Christian Controversies: Seeking the Truth by Scott S. Haraburda - HTML preview

FOOTNOTES:

1 This is the famous introduction to this classic Dickens’ story, which during every age, people experience the same contradictory struggles, difficulties, and joys. I took the liberty to rewrite this for Christianity instead of for life.

2 Exodus 22:16-17 and Deuteronomy 22:28-29. Also in Genesis 29. This was probably the reason that Jacob worked two consecutive seven-year terms in order to marry both Leah and Rachel.

3 Numbers 31:17-18.

4 Genesis 38 in which Judah paid to have sexual relations with Tamar. As a result, she gave birth to Perez, an ancestor of King David and Jesus. Judah was one of the brothers who sold Joseph into slavery. See also Westenholz 1989.

5 2011

6 Santayana 1905-06. A paraphrase of “Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it.”

7 Dawkins 2006, 317 . You can read the entire monologue in this book.

8 Gulley 2010, 74.

9 Fuerbringher 1966.

10 1989.

11 Schilpp 1938, 13.

12 Acts 14:19-20.

13 See especially Stone 1988.

14 Luke 23:18-21.

15 Schilpp 1938, 133.

16 See Luther 1958 and Collins 2007.

17 Schilpp 1938, 142.

18 Schilpp 138, 150.

19 1897 and 1904.

20 Simon 2002, 49.

21 Russell 1997. There is a great debate among scholars and religious leaders between the BC/AD and the BCE/CE systems for representing dates. I’ll use the latter system because the other one misrepresents the birth of Jesus by as much as seven years. To illustrate my point, how can Jesus be born in 7 BC (Before Christ)? The BCE represents “Before Common Era” while CE represents “Common Era.” Anno Domini (AD) means “In the Year of the Lord,” and should be placed before the year and not after it. Of note, the BC/AD system was introduced by Dionysius Exiguus in the sixth century. Regardless, both systems represent the same dates.

22 1 Chronicles 16:30, Psalms 93:1, 96:10, 104:5, and Isaiah 45:18.

23 Encyclopædia Britannica 1911. His most famous achievement was his prediction in 1846 that Neptune existed, which was later confirmed by Johann Galle and Heinrich d’Arrest about a month later.

24 Ryden 2003.

25 1878 and 1864.

26 1922.

27 Smith et al. 1965.

28 1911.

29 This is known as the “Bohr Model”.

30 Mehra 1982.

31 This is known as the “Schrödinger Equation”.

32 Haraburda 2001.

33 Schilpp 1938, 157-58.

34 Schilpp 1938, 8.

35 Schilpp 1938, 9.

36 Haraburda 2003.

37 Haraburda 2007.

38 See Lippy 2007 and Vacandand 1907.

39 See especially Westerkamp 2007.

40 See especially Allen 2000.

41 See especially Hughes 2009.

42 Schilpp 1938, 167-68.

43 Schilpp 1938, 170.

44 Schilpp 1938, 175.

45 Second Infantry Division, Korean War Veterans Association 2011.

46 2002.

47 1920.

48 John 18:38.

49 Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum 2011.

50 The New York Times 2011.

51 Ryne 2011.

52 See Randolf and Phillips 1935,Crouch 2011, and Gray 2011.

53 Baker 2000, 90-91. The Patent Office quoted that, “while Gray was undoubtedly the first to conceive of and disclose the [variable resistance] invention, as in his caveat of 14 February 1876, his failure to take any action amounting to completion until others had demonstrated the utility of the invention deprives him of the right to have it considered.”

54 Gould 2002, 187; Bowler 2003, 73-75; and Fara 2011.

55 Lamont-Brown 2004 and Encyclopædia Britannica 2011.

56 Custer and Custer 1950, 185, 296.

57 2006.

58 2006.

59 2006.

60 Clark 2002, 204.

61 Collier 2012, 28 and 39.

62 Haraburda 2008, 20-21.

63 Schilpp 1938, 158.

64 Van Evrie 1864: 8.

65 See especially Evans 1985.

66 Collier 2012, 54.

67 1822.

