FM 4-94
February 2010
THEATER SUSTAINMENT COMMAND
DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: This manual is approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.
Headquarters, Department of the Army
FOREWORD
The Army has undergone a dramatic transformation over the last five years. It has become a modular “brigade-based” Army that is more responsive to combatant commander’s needs. It better employs joint capabilities, facilitates force packaging and rapid deployment, and fights as self-contained units in non-linear, non-contiguous operations. Evolving from a rigid, multi-echeloned formation to a more flexible, centralized structure that eliminates redundancy and streamlines support by removing unnecessary layers while remaining responsive to the needs of a joint and expeditionary Army.
This edition of FM 4-94, the first revision since 2003, describes the TSC and how it relates to the combatant command as part of the modular Army. This manual will fill an immediate need, providing commanders and their staff with the doctrinal tools to succeed.
In its current form, this manual provides the intellectual underpinnings that lie at the core of how a TSC and its subordinates operate. It gives an understanding of the modular logistics structure and how to apply effective command and control. By reading this FM, commanders and their staffs will be familiar with the TSC mission, organization, roles and key tasks to perform.
This publication is available at: Army Knowledge Online (www.us.army.mil)
General Dennis J. Reimer Training and Doctrine Digital Library (http://www.train.army.mil) United States Army Publishing Agency (http://www.army.mil/usapa)
*FM 4-94
Field Manual
Headquarters
No. 4-94
Department of the Army
Washington, DC, 12 February 2010
Theater Sustainment Command
Contents
Page
CHAPTER 1
THE THEATER SUSTAINMENT COMMAND ROLE IN FULL SPECTRUM
OPERATIONS .................................................................................................... 1-1
Section I: Operational Environment .............................................................. 1-1
Section II: Theater Structure ........................................................................... 1-2
Geographic Combatant Command .................................................................... 1-2
Army Service Component Command ................................................................. 1-3
Army Forces ....................................................................................................... 1-4
Section III: National Strategic-Level Support Organizations ....................... 1-4
Defense Logistics Agency .................................................................................. 1-4
Defense Contract Management Agency ............................................................ 1-5
Defense Finance and Accounting Service ......................................................... 1-5
United States Joint Forces Command ............................................................... 1-5
United States Transportation Command (USTRANSCOM) ............................... 1-6
United States Army Materiel Command ............................................................. 1-8
Human Resources Command .......................................................................... 1-10
United States Army Finance Command ........................................................... 1-10
Section IV: Support to Joint and Multinational Operations ....................... 1-11
Lead Service Responsibilities .......................................................................... 1-11
Executive Agency ............................................................................................. 1-11
Directive Authority for Logistics ........................................................................ 1-12
Multinational Support ........................................................................................ 1-12
Intergovernmental Organizations (IGO), Nongovernmental Organizations
(NGO), and International Agency Cooperation ................................................ 1-14
Chapter 2
MISSION AND ORGANIZATION ....................................................................... 2-1
Section I: TSC Mission and Tasks .................................................................. 2-1
Mission ............................................................................................................... 2-1
Tasks .................................................................................................................. 2-2
Distribution Restriction: This manual is approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.
*This publication supersedes FM 4-93.4, Theater Support Command, 15 April 2003.
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Contents
Section II: TSC Roles, Functions, and Organization ..................................... 2-3
Role of the Commander ...................................................................................... 2-3
Role of the Deputy Commander ......................................................................... 2-3
Role of the Staff .................................................................................................. 2-4
TSC Organization ............................................................................................... 2-4
Section III: Command Posts .......................................................................... 2-16
Section IV: Planning Horizons ....................................................................... 2-16
Section V: Expeditionary Sustainment Command (ESC) ........................... 2-19
ESC Mission and Tasks .................................................................................... 2-19
ESC Roles, Functions, and Organization ......................................................... 2-20
Section VI: Subordinate Organizations ........................................................ 2-22
Movement Control Battalion .............................................................................. 2-23
Ordnance Group (Explosive Ordnance Disposal) ............................................ 2-23
Quartermaster Group (Petroleum) .................................................................... 2-23
Sustainment Brigade ......................................................................................... 2-24
Financial Management Center .......................................................................... 2-26
Human Resources Sustainment Center ........................................................... 2-27
Section VII: Attachments ................................................................................ 2-28
Sustainment Brigade (Special Operations) (Airborne) ..................................... 2-28
ARSOF Support Cell ......................................................................................... 2-29
Medical Logistics Management Center Support Team ..................................... 2-29
CHAPTER 3
COMMAND, CONTROL, AUTOMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS .............. 3-1
Section I: Command and Control .................................................................... 3-1
Command and Support Relationships ................................................................ 3-1
TSC Command and Control System .................................................................. 3-3
Army Battle Command System (ABCS) ............................................................. 3-4
Section II: Stamis and Supporting Information Systems ............................. 3-6
Army Human Resource Workstation .................................................................. 3-6
Financial Management Tactical Platform ............................................................ 3-6
Medical Communication for Combat Casualty Care ........................................... 3-6
Property Book Unit Supply Enhanced ................................................................ 3-7
Standard Army Retail Supply System ................................................................. 3-7
Standard Army Ammunition System-Modernization ........................................... 3-7
