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Light of the World Publication Company Limited
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O F T H E
REFORMATION
OF THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY
BY J. H. MERLE D'AUBIGNÉ.
Volume Fifth.
GLASGOW:
WILLIAM COLLINS, PUBLISHER & QUEEN'S
PRINTER.
MDCCCLXII
This page has been left intentionally blank
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Earth’s long trajectory of coercion, conflict and compromise has prepared the platform for the emergence of a New Age. Burning questions attend the advent of this anticipated new era, accompanied by its superstructures, systems of governance, rights-based regimes and ideals of freedom and happiness. Chequered in base deception, strategic repression and objectives of new world order, this e-book connects the dots between modern realities, spiritual mysteries and divine revelation. It traces the chronological progress from national catastrophe to global dominance, the destruction of an old system and the forging of a new; succinctly illuminating on love, human nature and even supernatural intervention.
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Ultimately, it is our fervent desire that every reader experience, grow to love and accept truth. In a world permeated with lies, ambiguity and manipulation, truth will forever stand as the quintessential longing in the soul. Truth engenders life, beauty, wisdom and grace; resulting in renewed purpose, vigour and a genuine, yet personal transformation in perspective and life.
History of the Reformation of the Sixteenth Century TABLE OF CONTENTS
BOOK XIX—The English New Testament and the Court of Rome ........................ 189
2
History of the Reformation of the Sixteenth Century
3
History of the Reformation of the Sixteenth Century DETAILED TABLE OF CONTENTS IN THIS VOLUME
BOOK XVII. ENGLAND BEFORE THE REFORMATION.
CHAPTER I.
Introduction—Work of the Sixteenth Century—Unity and Diversity—Necessity of considering the entire Religious History of England—Establishment of Christianity in Great Britain—Formation of Ecclesiastical Catholicism in the Roman Empire—
Spiritual Christianity received by Britain—Slavery and Conversion of Succat—His mission to Ireland—Anglo-Saxons re-establish Paganism in England—Columba at Iona—Evangelical Teaching—Presbytery and Episcopacy in Great Britain—
Continental Missions of the Britons—An Omission, CHAPTER II.
Pope Gregory the Great—Desires to reduce Britain—Policy of Gregory and Augustine—Arrival of the Mission—Appreciation—Britain superior to Rome—
Dionoth at Bangor—First and Second Romish Aggressions—Anguish of the Britons—
Pride of Rome—Rome has recourse to the Sword—Massacre—Saint Peter scourges an Archbishop—Oswald—His Victory—Corman—Mission of Oswald and Aidan—
Death of Oswald,
CHAPTER III.
Character of Oswy—Death of Aidan—Wilfrid at Rome—At Oswald's Court—Finan and Colman—Independence of the Church attacked—Oswy's Conquests and Troubles—Synodus Pharensis—Cedda—Degeneration—The Disputation—Peter, the Gatekeeper—Triumph of Rome—Grief of the Britons—Popedom organized in England—Papal Exultation—Archbishop Theodore—Cedda re-ordained—Discord in the Church—Disgrace and Treachery of Wilfrid—His end—Scotland attacked—
Adamnan—Iona resists—A King converted by Architects—The Monk Egbert at Iona—His History—Monkish Visions—Fall of Iona,
CHAPTER IV.
Clement—Struggle between a Scotchman and an Englishman—Word of God only—
Clement's Success—His condemnation—Virgil and the Antipodes—John Scotus and Philosophical Religion—Alfred and the Bible—Darkness and Popery—William the Conqueror—Wulston at Edward's Tomb—Struggle between William and Hildebrand—The Pope yields—Cæsaropapia,
CHAPTER V.
Anselm's Firmness—Becket's Austerity—The king scourged—John becomes the Pope's Vassal—Collision between Popery and Liberty—The Vassal King ravages his kingdom—Religion of the Senses and Superstition, 4
History of the Reformation of the Sixteenth Century CHAPTER VI.
Reaction—Grostete—Principles of Reform—Contest with the Pope—Sewal—
Progress of the Nation—Opposition to the Papacy—Conversion of Bradwardine—
Grace is Supreme—Edward III—Statutes of Provisors and Præmunire, CHAPTER VII.