68 Finkelstein et al. 2009.

69 Gulley 2010, 38.

70 2010, 76.

71 1957. In Chapter 1, “What is Christian Ethics?” of this book. Georgia Harkness taught at the Pacific School of Religion in Berkeley, California.

72 See Shay 1994 and French 2003. These are two useful studies that emphasize issues of moral character in war and that draw from classical literature. The first involves the catastrophic combat experiences of the Vietnam War Soldiers and Soldiers in the Iliad. The second, with a forward from US Senator John McCain, contains a discussion of historical military values, including ancient Greeks, Romans, Vikings, Celts, Chinese monks, and Japanese samurai.

73 1812. “But the man of Perfected Self-Mastery is in the mean with respect to these objects: that is to say, he neither takes pleasure in the things which delight the vicious man, and in fact rather dislikes them, nor at all in improper objects; nor to any great degree in any object of the class; nor is he pained at their absence; nor does he desire them; or, if he does, only in moderation, and neither more than he ought, nor at improper times, and so forth; but such things as are conducive to health and good condition of body, being also pleasant, these he will grasp at in moderation and as he ought to do, and also such other pleasant things as do not hinder these objects, and are not unseemly or disproportionate to his means; because he that should grasp at such would be liking such pleasures more than is proper; but the man of Perfected Self-Mastery is not of this character, but regulates his desires by the dictates of right reason”.

74 Gordon 2003. “My beginning students know little about philosophy, but they do know what (in their own view) Epicurus taught: eat, drink and be merry, for tomorrow we die. When on one occasion, I pointed out that that is quite wrong”. However, this is a common misconception is that the quote is attributed to Epicurus, but that quote is probably from Isaiah 22:13: “And behold joy and gladness, slaying oxen, and killing sheep, eating flesh, and drinking wine: let us eat and drink; for tomorrow we shall die”.

75 Blackman and Utzinger 2009.

76 Driver 2009. “The Classical Utilitarians, Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill, identified the good with pleasure, so, like Epicurus, were hedonists about value. They also held that we ought to maximize the good, that is, bring about ‘the greatest amount of good for the greatest number’”.

77 1916.

78 Evans 2011.

79 Walzer 1981

80 Evans 2011.

81 Taylor 2007, 116, 119.

82 See especially Taylor 2007.

83 Niebuhr 1987, 251.

84 See especially Hadot 2001. The soul, the guiding principle within us, is in Aurelius’ description of an inviolable stronghold of freedom, known as the "inner citadel."

85 Holowchak 2008, 13, 91, 134, 141, 159.

86 Kennedy 1968 and Aeschylus 1920. A link to the audio of the Kennedy speech can be found at the Kennedy Presidential Library website too. The Aeschylus quote is: “Man by Suffering shall Learn. So the heart of him, again Aching with remembered pain, Bleeds and sleepeth not, until Wisdom comes against his will.”

87 Brennan 1994, 2. This was based upon a course taught at the Naval War College.

88 Stockdale 1995, 180, 234-36.

89 1888.

90 1995, 182.

91 See Bagozzi et al. 2003 and Isen and Shalker 1982. These are just a couple of studies that indicate that emotions affect decisions.

92 Seneca 1958, 51, 55, 59, 68.

93 Cicero 1887

94 1970.

95 Agamben 1993, 43.

96 Ker 2009, 118. The author lists Seneca’s text in Latin along with its English translation. Latin text is“quomodo fabula, sic vita: on quam diu, sed quam bene acta sit, refert. nihil ad rem pertinent quo loco desinas. quocumque voles desine: tantum bonam clausulam inpone. vale.” translated into English, “As in a story, so too in life: it is not how long, but how well it was acted, that matters. It is irrelevant in what place you cease. Cease wherever you want: just make sure to put a good end on it. Farewell.”

97 1888.

98 1862.

