This book is dedicated to all true lovers of technology and every AI
tool out there.
5
TABLE OF CONTENT
INTRODUCTION .................................................................................. 15
CHAPTER ONE ..................................................................................... 17
WHAT IS AI? ................................................................................. 17
TYPES OF AI ................................................................................. 23
Weak AI ..................................................................... 23
Strong AI ................................................................... 23
STAGES OF AI .............................................................................. 24
Ruled-Based AI.......................................................... 24
Context-Based AI ...................................................... 25
Expert System AI ....................................................... 25
Reasoning AI ............................................................. 26
MACHINE LEARNING ................................................................ 26
CHAPTER TWO .................................................................................... 28
WHY AI? ........................................................................................ 28
ADVANTAGES OF AI .................................................................. 28
MULTITASKING ..................................................... 28
SPEED ....................................................................... 29
DILIGENCE .............................................................. 29
AI VS MAN.................................................................................... 30
DISADVANTAGES OF AI ........................................................... 30
Misinformation .......................................................... 30
Mental Dullness ......................................................... 31
Corruption .................................................................. 31
Bias ............................................................................ 31
APPLICATIONS OF AI ................................................................ 32
BUSINESS ................................................................ 32
HEALTH ................................................................... 33
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EDUCATION ............................................................ 33
SPORTS ..................................................................... 34
GAMING ................................................................... 34
IT................................................................................ 34
TRANSPORTATION ................................................ 35
COMMUNICATION................................................. 35
RELIGION ................................................................ 35
WORK ....................................................................... 36
SKILL SETS THAT ARE LONG LOST TO AI ........................... 36
Writing ....................................................................... 36
Art Design .................................................................. 37
Financial analysis ....................................................... 37
Language Translation ................................................ 37
Data Entry .................................................................. 37
Image and Video Editing ........................................... 38
Scheduling ................................................................. 38
AI: FRIEND OF FOE? ................................................................... 38
CHAPTER THREE ................................................................................ 41
WHEN AI? ..................................................................................... 41
PAST OF AI ................................................................................... 41
PRESENT OF AI ............................................................................ 43
ChatGPT .................................................................... 44
Gemini ....................................................................... 44
Bard ............................................................................ 44
Grok ........................................................................... 44
Imagine ...................................................................... 45
FUTURE OF AI ............................................................................. 45
KINDS OF AI ................................................................................. 46
Reactive Machines ..................................................... 46
Limited memory ai..................................................... 46
Theory of Mind AI ..................................................... 47
Self Aware AI ............................................................ 47
LEVELS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE............................... 47
Artificial General Intelligence ................................... 47
Artificial Super Intelligence ....................................... 48
CHAPTER FOUR .................................................................................. 51
HOW AI? ........................................................................................ 51
Automated Document Processing .............................. 51
Dynamic Fraud Detection Systems ............................ 52
Smart Supply Chain Management ............................. 52
Augmented Creativity in Content Creation ............... 52
Accelerated Product Development ............................ 52
AI in Media and Entertainment.................................. 53
Intelligent Code Generation Assistance ..................... 53
Automated Report Generation ................................... 53
Conversational Search Interfaces ............................... 53
Elevated Customer Experiences with Chatbots ......... 54
Sell AI Art Prompts ................................................... 54
Sell AI Stock Photos .................................................. 54
Sell AI Print On Demand Photos ............................... 55
AI Content Creation ................................................... 55
AI Music .................................................................... 55
AI Video .................................................................... 55
AI Coding .................................................................. 56