The Mendicant Friars—Their Disorders and Popular Indignation—Wickliffe—His Success—Speeches of the Peers against the Papal Tribute—Agreement of Bruges—
Courtenay and Lancaster—Wickliffe before the Convocation—Altercation between Lancaster and Courtenay—Riot—Three Briefs against Wickliffe—Wickliffe at Lambeth—Mission of the Poor Priests—Their Preachings and Persecutions—
Wickliffe and the Four Regents,
CHAPTER VIII.
The Bible—Wickliffe's Translation—Effects of its Publication—Opposition of the Clergy—Wickliffe's
Fourth
Phasis—Transubstantiation—Excommunication—
Wickliffe's Firmness—Wat Tyler—The Synod—The condemned Propositions—
Wickliffe's Petition—Wickliffe before the Primate at Oxford—Wickliffe summoned to Rome—His answer—The Trialogue—His Death—And Character—His Teaching—
His Ecclesiastical Views—A Prophecy,
CHAPTER IX.
The Wickliffites—Call for Reform—Richard II—The first Martyr—Lord Cobham—
Appears before Henry V—Before the Archbishop—His Confession and Death—The Lollards,
CHAPTER X.
Learning at Florence—The Tudors—Erasmus visits England—Sir Thomas More—
Dean Colet—Erasmus and young Henry—Prince Arthur and Catherine—Marriage and Death—Catherine betrothed to Henry—Accession of Henry VIII—Enthusiasm of the Learned—Erasmus recalled to England—Cromwell before the Pope—Catherine proposed to Henry—Their Marriage and Court—Tournaments—Henry's Danger, CHAPTER XI.
The Pope excites to War—Colet's Sermon at St. Paul's—The Flemish Campaign—
Marriage of Louis XII and Princess Mary—Letter from Anne Boleyn—Marriage of Brandon and Mary—Oxford—Sir Thomas More at Court—Attack upon the Monasteries—Colet's Household—He preaches Reform—The Greeks and Trojans, 5
History of the Reformation of the Sixteenth Century CHAPTER XII.
Wolsey—His first Commission—His complaisance and Dioceses—Cardinal, Chancellor, and Legate—Ostentation and Necromancy—His Spies and Enmity—
Pretensions of the clergy
CHAPTER XIII.
The Wolves—Richard Hun—A Murder—Verdict of the Jury—Hun condemned, and his Character vindicated—The Gravesend Passage-boat—A festival disturbed—
Brown tortured—Visit from his Wife—A Martyr—Character of Erasmus—1516 and 1517—Erasmus goes to Basle,
BOOK XVIII. THE REVIVAL OF THE CHURCH.
CHAPTER I.
Four reforming Powers—Which reformed England?—Papal Reform?—Episcopal Reform?—Royal Reform?—What is required in a legitimate Reform—The Share of the Kingly Power—Share of the Episcopal Authority—High and Low Church—
Political Events—The Greek and Latin New Testament—Thoughts of Erasmus—
Enthusiasm and anger—Desire of Erasmus—Clamours of the Priests—Their Attack at Court—Astonishment of Erasmus—His Labours for this Work—Edward Lee; his Character—Lee's Tragedy—Conspiracy,
CHAPTER II.
Effects of the New Testament in the Universities—Conversations—A Cambridge Fellow—Bilney buys the New Testament—The first Passage—His Conversion—
Protestantism, the Fruit of the Gospel—The Vale of the Severn—William Tyndale—
Evangelization at Oxford—Bilney teaches at Cambridge—Fryth—Is Conversion Possible?—True Consecration—The Reformation has begun, CHAPTER III.
Alarm of the Clergy—The Two Days—Thomas Man's Preaching—True real Presence—Persecutions at Coventry—Standish preaches at St. Paul's—His Petition to the King and Queen—His Arguments and Defeat—Wolsey's Ambition—First Overtures—Henry and Francis Candidates for the Empire—Conference between Francis I and Sir T. Boleyn—The Tiara promised to Wolsey—The cardinal's Intrigues with Charles and Francis,
CHAPTER IV.