99 Spring 1940. A film was made of this book directed by Roy Boulting in 1947.

100 Descartes 1649, 41. “My third Maxime was, To endevour always rather to conquer my self then Fortune; and to change my desires, rather then the order of the world: and generally to accustome my self to beleeve, That there is nothing wholly in our power but our thoughts; so that after we have done our best, touching things which are without us, all whats wanting of success in respect of us is absolutely impossible.”

101 Moskos et al. 2000, 4.

102 Coker 2002, 2 and 2008, 97, 137. Ethics without Morality involves the existential and metaphysical ideals that have traditionally underpinned a life dedicated to professionalism seem increasingly obsolescent.

103 Myrer 1968. A mini-series was made of this book directed by E.W. Swackhamer and Richard Michaels from 1976 – 1977..

104 See especially Epicurus 1925.

105 1993. An HBO film was made of his book directed by Richard Benjamin in 1998.

106 Time Magazine 1976.

107 Deuteronomy 17:2-7.

108 Moskos et al. 2002, 4.

109 Coker 2002, 2 and 2008, 97, 137. Ethics without Morality involves the existential and metaphysical ideals that have traditionally underpinned a life dedicated to professionalism seem increasingly obsolescent.

110 Hobbes 1651. In this book, Hobbes argues for a social contract and rule by an absolute sovereign, which will avert chaos and civil war.

111 Harkness 1957. In Chapter 1, “What is Christian Ethics?” of this book.

112 Van Allsburg 1985. A film was made of his children’s book directed by Robert Zemeckis in 2004.

113 From The Yorck Project: 10.000 Meisterwerke der Malerei 2002. The compilation copyright is held by Zenodot Verlagsgesellschaft mbH and licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License.

114 Church 1897.

115 Kent 1907.

116 Giannet 2002.

117 John 8:12.

118 John 15:12.

119 See Stowers 2010.

120 Matthew 19:16-22 and Mark 10:17-31.

121 See Stowers 2010.

122 Matthew 21:12-13.

123 See Stowers 2010

124 Luke 7:1-9.

125 Luke 10:25-37, 12:13-21, 16:19-31.

126 Matthew 5:20-48.

127 Mark 12:38-40.

128 Giannet 2002.

129 Exodus 20:8-11, 31:12-17; Deuteronomy 5:12-15; Nehemiah 13:15-22; and Jeremiah 17:19-27.

130 See Leviticus 1-7.

131 Matthew 5:23-24.

132 See especially Hick 1995.

133 Giannet 2002.

134 1972, 108.

135 Matthew 23:3-24.

136 Schnackenburg 1965.

137 Matthew 22:36-40.

138 See especially Olcott 1919, Dasgupta 1922, and Becker 1909.

139 Harkness 1957. In Chapter 4: “Ethical Perspectives of the Early Church” of this book.

140 1 Corinthians 14:34.

141 Dawson 1954.

142 Dawson 1954.

143 See especially Austin 1981.

144 See especially Vacandard 1907.

145 Estes 2005.

146 See especially Schaff and Wace 1899.

147 Schaff 1910. Especially the following numerous pages: 8, 55-59, 65-67, 106, 112-13, 118-25, 135-37, 144-49, 174, 218-19, 258-59 298, 305, 312, 330-31, 348-49, 358-61, 366, 371-72, 382, 391, 405, 416, 422, 460, 474, 478, 487, 496, 511, 522, 525, 538-48, 561, 573-74, 599-606, 652-69, 675, 679, 692-705, 727-41, 746-50, 755-74, 791-92 810, 833-836, 842 870, 893-95, 937, 946, 948, 956, 979, 1017, 1048-62, 1075, 1117, 1175, 1191, 1209, 1243-44, 1254, 1284, 1297, 1315, 1325, 1376, 1383, 1406, 1440

148 Dawson 1954.

149 Dawson 1954.

150 Kirsch 1907.

151 Dawson 1954.

152 Vacandard 1907. See Chapter I: “First Period I-IV century – The Epoch of the Persecutions.”

153 John 18:11 and Matthew 26:52.

154 Vacandard 1907. See Chapter II: “Second Period from Valentian I to Theodosius II – The Church and the Criminal Code of the Christian Emperors Against Heresy.”

