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TM 5-662

TECHNICAL MANUAL

SWIMMING POOL

OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE

HEADQUARTERS, DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY

28 FEBRUARY 1986

*TM 5-662

TECHNICAL MANUAL

HEADQUARTERS

DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY

}

No. 5-662

WASHINGTON, DC, 28 February 1986

REPAIRS AND UTILITIES

SWIMMING POOL

OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Paragraph

Page

CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION

Purpose ....................................................................................................................................

1-1

References ...............................................................................................................................

1-2

1-1

Applications ..............................................................................................................................

1-3

1-1

Morale ......................................................................................................................................

1-4

1-1

Health .......................................................................................................................................

1-5

1-1

Energy Conservation Policy......................................................................................................

1-6

1-1

CHAPTER 2 SAFETY

General.....................................................................................................................................

2-1

Operating Suggestions .............................................................................................................

2-2

2-1

Dangerous Practices ................................................................................................................

2-3

2-1

Pool Design ..............................................................................................................................

2-4

2-1

Pool Depth................................................................................................................................

2-5

2-1

Pool Accessories ......................................................................................................................

2-6

2-1

Water Clarity.............................................................................................................................

2-7

2-1

Pool Colors ...............................................................................................................................

2-8

2-2

Pool Linings ..............................................................................................................................

2-9

2-2

Pool Lighting.............................................................................................................................

2-10

2-2

Accident Prevention..................................................................................................................

2-11

2-2

Dangerous Conditions ..............................................................................................................

2-12

2-2

Lifesaving Facilities ..................................................................................................................

2-13

2-2

First Aid ....................................................................................................................................

2-14

2-3

CHAPTER 3 TYPES OF POOLS

General.....................................................................................................................................

3-1

Fill-and-Draw and Flow-Through Pools.....................................................................................

3-2

3-1

Recirculating Pools ...................................................................................................................

3-3

3-1

Trough or Gutter Type ..............................................................................................................

3-4

3-1

Rim Flow Type..........................................................................................................................

3-5

3-1

Surface Skimmers ....................................................................................................................

3-6

3-1

Wading Pools ...........................................................................................................................

3-7

3-1

Types of Wading Pools.............................................................................................................

3-8

3-1

CHAPTER 4 STANDARDS

Personnel .................................................................................................................................

4-1

Quality of Swimming Pool Water ..............................................................................................

4-2

4-1

Work Schedule .........................................................................................................................

4-3

4-1

Housekeeping...........................................................................................................................

4-4

4-1

Sanitation .................................................................................................................................

4-5

4-1

CHAPTER 5 PRINCIPLES OF POOL OPERATION

Patron Sanitation ......................................................................................................................

5-1

Bodily Infection .........................................................................................................................

5-2

5-1

Showering and Eating...............................................................................................................

5-3

5-1

Water Treatment Techniques ...................................................................................................

5-4

5-1

Recirculation.............................................................................................................................

5-5

5-1

Filtration....................................................................................................................................

5-6

5-1

Disinfection ...............................................................................................................................

5-7

5-1

pH Control ................................................................................................................................

5-8

5-2

Economy ..................................................................................................................................

5-9

5-2

CHAPTER 6 THE CHEMISTRYOFCHLORINA TION

Hypochlorous Acid (HOC1) Formation......................................................................................

6-1

Effect of pH...............................................................................................................................

6-2

6-1

Other Reasons for pH Control...................................................................................................

6-3

6-1

Free vs Combined Chlorine ......................................................................................................

6-4

6-1

Super Chlorination ....................................................................................................................

6-5

6-1

’This manual supersedes TM 5-662 dated 1966.

TM 5-662

Paragraph Page

Breakpoint Chlorination............................................................................................................. 6-6 6-2

Intentional Chlorine Stabilization............................................................................................... 6-7 6-2

Stabilization Chemistry ............................................................................................................. 6-8 6-2

Stabilization Technique............................................................................................................. 6-9 6-2

Control of pH and Chlorine Residual......................................................................................... 6-10 6-2

Chlorination Control .................................................................................................................. 6-11 6-2

Chlorine Test Procedure (DPD Method).................................................................................... 6-12 6-2

pH Control ................................................................................................................................ 6-13 6-3

pH Effect................................................................................................................................... 6-14 6-3

Total Alkalinity Control .............................................................................................................. 6-15 6-3

CHAPTER 7 DISINFECTION AND OXIDATION PRODUCTS

General..................................................................................................................................... 7-1 7-1

Chlorine Products ..................................................................................................................... 7-2 7-1

Elemental Chlorine ................................................................................................................... 7-3 7-1

