Think Stats: Probability and
Statistics for Programmers
Version 1.5.9
Think Stats
Probability and Statistics for Programmers
Version 1.5.9
Allen B. Downey
Green Tea Press
Needham, Massachusetts
Copyright © 2011 Allen B. Downey.
Green Tea Press
9 Washburn Ave
Needham MA 02492
Permission is granted to copy, distribute, and/or modify this document under
the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported Li-
cense, which is available at ❤tt♣✿✴✴❝r❡❛t✐✈❡❝♦♠♠♦♥s✳♦r❣✴❧✐❝❡♥s❡s✴❜②✲♥❝✴✸✳✵✴.
The original form of this book is LATEX source code. Compiling this code has the
effect of generating a device-independent representation of a textbook, which can
be converted to other formats and printed.
The LATEX source for this book is available from ❤tt♣✿✴✴t❤✐♥❦st❛ts✳❝♦♠.
The cover for this book is based on a photo by Paul Friel (❤tt♣✿✴✴❢❧✐❝❦r✳❝♦♠✴
♣❡♦♣❧❡✴❢r✐❡❧♣✴), who made it available under the Creative Commons Attribution
license. The original photo is at ❤tt♣✿✴✴❢❧✐❝❦r✳❝♦♠✴♣❤♦t♦s✴❢r✐❡❧♣✴✶✶✾✾✾✼✸✽✴.