155 Vacandard 1907.

156 Vacandard 1907.

157 McKenna 1938, 56. “Priscillian was not condemned to death for heresy, but for the civil crime of magic, and his condemnation cannot be regarded as the prototype of the mediaeval inquisition. … St. Martin of Tours, who was in Treves when the trial of Priscillian was going on, pleaded with Maximus not to allow the condemned bishop to be put to death. After the execution of Priscillian, St. Ambrose visited Treves and refused to associate with the bishops who were actually seeking to have the followers of Priscillian put to death. In a letter to Bishop Thuribius of Astorga on Priscillianism Pope Leo I (440-61), however, approved of the salutary effects that had resulted from this trial by the civil ruler. Maximus was therefore justified in saying to St. Martin that the heretics (Priscillian, etc.) were condemned by the secular courts rather than by the persecution of the bishops.”

158 Vacandard 1907. See Chapter III: “Third Period From 1100 to 1250 – The Revival of the Manichean Heresies in the Middle Ages.”

159 Vacandard 1907.

160 Vacandard 1907.

161 Vacandard 1907. See Chapter VI: “Fifth Period – Gregory IX and Frederic II – The Establishment of the Monastic Inquisition.”

162 Vacandard 1907. See Chapter VII: “Sixth Period – Development of the Inquisition (Innocent IV and the Use of Torture).”

163 Vacandard 1907.

164 Vacandard 1907. See Chapter VIII: “Theologians, Canonists, and Casuists of the Inquisition.”

165 Russell 1972, 2-3.

166 Monter 2002, 12. Approximate amount of trials/executions from 1450-1750 (in thousands) for British Isles & North America (5/2); Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland, Lorraine, Austria & Czech (50/25); France (3/1); Scandinavia (5/2); Poland, Lituania, Hungary, & Russia (7/2); and Spain, Portugal, & Italy (10/1).

167 Russell 1972, 28.

168 Vacandard 1907. See Chapter IX: “The Inquisition in Operation.”

169 Vacandard 1907. See Chapter X: “A Criticism of the Theory and Practice of the Inquisition.”

170 Dawson 1954.

171 1782. This is popularly quoted as” Religion is regarded by the common people as true, by the wise as false, and by the rulers as useful” and most likely misattributed to Seneca. I could not locate this quote in any of Seneca’s works.

172 Plaisted 2006.

173 See Bréhier 1908, Encyclopædia Britannica 2011a and 2011b, and Spahn 1912.

174 Phillips 2010, 3-28.

175 Verkamp 1993, 11. First millennium “warriors returning from battle would or should be feeling guilty and ashamed for all the wartime killing they had done. Far from having such feelings dismissed as insignificant or irrelevant, returning warriors were encouraged to seek resolution of them through rituals of purification, expiation, and reconciliation. To accommodate these latter needs, religious authorities of the period not infrequently imposed various and sundry penances on returning warriors, depending on the kind of war they had been engaged in, the number of their killings, and the intention with which they had been carried out.”

176 Krasner 1999, 79.

177 See especially Miller et. Al. 2010.

178 John 7:53-8:11.

179 Lincoln 1967.

180 Pegis 1945, 466-80. From Summa Theologica, First Part. Habits, Virtues and Vices. Faith, Hope, and Charity are theological virtues, while Justice, Courage, Temperance and Prudence are cardinal virtues. Summa Theologica was written from 1265-74.

181 Gregory the Great 1844.

182 1867.

183 1 Timothy 2:11-14, Luther 1525, Schaff 1910.

184 National Conference of Catholic Bishops 1983, 26.

185 Harkness 1957. In Chapter 1, “What is Christian Ethics?” of this book.

186 Mason 2011. This as a lecture the author provided at the Currie Strickland Lectures at Howard Payne University on March 15, 2011.