Tyndale—Sodbury Hall—Sir John and Lady Walsh—Table-Talk—The Holy Scriptures—The Images—The Anchor of Faith—A Roman Camp—Preaching of Faith and Works—Tyndale accused by the Priests—They tear up what he has planted—
6
History of the Reformation of the Sixteenth Century Tyndale resolves to translate the Bible—His first triumph—The Priests in the taverns—Tyndale summoned before the Chancellor of Worcester—Consoled by an aged Doctor—Attacked by a schoolman—His Secret becomes known—He leaves Sodbury Hall,
CHAPTER V.
Luther's Works in England—Consultation of the Bishops—The Bull of Leo X
published in England—Luther's books burnt—Letter of Henry VIII—He undertakes to write against Luther—Cry of Alarm—Tradition and Sacramentalism—Prudence of Sir T. More—The Book presented to the Pope—Defender of the Faith—Exultation of the king,
CHAPTER VI.
Wolsey's Machinations to obtain the Tiara—He gains Charles V—Alliance between Henry and Charles—Wolsey offers to command the Troops—Treaty of Bruges—
Henry believes himself King of France—Victories of Francis I—Death of Leo X, CHAPTER VII.
The Just Men of Lincolnshire—Their Assemblies and Teaching—Agnes and Morden—Itinerant Libraries—Polemical Conversations—Sarcasm—Royal Decree and Terror—Depositions and Condemnations—Four Martyrs—A Conclave—Charles consoles Wolsey,
CHAPTER VIII.
Character of Tyndale—He arrives in London—He preaches—The Cloth and the Ell—
The bishop of London gives Audience to Tyndale—He is dismissed—A Christian Merchant of London—Spirit of Love in the Reformation—Tyndale in Monmouth's House—Fryth helps him to translate the New Testament—Importunities of the Bishop of Lincoln—Persecution in London—Tyndale's Resolution—He departs—His Indignation against the Prelates—His Hopes,
CHAPTER IX.
Bilney at Cambridge—Conversions—The University Cross-Bearer—A Leicestershire Farmer—A Party of Students—Superstitious Practices—An obstinate Papist—The Sophists—Latimer attacks Stafford—Bilney's Resolution—Latimer hears Bilney's Confession—Confessor converted—New Life in Latimer—Bilney preaches Grace—
Nature of the Ministry—Latimer's Character and Teaching—Works of Charity—
Three Classes of Adversaries—Clark and Dalaber, 7
History of the Reformation of the Sixteenth Century CHAPTER X.
Wolsey seeks the Tiara—Clement VII is elected—Wolsey's dissimulation—Charles offers France to Henry—Pace's Mission on this Subject—Wolsey reforms the Convents—His secret Alliances—Treaty between France and England—Taxation and Insurrection—False Charges against the Reformers—Latimer's Defence—
Tenterden Steeple,
CHAPTER XI.
Tyndale
at
Hamburg—First two Gospels—Embarrassment—Tyndale at Wittemberg—At Cologne—The New Testament at Press—Sudden Interruption—
Cochlæus at Cologne—Rupert's Manuscripts—Discovery of Cochlæus—His Inquiries—His alarm—Rincke and the Senate's Prohibition—Consternation and Decision of Tyndale—Cochlæus writes to England—Tyndale ascends the Rhine—
Prints two Editions at Worms—Tyndale's Prayer,
CHAPTER XII.
Worms and Cambridge—St. Paul resuscitated—Latimer's Preaching—Never Man spake like this Man—Joy and Vexation at Cambridge—Sermon by Prior Buckingham—Irony—Latimer's Reply to Buckingham—The Students threatened—
Latimer preaches before the Bishop—He is forbidden to preach—The most zealous of Bishops—Barnes the Restorer of Letters—Bilney undertakes to convert him—Barnes offers his pulpit to Latimer—Fryth's Thirst for God—Christmas Eve, 1525—Storm against Barnes—Ferment in the Colleges—Germany at Cambridge—Meetings at Oxford—General Expectation,
BOOK XIX. THE ENGLISH NEW TESTAMENT AND THE COURT OF ROME.
CHAPTER I.