Transportation Coordinator’s Automated Information for
Movement System II ........................................................................................... 3-8
Section III: Stamis and Supporting Information System Enablers ............ 3-10
Logistics Information Warehouse ..................................................................... 3-10
Automated Identification Technology ................................................................ 3-11
Battle Command Common Services ................................................................. 3-11
Combat Service Support Automated Information Systems
Interface (CAISI) ............................................................................................... 3-12
Combat Service Support Very Small Aperture Terminal .................................. 3-12
Section IV: Theater Network Support ........................................................... 3-12
Signal Command (Theater) ............................................................................... 3-12
LandWarNet ...................................................................................................... 3-12
Theater Services ............................................................................................... 3-13
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12 February 2010
Contents
Current and Emerging Networks ...................................................................... 3-13
Federation of Networks .................................................................................... 3-15
CHAPTER 4
SUPPORT OPERATIONS ................................................................................. 4-1
Section I: Overview .......................................................................................... 4-1
Section II: Conduct Reception, Staging, Onward Movement, and
Integration Operations ..................................................................................... 4-5
Section III: Provide Distribution Management ............................................... 4-6
TSC/ESC Distribution Management Roles ........................................................ 4-6
Distribution Management Fundamentals ........................................................... 4-7
Components of Distribution Management .......................................................... 4-7
Functions of Distribution Management ............................................................. 4-11
Distribution Planning......................................................................................... 4-11
Intratheater Distribution System ....................................................................... 4-12
Convoy Planning .............................................................................................. 4-13
Section IV: Provide Materiel Management ................................................... 4-14
Section V: Provide Movement Control ......................................................... 4-17
Section VI: Provide Sustainment .................................................................. 4-18
Supply ............................................................................................................... 4-18
Services ............................................................................................................ 4-19
Maintenance ..................................................................................................... 4-19
Operational Contract Support ........................................................................... 4-20
Financial Management Support ....................................................................... 4-22
Human Resources Support .............................................................................. 4-24
Section VII: Provide Army Special Operations Forces Support ................ 4-25
Section VIII: Provide Common-User Logistics Support ............................. 4-25
Section IX: Conduct Redeployment Operations ......................................... 4-26
CHAPTER 5 STRATEGIC AND JOINT INTERFACES ............................................... 5-1
Section I: Strategic Interfaces ......................................................................... 5-1
Defense Logistics Agency Contingency Support Team ..................................... 5-1
Defense Logistics Agency Deployable Distribution Center ................................ 5-1
Army Sustainment Command ............................................................................ 5-2
Section II: Joint Interfaces ............................................................................... 5-2
Geographic Combatant Commander ................................................................. 5-2
CHAPTER 6 TSC PROTECTION WARFIGHTING FUNCTION
RESPONSIBILITIES .............................................................................. 6-1
Section I: Protection Process ......................................................................... 6-1
Section II: Protection Tasks ............................................................................ 6-2
GLOSSARY ............................................................................................................... Glossary-1
INDEX
.....................................................................................................................
Index-1
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Contents
Figures
Figure 2-1. Theater Sustainment Command TOE Staff Organization ................................... 2-4
Figure 2-2. Planning Horizons .............................................................................................. 2-17
Figure 2-3. TSC Plans and Operations Synchronization ..................................................... 2-18
Figure 2-4. Expeditionary Sustainment Command TOE Staff Organization ........................ 2-22
Figure 3-1. Command and Support Relationships ................................................................. 3-2
Figure 4-1. Notional TSC Structure ........................................................................................ 4-2
Figure 4-2. Notional Theater Construct .................................................................................. 4-3
Figure 4-3. TSC Support Operations Section ........................................................................ 4-4
Figure 4-4. Simplified View of a Notional Intratheater Distribution System.......................... 4-13
Figure 4-5. TSC, ESC, and Sustainment Brigade Materiel Management Functions ........... 4-15
Tables
Table 4-1. TSC Materiel Management Functions—SARSS ................................................ 4-16
Table 4-2. Critical TSC Materiel Management Functions—SAAS-MMC ............................. 4-17
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Preface
This publication provides fundamental guidance for the employment of the theater sustainment command (TSC) and expeditionary sustainment command (ESC) to command and control Army deployment and sustainment operations conducted in support of joint and multinational operations across the spectrum of conflict.
PURPOSE
Field Manual (FM) 4-94 establishes Army doctrine for operational-level deployment and sustainment by providing overarching doctrinal direction for Army operations conducted in support of full spectrum operations detailed in other Army manuals. FM 4-93.4 also provides a foundation for the development of appropriate tactics, techniques, and procedures.
SCOPE
FM 4-94 is comprised of six chapters. Chapter 1 discusses the TSC’s role in full spectrum operations through discussions of the operational environment, theater structure, strategic level support organizations, and support to joint and multinational operations. Chapter 2 discusses the mission and organization of the TSC, the ESC, and subordinate organizations (including attached units). Chapter 3 discusses the automation and communication systems used to command and control operations. Chapter 4 discusses support operations to include distribution and materiel management, movement control, sustainment, and common-user logistics support. Chapter 5 discusses the strategic and joint interfaces that are required to optimize theater distribution.