187 Harkness 1957. In Chapter 5: “God, Sin, and Christian Character” of this book.

188 Harkness 1957. In Chapter 1, “What is Christian Ethics?” of this book.

189 Matthew16:18, 18:17.

190 Matthew 18:20.

191 Harkness 1957. In Chapter 1, “What is Christian Ethics?” of this book.

192 Gulley 2010, 31-32.

193 Vaticana 2003, Cyril of Jerusalem 1969, and Augustine 2007.

194 Ackerman and Wylie 1967, and Marin and Chong 1973.

195 Melendez 1965 and 1966.

196 Beck and Friedwald 1989.

197 Spong 2005, 47.

198 Johnson 1974.

199 Solzhenitsyn 2002, 299-314.

200 64. In Latin: “Ignis aurum probat, miseria fortes uiros”.

201 Saranam 2005, 57.

202 Johnson 1974.

203 See especially Ackroyd and Evans 1970.

204 See especially Spong 2005.

205 Gordon Conwell Theological Seminary 2011.

206 For a good simple source, see McDonald 2011.

207 Collier 2012, 103 and 122-23.

208 2 Timothy 3:16 states that God inspired all Scriptures. However, 2 Corinthians 11:17 implies that some Scriptures weren’t inspired.

209 Bradlaugh 1881.

210 Slick 2011b.

211 2006, 5-6.

212 Draper 2006 and Wake 1863.

213 Kirsch 1911.

214 Athanasius 1892

215 Hahn 2011.

216 Bruce 1988.

217 Koester 1990, 43-48.

218 Reid 1907.

219 Metzger 1987, 165-90.

220 Metzger 1987, 251-286.

221 Shepherd 2010, 40.

222 Encyclopædia Britannica 2011

223 Wake 1863. Archbishop Wake refers to this as, “The Suppressed Gospels and Epistles of the Original New Testament of Jesus the Christ and Other Portions of the Ancient Holy Scriptures. Now Extant, Attributed to His Apostles, and other Disciples, and Venerated by the Primitive Christian Churches During the First Four Centuries, But Since, After Violent Disputations Forbidden by the Bishops of the Nicene Council, in the Reign of the Emperor Constantine and Omitted from the Catholics and Protestant Editions of the New Testament, by Its Compilers.” Accessed 7 August 2011 http://www.gutenberg.org/files/6516/6516-h/6516-h.htm.

224 Mary, Protevangelion, 1 Infancy, 2 Infancy (Young Childhood), Nicodemus, Christ and Abgarus, Laodiceans, Paul and Seneca, Acts of Paul and Thecla, 1 Clement, 2 Clement, Barnabas, Ephesians, Magnesians, Trallians, Romans, Philadelphians, Smyrnaeans, Polycarp, Philippians, 1 Hermas—Visions, 2 Hermas—Commands, and 3 Hermas—Similitudes 225 Arendzen 1909.

226 Abanes 2004, 5.

227 I’m not going to list these errors. If interested, you could easily find them.

228 See especially Pagels and King 2007.

229 Spong 2005, 279.

230 Metzger 1987, 3.

231 2004.

232 The Apostolic Age represents the time from Jesus’ crucifixion in 30 CE until the death of John in 115 CE.

233 Jacobs 1995, 375.

234 McDermott 2002, 21.

235 Mark 1:44, Matthew 8:4, 19:7-8, 22:24, Luke 5:14, 20:28, and 24:27.

236 Mark 12:36-37, Matthew 22:43-45, and Luke 20:42-44.

237 Duling 2010, 302-3.

238 Aune, 1987, 77.

239 Harris 1985, 355.

240 2003.

241 2001.

242 DeConick 2001, 15-16 and 21.

243 Spong 2005, 24.

244 Brotzman 1994: 37-62.

245 Vander Heeren 1912.

246 Davidson 1995, 117-23.

247 Metzger 1981, 3.

248 Comfort 2005, 6.

249 Black 2009, 7; and Comfort 2005, 53.

250 See especially Smith 1893.

251 See especially Edgar 2011.

252 1320-1384.

