu-
Team Mobility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-1
ver commander may provide it with tracked
Stinger Man Pack Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-3
transportation; for example, armored person-
10-1
FM 44-18-1
Numbered items relate to numbered loca-
personnel; items 17-26 refer to vehicular
tions on the vehicle and trailer (see illustra-
equipment; and item 27 refers to personal
tion). Items 1-16 refer to TOE equipment and
equipment.
10-2
FM 44-18-1
STINGER MAN PACK LOAD
The Stinger team must have the capabil-
(man-packed) (air assault and airborne only),
ity to move and shoot to keep up with
extra BCUs, individual weapons, and binoc-
maneuvering combat element.
ulars must be carried. The amount of equip-
ment team members must carry limits their
DISMOUNTED STINGER TEAM
range and mobility during dismounted oper-
ations. Weights will vary according to what
The Stinger team sometimes dismounts
items are carried as indicated in illustration.
to support maneuver elements under difficult
Under foot march conditions, it is essential
terrain conditions. The team chief must coor-
that weight be minimized and the load
dinate with the supported unit commander to
balanced. Multiple sling loads are difficult to
solve the problem of carrying Stinger missile-
rounds and guarding Stinger equipment left
carry for extended periods. Both Stinger and
the M16 rifle are sling-carried weapons. Sol-
behind. Normally, the team will have to split
diers other than members of the Stinger team
and move with different squads/platoons
must be detailed as ammunition bearers to
because of the lack of unit personnel able to
carry the remainder of the basic load. See
carry an extra load (missile-round).
appendix C for table of Stinger equipment
weights and measures.
DISMOUNTED STINGER TEAM LOAD
The team is limited to carrying only two
Stinger weapons. In addition, team radios
10-3
CHAPTER 11
System Support
Stinger teams must know where to obtain needed repair and service for their weapon system and training equipment.
They must know what maintenance is authorized at their level on this equipment. Additionally, Stinger teams must know who to contact for needed rations and supplies when attached to maneuver elements. This chapter discusses these points and outlines the maintenance and logistics support concept for Stinger teams.
ORGANIZATIONAL MAINTENANCE
The Stinger weapon is issued as a certi-
materials and the TL-29, combination flat
fied round of ammunition. Stinger weapon
blade screwdriver and knife. No special tools,
maintenance is done only at organizational
test equipment, or training are required to
and depot levels. There are no intermediate
perform this maintenance.
levels of maintenance. Organizational (user)
maintenance is done by the Stinger team.
Unserviceable weapons are returned to the
Specific maintenance checks and ser-
ASP. User maintenance consists of preven-
vices on Stinger equipment are listed in TM
tive maintenance (PM) and replacement of
9-1425-429-12. Careful attention should be
certain parts. Maintenance tools and equip-
given to the safety precautions listed in this
ment are limited to cleaning and painting
technical manual.
TACTICAL MAINTENANCE
Operator/user maintenance of the
viceable by surveillance checks are returned
Stinger weapon and missile-rounds is per-
to depot for repair or disposal.
formed by the individual teams. This main-
tenance consists of correcting visually
detected faults on the exterior of the equip-
ment. Repair parts are kept in the authorized
CONTENTS
stockage list of the direct support unit (DSU)
P a g e
supporting the Stinger unit.
Organizational Maintenance . . . . . . . . . .11-1
Tactical Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11-1
UNSERVICEABLE ROUNDS
System Training Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11-2
In peacetime, missile-rounds found unser-
Combat Service Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11-2
11-1
FM 44-18-1
COMBAT MISSILE-ROUNDS
In combat, missile-rounds which do not
visual inspection of the exteriors for damage,
work will be destroyed. Should a weapon-
periodic cleaning, and spot painting. Unser-
round misfire during engagement, the round
viceable items are turned in to the DSU for
and gripstock are considered unserviceable.
replacement. The section maintains two oper-
After following appropriate safety proce-
ational float interrogators for exchange with
dures, both the gripstock and missile-round
the teams.
should be returned to the ASP. Procedures for
handling hangfires, misfires, and duds can
TRANSPORT HARNESS
be found in chapter 3 and TM 9-1425-429-12.
There is no user maintenance required by
BATTERY COOLANT UNIT
the team on the transport harness other than
normal routine maintenance. If the straps
A BCU which does not activate is dis-
are torn, the harness may be taken to the
carded by the user. Activated BCUs are also
DSU for sewing. If a buckle is broken, the
discarded by the user.
harness will be turned in as unserviceable
and a new buckle or new transport harness
will be issued.