Chapter 6 discusses the TSC’s role in protection.
APPLICABILITY
FM 4-94 provides operational guidance for commanders and staffs assigned to a numbered Army, an Army Service Component Command, a TSC headquarters and their subordinate units. This publication applies to the Active Army, the Army National Guard (ARNG)/the Army National Guard of the United States (ARNGUS), and the United States Army Reserve (USAR) unless otherwise stated.
ADMINISTRATIVE INFORMATION
Headquarters, U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command, is the proponent for this publication. The preparing agency is the Training and Doctrine Development Directorate, U.S. Army Combined Arms Support Command and SCoE, ATTN: ATCL-TDD, Fort Lee, Virginia, 23831. Send written comments and recommendations on DA Form 2028 (Recommended Changes to Publications and Blank Forms) to Commander, U.S. Army Combined Arms Support Command, ATTN: ATCL-CDD, Fort Lee, Virginia 23801.
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Chapter 1
The Theater Sustainment Command (TSC) Role within the
Spectrum of Conflict
The spectrum of conflict is a complex, interconnected, and increasingly global operational environment encompassing air, land, maritime, and space domains and the information environment.
It is within this setting that the theater sustainment command (TSC) commands and controls Army operational-level support of a joint or multinational force; providing centralized command and control (C2) and decentralized operations throughout the theater. The TSC and its subordinate units are assigned to an Army Service component command (ASCC). This chapter discusses the operational environment, theater structure, strategic-level support organizations, and support to joint and multinational operations.
SECTION I: OPERATIONAL ENVIRONMENT
1-1. Understanding a given operational environment is essential to the successful execution of deployment and sustainment operations conducted in support of geographic combatant commander (GCC) objectives.
Analysis of a specific operational environment is framed in the context of political, military, economic, social, information, infrastructure, physical environment, and time (PMESII-PT) relationships. This PMESII-PT
analysis provides relevant information essential to understanding any given operational environment, including that of a particular GCC. Commanders can apply the understanding gained from this analysis to a mission analysis more narrowly focused on mission, enemy, terrain and weather, troops and support available, time available and civil considerations (METT-TC). Understanding their operational environment allows TSC
commanders to effectively and efficiently employ capabilities throughout the theater.
1-2. A range of factors will affect ground force operations in an era of persistent conflict. These factors include the evolving war on terrorism, globalization of economies, climate change and natural disasters, failed or failing states, and proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. At the same time, it is envisioned the United States (U.S.) will become increasingly involved in ambiguous conflicts involving non-state adversaries operating in complex environments. As a result of a changing operational environment, logisticians must be prepared to conduct support operations in a variety of vastly different operational environments. The specific operational environments may be characterized by:
• A complex, non-contiguous battlefield, where boundaries may not be clearly defined.
• A threat scenario in which potential adversaries are not readily identifiable.
• Simultaneous, geographically dispersed operations that may result in long lines of communication.
• Increased coordination between organizations and functions to achieve desired effects.
• Joint or single Service organizations operating in a collaborative or interdependent joint environment.
• Joint, single Service and multinational force interaction with intergovernmental organizations (IGO), non-governmental organizations (NGO), and contractors.
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Chapter 1
SECTION II: THEATER STRUCTURE
GEOGRAPHIC COMBATANT COMMAND
1-3. GCCs exercise combatant command (COCOM) authority over all forces to accomplish the missions assigned to the command. COCOM cannot be delegated or transferred. Operational control (OPCON) is inherent in COCOM and may be delegated within the combatant command by the GCC.
1-4. GCCs develop plans for the purpose of achieving strategic and theater objectives through unified action.
The plan is the central organizing document for joint warfare; establishing subordinate commands, assigning responsibilities, establishing appropriate command relationships and support priorities, and establishing coordinating instructions for component commanders.
1-5. GCCs have the authority to organize forces, as required, to accomplish assigned missions. Accordingly, a GCC may designate a Service component commander as a joint force functional component commander to improve span of control and provide for unity of effort. The GCC may also establish one or more joint force commands to improve span of control.
1-6. The geographic combatant command logistics directorate (J-4) is responsible for developing logistics plans, formulating policies that ensure effective logistics support for all forces in the command, and coordinating execution of the commander’s policies and guidance. The coordination and supervision of deployment and distribution, supply, maintenance, logistics services, operational contract support, and engineering are integral to providing effective logistics support across the spectrum of conflict. Because many of the issues confronting this directorate are of a single-Service nature, close coordination and collaboration with the Service component commands or their designated representatives are necessary for achieving unity of effort.
1-7. Unity of effort is also achieved through the synchronization and integration capabilities of the Joint deployment distribution operations center (JDDOC). Resourced by the GCC and augmented by United States Transportation Command (USTRANSCOM), Defense Logistics Agency (DLA), the Services, and other natio