253 Sneddon 1993.

254 Heine 2007, 119. The Hebrew word of “almah” in Isaiah 7:14 is translated as a “young woman”, while, the Hebrew word “bethulah” means “virgin.” Throughout Isaiah, “bethulah” appeared four times (23:12, 37:22, 47:1, 62:5), so its author was most likely aware of the word’s meaning. However, the reference to a “young woman” doesn’t mean that she wasn’t a “virgin” too.

255 Benigni 1908.

256 Comfort 2005, 104.

257 Köstenberger and Kruger 2010, 191.

258 Aland and Aland 1989, 83-102.

259 See especially Elliott 2000.

260 John 14:28; Matthew 24:36.

261 1667. In Book I, line 263.

262 1557, 19. “A foole and his monie be soone at debate, which after with sorrow repents him too late.”

263 Contained in chapter 2 section 23 is, “Help thyself, and God will help thee.”

264 In the fable, “Hercules and the Waggoner” is quoted as, “heaven helps those who help themselves.”

265 Isaiah 25:4.

266 Gulley 2010, 19.

267 See especially Beduhn 2010.

268 Isaiah 28:12-13.

269 Lose 2011.

270 Van Voorst 2000, 3.

271 See especially Virkler and Ayayo 2007.

272 1998. Father Manns is a professor at the Franciscan Biblicum Studium in Jerusalem.

273 Information obtained from the Faculty of Biblical Sciences and Arcaeology. “MANNS Frédéric, ofm.” Studium Biblicum Fanciscanum in Jerusalem. Retrieved on August 14, 2011 http://198.62.75.4/www1/ofm/sbf/segr/profs/Manns.html.

274 Bihl 1909.

275 See especially Wilson et al. 1871.

276 Stock 2001, 4 and 57.

277 See especially Manns 1998.

278 Artisans sold souvenirs to pilgrims.

279 See especially Manns 1998.

280 Ben-Sasson 1976. Page 246: “When Archelaus was deposed from the ethnarchy in 6 CE, Judea proper, Samaria and Idumea were converted into a Roman province under the name Iudaea.”; page 274: “Josephus connects the beginnings of the extremist movement with the census held under the supervision of Quirinius, the legate of Syria, soon after Judea had been converted into a Roman province.”

281 See especially Manns 1998.

282 See especially Manns 1998.

283 See especially Manns 1998.

284 Lussier 2011.

285 King and Stager 2001, 37.

286 Central Intelligence Agency 2011a.

287 Central Intelligence Agency 2011b and 2011c.

288 Central Intelligence Agency 2011d.

289 Dillon 1976, 5.

290 Unknown Author 1892.

291 Bede 1910. This book is an account of Britain between the landings of Julius Caesar in 55 BCE and Augustine in 597 CE. It's a key source on the history of Christianity in Britain.

292 1667 and 1671.

293 1726 and 1719.

294 Fleischmann 1999, 27.

295 Fleischmann 1999, 34.

296 Shelley 1818 and Koppel 1988. Mary Shelley was Mary Wollstonecraft’s second child. Wollstonecraft died ten days after the birth.

297 See especially Poovey 1984.

298 See especially Slater 2009, Kenyon 2003, and Graver 1984. Charlotte is known for her Jane Eyre, Emily for her Wuthering Heights, and Anne for her The Tenant of Wildfell Hall. Mary Ann Evans was better known by her pseudonym of George Eliot.

299 1945 and 1949.

300 1922, 88. In German, T 6.43 reads: “Die Welt des Glücklichen ist eine andere als die des Unglücklichen.”

301 This specific one was probably done by Jeff Keane, his son, since Bil Keane died about a month earlier.

302 Evans 2008, 19-26.

303 2010, 74.

