{1} Carinthia: Old region of Eastern Europe now part of Hungary.
{2} Saracen: Name given to the Arabs of Sicily and North Africa by Christian Europeans.
{3} Massilia: Old name for Marseille.
{4} Hypati : Old Byzantine title of ‘Consul’, equivalent to that of a Duke.
{5} Chamberlain : One of the main staff members in a castle or noble household, in charge of running and maintaining it.
{6} Moissac: small town on the River Garonne, situated in the Northwest corner of the County of Toulouse.
{7} Vascony: Old name for the region of Gascony in the High Middle Ages.
{8} Suteria: Old name of the city of Sutri in the Middle Ages.
{9} Seocine: Old name of the city of Siena in the Middle Ages.
{10} Massilia : Old name of Marseilles in the Middle Ages.
{11} Va’a Pahi : Polynesian catamaran double canoe linked by a platform supporting a deck house and propelled by one or two sails. The biggest va’a pahis could accommodate up to fifty people and were quite seaworthy.
{12} Oro : Polynesian god of war and of the sailors.
{13} Kog : Type of early medieval cargo ship with a single mast and a square sail. It was mostly used for coastal navigation.
{14} Bayt al-Hikma: ‘House of Wisdom’ in Arabic. Famous library and center of learning opened in Bagdad in 832 C.E.
{15} Guangzhou : Chinese name for the city of Canton.