Calcium Hypochlorite................................................................................................................ 7-4 7-1

Sodium Hypochlorite................................................................................................................. 7-5 7-1

Lithium Hypochlorite ................................................................................................................. 7-6 7-2

Chlorinated Cyanurates ......................................................................................................... .. 7-7 7-2

Elemental Bromine ................................................................................................................... 7-8 7-2

Organic Bromine....................................................................................................................... 7-9 7-2

Algicides ................................................................................................................................... 7-10 7-2

Products ................................................................................................................................... 7-11 7-3

Silver ........................................................................................................................................ 7-12 7-3

Ultraviolet Light......................................................................................................................... 7-13 7-3

CHAPTER 8 GAS CHLORINATION

General..................................................................................................................................... 8-1 8-1

Sizing Equipment...................................................................................................................... 8-2 8-1

Feed Rate................................................................................................................................. 8-3 8-1

pH Effect................................................................................................................................... 8-4 8-1

Gas Cylinders ........................................................................................................................... 8-5 8-1

Connecting Cylinders................................................................................................................ 8-6 8-1

Cylinder Location ...................................................................................................................... 8-7 8-1

Handling and Storing Gas Cylinders ......................................................................................... 8-8 8-2

Emergency Preparedness ........................................................................................................ 8-9 8-3

Leak Procedure ........................................................................................................................ 8-10 8-3

First Aid .................................................................................................................................... 8-11 8-3

CHAPTER 9

LIQUID CHLORINE SOL UTIONS

General..................................................................................................................................... 9-1 9-1

Chemicals................................................................................................................................. 9-2 9-1

Storage..................................................................................................................................... 9-3 9-1

Solution Preparation ................................................................................................................. 9-4 9-1

Liquid Chlorine Feeders............................................................................................................ 9-5 9-1

Positive Displacement Type Feeders........................................................................................ 9-6 9-1

Feeder Fouling ......................................................................................................................... 9-7 9-1

Setting Feed Rates ................................................................................................................... 9-8 9-2

Equipment Service ................................................................................................................... 9-9 9-2

Service Schedule...................................................................................................................... 9-10 9-2

CHAPTER 10

THE RECIRCULATION SYSTEM

General..................................................................................................................................... 10-1 10-1

Piping ....................................................................................................................................... 10-2 10-1

Drains, Overflow Gutters & Surface Skimmers ......................................................................... 10-3 10-1

Strainer..................................................................................................................................... 10-4 10-1

Filter Plant ................................................................................................................................ 10-5 10-1

Chemical Feeders .................................................................................................................... 10-6 10-1

Inlet Distribution System ........................................................................................................... 10-7 10-1

System Operation Parameters.................................................................................................. 10-8 10-2

CHAPTER 11

FILTRATION

General..................................................................................................................................... 11-1 11-1

Recirculation Pump Theory of Operation .................................................................................. 11-2 11-1

Operating Parameters .............................................................................................................. 11-3 11-1

Filter Types............................................................................................................................... 11-4 11-1

Characteristics.......................................................................................................................... 11-5 11-1

CHAPTER 12

SAND FILTRATION

General..................................................................................................................................... 12-1 12-1

Flocculation .............................................................................................................................. 12-2 12-1

Effect of Chemicals................................................................................................................... 12-3 12-1

TM 5-662

Paragraph Page

Anthracite Filtration................................................................................................................... 12-4 12-1

Sand Filter Types ..................................................................................................................... 12-5 12-1

Rapid Sand Filter Construction ................................................................................................. 12-6 12-1

Rapid Sand Filter Operation ..................................................................................................... 12-7 12-1

High Rate Sand Filter Construction........................................................................................... 12-8 12-3

High Rate Sand Filter Operation ............................................................................................... 12-9 12-3

Gravity Sand Filter .................................................................................................................... 12-10 12-3

Backwash Theory ..................................................................................................................... 12-11 12-3

Backwash Operation................................................................................................................. 12-12 12-3

Equipment Inspection ............................................................................................................... 12-13 12-4

CHAPTER 13

DIATOMACEOUS EARTH FILTRATION

General..................................................................................................................................... 13-1 13-1

The Filter Media........................................................................................................................ 13-2 13-1

The Filter Septum ..................................................................................................................... 13-3 13-1

Precoating the Filter Septum .................................................................................................... 13-4 13-1

Continuous Body Feeding the Filter.......................................................................................... 13-5 13-1

The Physical Plant .................................................................................................................... 13-6 13-3

Dry Feeder................................................................................................................................ 13-7 13-3

Slurry Feeder............................................................................................................................ 13-8 13-3

Flow Rates and Filter Siz