304 See especially Orr 1907.

305 Gulley 2010, 86-7.

306 Spong 2005, 200.

307 Robinson 1836, 393; and Robinson 2007, 149.

308 Spong 2005, 205.

309 Zechariah11:12-13.

310 2 Samuel 15:7 to 17:23.

311 2 Samuel 20:8-10.

312 Dimont 1962, 97-102.

313 Spong 2005, 209.

314 Brauch 2009, 54.

315 Martin 2006.

316 Spong 2005, 16.

317 Exodus 21:7.

318 Leviticus 25:44.

319 Exodus 31:15.

320 Leviticus 24:13-16.

321 Deuteronomy 21:18-21.

322 Mark 1:23-26, 9:14-18, and Luke 9:38-42.

323 Burgon 1896, 9.

324 Burgon 1896, 34.

325 See especially Slick 2011a.

326 Patzia 2011, 232.

327 Burgon 1896, 53-54.

328 A good example is at the end of this book from pages 298-312.

329 Burgon 1896, 66-67.

330 Patzia 2011, 233.

331 John 7:53 through 8:1-11.

332 Keith 2009, 120. This is missing from third century papyrus P66 and P75, along with the Codex Sinaiticus and Vaticanus. It is found in the Vulgate and Codex D from 384 CE.

333 Zylstra 2008.

334 Keith 2009, 135-39.

335 Keith 2009, 139.

336 Trumble 2010, 62.

337 Matthew 6:13.

338 Burgon 1896, 19.

339 Burgon 1896, 19. I used the online Greek Concordance for some of the other words used for κράβαττον in the Bible:. http://concordances.org/greek/krabatton_2895.htm. See John 5:8-12 for this example.

340 See also Fokkelman 1999, 203.

341 See especially Stern 1931.

342 See especially Liberman 2009.

343 Wierzbicka 1992, 200.

344 Latin of doceō for I teach.

345 Super 1905, 610.

346 Steinmetz 2008, 101.

347 Sedgwick 2009, 26.

348 Steinmetz 2008, 39.

349 Steinmetz 2008, 82.

350 Culpeper 1997, 38.

351 Hollmann 2009, 525 and 536.

352 Grayling 1988: 56.

353 Burns 1991, 3.

354 Williamson 1994, 1.

355 Łukowski 2011, 132.

356 Hyde 2011.

357 Wolach 2007.

358 1922, 90. In German, T 6.522 reads: “Es gibt allerdings Unaussprechliches. Dies zeigt sich, es ist das Mystische.”

359 34.

360 53.

361 81.

362 92.

363 115.

364 Spong 2005, 25.

365 Gulley 2010, 22.

366 See especially Olson 1999.

367 Olson 1999, 17.

368 Zuckerman 2007, 55.

369 See especially Johnson 2011.

370 See especially Rhodes 2005

371 See especially Rhodes 2005

372 See especially Mead 2001.

373 John 17.

374 See especially Maseko 2008.

375 See especially Salembier 1907.

376 I obtained these numbers of followers on January 21, 2012, from the www.adherets.com website, which is a growing collection of over 40 thousand adherent statistics and religious geography citations with references to published membership/adherent statistics and congregation statistics for over 4,200 religions, churches, denominations, religious bodies, faith groups, tribes, cultures, and movements.

377 Websites: www.catholic.org and www.vatican.ve.

378 Website www.ec-patr.org/athp/index.php?lang=en.

379 Gassmann et al. 2001, xvi.

380 Website www.ilc-online.org.

381 Walker 1906, 392.

382 Websites www.ipc-ealing.co.uk and www.pcusa.org.

383 Overton 1891 and Tomkins 2003, 75.

384 Website new.gbgm-umc.org for United Methodist churches.

385 Kirkpatrick 2008, 25-26.

386 Website www.anglicancommunion.org.

387 Murray 2011.

388 Collier 2012, 51-57.

389 Gulley 2010, 26.

390 Johnson is from the Center for the Study of Global Christianity at the Gordon Conwell Theological Seminary.