Church and State essentially distinct—Their fundamental Principles—What restores Life to the Church—Separation from Rome necessary—Reform and Liberty—The New Testament crosses the sea—Is hidden in London—Garret's Preaching and Zeal—Dissemination of Scripture—What the People find in it—The Effects it produces—Tyndale's Explanations—Roper, More's son-in-law—Garret carries Tyndale's Testament to Oxford—Henry and his Valet—The Supplication of the Beggars—Two Sorts of Beggars—Evils caused by Priests—More's Supplications of the Souls in Purgatory,
CHAPTER II.
The two Authorities—Commencement of the Search—Garret at Oxford—His Flight—
His return and Imprisonment—Escapes and takes Refuge with Dalaber—Garret and Dalaber at Prayer—The Magnificat—Surprise among the Doctors—Clark's Advice—
8
History of the Reformation of the Sixteenth Century Fraternal Love at Oxford—Alarm of Dalaber—His Arrest and Examination—He is tortured—Garret and twenty Fellows imprisoned—The Cellar—Condemnation and Humiliation,
CHAPTER III.
Persecution at Cambridge—Barnes arrested—A grand Search—Barnes at Wolsey's Palace—Interrogated by the Cardinal—Conversation between Wolsey and Barnes—
Barnes threatened with the Stake—His Fall and public Penance—Richard Bayfield—
His Faith and Imprisonment—Visits Cambridge—Joins Tyndale—The Confessors in the Cellar at Oxford—Four of them die—The rest liberated, CHAPTER IV.
Luther's Letter to the King—Henry's Anger—His Reply—Luther's Resolution—
Persecutions—Barnes escapes—Proclamations against the New Testament—W. Roy to Caiaphas—Third Edition of the New Testament—The Triumph of Law and Liberty—Hacket attacks the Printer—Hacket's Complaints—A seizure—The Year 1526 in England,
CHAPTER V.
Wolsey desires to be revenged—The Divorce suggested—Henry's Sentiments towards the Queen—Wolsey's first Steps—Longland's Proceedings—Refusal of Margaret of Valois—Objection of the Bishop of Tarbes—Henry's uneasiness—Catherine's Alarm—Mission to Spain,
CHAPTER VI.
Anne Boleyn appointed Maid of Honour to Catherine—Lord Percy becomes attached to her—Wolsey separates them—Anne Enters Margaret's Household—Siege of Rome; Cromwell—Wolsey's Intercession for the Popedom—He demands the Hand of Renée of France for Henry—Failure—Anne re-appears at Court—Repels the king's Advances—Henry's Letter—He resolves to accelerate the Divorce—Two Motives which induce Anne to refuse the Crown—Wolsey's Opposition, CHAPTER VII.
Bilney's Preaching—His arrest—Arthur's Preaching and Imprisonment—Bilney's Examination—Contest between the Judge and the Prisoner—Bilney's weakness and Fall—His Terrors—Two Wants—Arrival of the Fourth Edition of the New Testament—Joy among the Believers,
CHAPTER VIII.
The Papacy intercepts the Gospel—The King consults Sir Thomas More—
Ecclesiastical Conferences about the divorce—The Universities—Clark—The Nun of 9
History of the Reformation of the Sixteenth Century Kent—Wolsey decides to do the king's Will—Mission to the Pope—Four Documents—
Embarrassment of Charles V—Francis Philip at Madrid—Distress and Resolution of Charles—He turns away from the Reformation—Conference at the Castle of St.
Angelo—Knight arrives in Italy—His Flight—Treaty between the Pope and the Emperor—Escape of the Pope—Confusion of Henry VIII—Wolsey's orders—His Entreaties,
CHAPTER IX.
The English Envoys at Orvieto—Their oration to the Pope—Clement gains Time—
The Envoys and Cardinal Sanctorum Quatuor—Stratagem of the Pope—Knight discovers it and returns—The Transformations of Antichrist—The English obtain a new Document—Fresh Stratagem—Demand of a second Cardinal-legate—The Pope's new Expedient—End of the Campaign,
CHAPTER X.