IFF INTERROGATOR
The IFF interrogator has its battery
CONTAINERS
recharged and is reprogrammed by the sec-
Shipping and storage containers which
tion headquarters. The reprogramming for
cannot be repaired at the user level are turned
Mode 4 is done using the IFF programmer.
in to the DSU for replacement. A damaged
With precharged batteries, the interrogator
container is exchanged for a new container.
can be programmed and checked out within
Do not use a weapon if its container has been
10 minutes. User maintenance consists of
dropped a distance of 5 feet or more.
SYSTEM TRAINING SUPPORT
Stinger training support equipment,
If the FHT is defective and cannot be
belonging to the team, consists of the FHT
repaired by replacement of components at
M60. This item requires organizational
the user level, it will be turned in as unser-
maintenance performed on it similar to the
viceable. A serviceable FHT is then issued to
tactical equipment.
the unit.
COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT
MANPAD teams supporting companies,
clothing; spare parts; and personal health
batteries, or troops will usually request sup-
items. Combat service support is provided by
plies through their section headquarters. The
the combat support company, headquarters
section chief will prearrange this support
company, or headquarters and service bat-
when ordering for his teams such items as
tery, depending on the type of battalion the
rations; petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL);
section is supporting.
11-2
PART II
STINGER TRAINING
CHAPTER 12
Training Stinger Teams
To be effective, training must prepare Stinger teams to perform a wide variety of tasks in combat. To have proficient Stinger teams, adequate time must be made available to conduct realistic training during tactical field exercises. Enough time must also be made available to conduct refresher training in weapon handling and practice engagements. A training program for Stinger personnel must be well planned. It must also remain flexible. Mission needs may dictate that a short, intensified program be conducted. However, the goal is still to develop and maintain Stinger gunner and team skills at a high level. This chapter discusses some factors to consider in training to reach that goal. Planning and preparing military training are covered in FM 21-6.
The Stinger section/platoon’s parent unit commander has the authority and responsibility for planning, directing, conducting, and supervising training. He trains his teams to the highest degree of operational readiness allowed by the availability of personnel, equipment, time, funds, facilities, operational requirements, and installation support required. He accomplishes this by using his officers and NCOs to schedule and conduct planned training.
CONTENTS
Page
Page
Training Assessment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12-2
Individual and Team Training. . . . . . . . . . . 12-5
Performance-Oriented Training . . . . . . . . . .12-3
Tactical Training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12-5
Stinger Training Program. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-4
12-1
FM 44-18-1
TRAINING ASSESSMENT
The Stinger platoon’s parent unit com-
Find out the levels of training required to
mander has the authority and responsibility
bring personnel up to the proper standards.
for planning, directing, conducting and super-
vising training.
TIME AVAILABLE
UNIT PROFICIENCY
To determine how much time is available
to achieve the required standards examine
The commander assesses the proficiency
the section’s overall mission requirements
of the unit and individual based on—
and other obligations. Evaluate how much
Personal observation.
training needs to be done.
Sampling techniques.
Performance tests.
RESOURCES REQUIRED
Field exercises.
To determine what resources are required
to train members refer to—
Soldier’s skill qualification tests (SQT).
Army Training and Evaluation Programs
Chapter 13, Stinger Training Devices and
(ARTEP).
Materials, for innovative solutions to over-
come possible shortfalls.
Results of the latest ARTEP as an indica-
This assessment is essential to the suc-
tor of training resources required for further
cess of the training program for Stinger
training.
teams and is used to identify training needed.
Unacceptable scores received on the latest
INDIVIDUAL PROFICIENCY
SQT.
To determine each individual’s profi-
Previous training experiences of the sec-
ciency analyze his experience level, includ-
tion indicating previous resources used.
ing results of previous training of the indi-
vidual team members in his assigned position.
RESOURCES AVAILABLE
Evaluate the overall training level of the
To determine what resources are availa-
section. Conduct maintenance inspections,
ble to conduct gunner training,—
equipment operating tests, operational read-
Inventory section equipment and evaluate
iness training tests (ORTT), field exercises,
its readiness.
and crew drills.
Determine what assistance is available
Review results of the last SQT and
from supporting units and higher head-
ARTEP to see if any deficiencies surface
quarters.
because of poor team performance.
Examine available training facilities.
Reconcile all considerations.
TRAINING STANDARDS
To determine what training will be neces-
Differences between resources required
sary to meet required training standards
and resources available will affect both the
compare results of the gunner’s current profi-
time required to conduct the training and the
ciency with the required training standards
section’s ability to meet the required