Disappointment in England—War declared against Charles V—Wolsey desires to get him deposed by the Pope—A new Scheme—Embassy of Fox and Gardiner—Their Arrival at Orvieto—Their first interview with Clement—The Pope reads a treatise by Henry—Gardiner's Threats and Clement's Promise—The Modern Fabius—Fresh Interview and Menaces—The pope has not the key—Gardiner's Proposition—
Difficulties and delays of the Cardinals—Gardiner's last Blows—Reverses of Charles V in Italy—The Pope's Terror and Concession—The Commission granted—Wolsey demands the Engagement—A Loophole—The Pope's Distress, CHAPTER XI.
Fox's Report to Henry and Anne—Wolsey's Impression—He demands the Decretal—
One of the Cardinal's petty Manœuvres—He sets his Conscience at Rest—Gardiner fails at Rome—Wolsey's new perfidy—The King's Anger against the Pope—Sir T.
More predicts Religious Liberty—Immorality of Ultramontane Socialism—Erasmus invited—Wolsey's last Flight—Energetic Efforts at Rome—Clement grants all—
Wolsey triumphs—Union of Rome and England,
BOOK XX. THE TWO DIVORCES.
CHAPTER I.
Progress of the Reformation—The two Divorces—Entreaties to Anne Boleyn—The Letters in the Vatican—Henry to Anne—Henry's Second Letter—Third—Fourth—
Wolsey's Alarm—His fruitless Proceedings—He turns—The Sweating Sickness—
Henry's Fears—New Letters to Anne—Anne falls sick; her Peace—Henry writes to her—Wolsey's Terror—Campeggio does not arrive—All dissemble at Court, 10
History of the Reformation of the Sixteenth Century CHAPTER II.
Coverdale and Inspiration—He undertakes to translate the Scriptures—-His Joy and Spiritual Songs—Tyball and the Laymen—Coverdale preaches at Bumpstead—
Revival at Colchester—Incomplete Societies and the New Testament—Persecution—
Monmouth arrested and released,
CHAPTER III.
Political Changes—Fresh Instructions from the Pope to Campeggio—His Delays—He unbosoms himself to Francis—A Prediction—Arrival of Campeggio—Wolsey's Uneasiness—Henry's
Satisfaction—The
Cardinal's
Project—Campeggio's
Reception—First Interview with the Queen and with the King—Useless Efforts to make Campeggio part with the Decretal—The Nuncio's Conscience—Public Opinion—Measures taken by the King—His Speech to the Lords and Aldermen—
Festivities—Wolsey seeks French Support—Contrariety, CHAPTER IV.
True Catholicity—Wolsey—Harman's Matter—West sent to Cologne—Labours of Tyndale and Fryth—Rincke at Frankfort—He makes a Discovery—Tyndale at Marburg—West returns to England—His Tortures in the Monastery, CHAPTER V.
Necessity of the Reformation—Wolsey's Earnestness with Da Casale—An Audience with Clement VII—Cruel Position of the Pope—A Judas' Kiss—A new Brief—Bryan and Vannes sent to Rome—Henry and Du Bellay—Wolsey's Reasons against the Brief—Excitement in London—Metamorphosis—Wolsey's Decline—His Anguish, CHAPTER VI.
The Pope's Illness—Wolsey's Desire—Conference about the Members of the Conclave—Wolsey's Instructions—The Pope recovers—Speech of the English Envoys to the Pope—Clement willing to abandon England—The English demand the Pope's Denial of the Brief—Wolsey's—Alarm—Intrigues—Bryan's Clearsightedness—
Henry's Threats—Wolsey's new Efforts—He calls for an Appeal to Rome, and retracts—Wolsey and Du Bellay at Richmond—The Ship of the State, CHAPTER VII.
Discussion Between the Evangelicals and the Catholics—Union of Learning and Life—The Laity—Tewkesbury—His Appearance before the Bishop's Court—He is tortured—Two Classes of Opponents—A Theological Duel—Scripture and the Church—Emancipation of the Mind—Mission to the Low Countries—Tyndale's Embarrassment—Tonstall wishes to buy the Books—Packington's Stratagem—
11
History of the Reformation of the Sixteenth Century Tyndale departs for Antwerp—His Shipwreck—Arrival at Hamburg—Meets Coverdale,
CHAPTER VIII.
The Royal Session—Sitting of the 18th June; the Queen's Protest—Sitting of the 21st June—Summons to the King and Queen—Catherine's Speech—She retires—
Impression on the Audience—The King's Declaration—Wolsey's Protest—Quarrel between the Bishops—New Sitting—Apparition to the Maid of Kent—Wolsey chafed by Henry—The Earl of Wiltshire at Wolsey's—Private Conference between Catherine and the two Legates,
CHAPTER IX.
The Trial resumed—Catherine summoned—Twelve Articles—The Witnesses'
Evidence—Arthur and Catherine really married—Campeggio opposes the Argument of Divine Right—Other Arguments—The Legates required to deliver Judgment—
Their Tergiversations—Change in Men's Minds—Final Session—General Expectation—Adjournment
during
Harvest—Campeggio
excuses
this
Impertinence—The King's Indignation—Suffolk's Violence—Wolsey's Reply—He is ruined—General Accusations—The Cardinal turns to an Episcopal Life, CHAPTER X.
Anne Boleyn at Hever—She Reads the Obedience of a Christian Man—Is recalled to Court—Miss Gainsford and George Zouch—Tyndale's Book converts Zouch—Zouch in the Chapel-Royal—The Book seized—Anne applies to Henry—The King reads the Book—Pretended Influence of the Book on Henry—The Court at Woodstock—The Park and its Goblins—Henry's Esteem for Anne,
CHAPTER XI.
Embarrassment of the pope—The Triumphs of Charles decide him—He traverses the Cause to Rome—Wolsey's Dejection—Henry's Wrath—His Fears—Wolsey obtains Comfort—Arrival of the two Legates at Grafton—Wolsey's reception by Henry—
Wolsey and Norfolk at Dinner—Henry with Anne—Conference between the King and the Cardinal—Wolsey's Joy and Grief—The Supper at Euston—Campeggio's Farewell Audience—Wolsey's Disgrace—Campeggio at Dover—He is accused by the courtiers—Leaves England—Wolsey foresees his own Fall and that of the Papacy, CHAPTER XII.
A Meeting at Waltham—Youth of Thomas Cranmer—His early Education—Studies Scripture for Three Years—His functions as Examiner—The Supper at Waltham—
New View of the Divorce—Fox communicates it to Henry—Cranmer's Vexation—
Conference with the King—Cranmer at the Boleyns, 12
History of the Reformation of the Sixteenth Century CHAPTER XIII.
Wolsey in the Court of Chancery—Accused by the Dukes—Refuses to give up the Great Seal—His Despair—He gives up the Seal—Order to depart—His Inventory—
Alarm—The Scene of Departure—Favourable Message from the King—Wolsey's Joy—His Fool—Arrival at Esher,
CHAPTER XIV.
Thomas More elected Chancellor—A lay Government one of the great Facts of the Reformation—Wolsey accused of subordinating England to the Pope—He implores the King's Clemency—His Condemnation—Cromwell at Esher—His Character—He sets out for London—Sir Christopher Hales recommends him to the King—
Cromwell's Interview with Henry in the Park—A new Theory—Cromwell elected Member of Parliament—Opened by Sir Thomas More—Attack on ecclesiastical Abuses—Reforms pronounced by the Convocation—Three Bills—Rochester attacks them—Resistance of the House of Commons—Struggles—Henry sanctions the three Bills—Alarm of the Clergy and Disturbances,
CHAPTER XV.
The last hour—More's Fanaticism—Debates in Convocation—Royal Proclamation—
The Bishop of Norwich—Sentences condemned—Latimer's Opposition—The New Testament burnt—The Persecution begins—Hitton—Bayfield—Tonstall and Packington—Bayfield arrested—The Rector Patmore—Lollards' Tower—Tyndale and Patmore—a Musician—Freese the Painter—Placards and Martyrdom of Bennet—Thomas More and John Petit—Bilney,
CHAPTER XVI.
Wolsey's Terror—Impeachment by the Peers—Cromwell saves him—The Cardinal's Illness—Ambition returns to him—His Practices in Yorkshire—He is arrested by Northumberland—His departure—Arrival of the Constable of the Tower—Wolsey at Leicester Abbey—Persecuting Language—He dies—Three Movements: Supremacy, Scripture, and Faith,
13
History of the Reformation of the Sixteenth Century BOOK XVII—England before the Reformation