MUST-KNOW AI TOOLS ............................................................ 56
CONTENT CREATION ................................................................ 56
Copy.AI ..................................................................... 56
Notion.ai .................................................................... 57
Rytr ............................................................................ 57
Jasper ......................................................................... 57
DESIGN AND VISUALS .............................................................. 57
MyEdit ....................................................................... 57
Synthesia .................................................................... 57
Lumen5 ...................................................................... 57
Canva ......................................................................... 58
PRODUCTIVITY AND ORGANIZATION .................................. 58
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Descript ...................................................................... 58
Todoist ....................................................................... 58
Evernote ..................................................................... 58
Calendly ..................................................................... 58
Bard ............................................................................ 59
MUST-HAVE AI SKILLS ............................................................. 59
Prompt Engineering ........................................... 59
GenAI: ............................................................... 59
LLM Building: ................................................... 60
Data Science .......................................................... 60
AI Innovation: ................................................... 60
BEST COURSES TO LEARN ABOUT AI ................................... 61
AI for Everyone ................................................. 61
Artificial Intelligence Nanodegree .................... 61
Computer Science for Artificial Intelligence ..... 61
Deep Learning Specialization ............................ 61
Self-Driving Cars - Duckietown ........................ 61
NLP Specialization ............................................ 61
Artificial Intelligence ......................................... 61
ADDITIONAL PLATFORMS TO LEARN ABOUT AI .............. 61
Google AI (ai.google/education): ...................... 61
IBM Skills (ibm.com/training): ......................... 62
TensorFlow Tutorials (tensorflow.org/tutorials):62
PyTorch Tutorials (pytorch.org/tutorials):......... 62
Udacity (udacity.com): ...................................... 62
Codecademy (codecademy.com): ...................... 62
Kaggle (kaggle.com): ........................................ 62
Fast.ai (fast.ai): .................................................. 62
LinkedIn Learning (linkedin.com/learning): ..... 62
DataCamp (datacamp.com): .......................... 62
BONUS ........................................................................................... 63
Prompt Engineering Basics: .............................. 63
ChatGPT Prompts Mastery: ............................... 63
Intro to Generative AI: ...................................... 63
AI Introduction by Harvard: .............................. 63
Microsoft GenAI Basics: ................................... 63
Prompt Engineering Pro: ................................... 63
Google's Ethical AI: .......................................... 63
Harvard Machine Learning: ............................... 63
LangChain App Developer: ............................... 63
Bing Chat Applications: .................................... 63
Generative AI by Microsoft: .............................. 64
Amazon's AI Strategy: ....................................... 64
GenAI for Everyone: ......................................... 64
AWS GenAI Foundation: .................................. 64
OpenCV Bootcamp: .......................................... 64
Tensorflow Bootcamp: ...................................... 64
ABOUT THE AUTHOR ........................................................................ 69
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This book is more than just a technical manual. It's an
invitation to a grand ball, where robots waltz with algorithms, and
the dance floor shimmers with the possibilities of a future sculpted
by AI. You'll witness mundane tasks blossom into graceful
automatons, freeing us to paint on the canvas of human potential
with bolder strokes. Imagine surgeons, empowered by AI insights
invisible to the human eye, performing miracles of healing. Or
artists collaborating with digital muses to birth masterpieces never
before dreamed of.
But, as with any potent potion, AI demands responsible
consumption. This book unflinchingly confronts the shadows that dance at the edge of progress. It exposes the dark alleys of deep fakes, the slippery slopes of automation, and the ever-present question: what happens when the spark of intelligence becomes an
uncontrollable inferno?
"AI Demystified" is a clarion call, not a lullaby. It's a reminder that the future of AI is not written in lines of code, but in the choices we make today. With each mindful step, each responsible decision,
we weave a tapestry of progress, ensuring that AI is not merely a force to witness, but a co-pilot in the grand adventure of humanity.
So, turn the page, dear reader, and let Alex David Pratt guide you
through the maze of misconceptions. Embrace the spark, for within
it lies the power to illuminate, to empower, and to shape a future as boundless as the human imagination itself.
Bard.
13
" AI is here to complete and not to compete with human intelligence"
– Alex David Pratt
Artificial Intelligence or AI in short is a buzzword that has clocked a staggering search volume of over 600,000.
Artificial Intelligence or AI is a hot trend in the digital space, majorly because of ChatGPT and other mind-blowing A.I.
algorithms that have gone viral recently. ChatGPT is a natural language processing software that generates sensible output based
on the prompt you provide it.
As fascinating as ChatGPT is, you'd be amazed to discover that
it is just an inferior iteration of an even more mind-boggling phenomenon. Beyond natural language processing, AI retains the future of medicine, law and even religion.
Why is such a humungous amount of people interested in a
topic? Well, quite simply because 400 out of the Fortune 500
companies utilize this fascinating technology to handle a spate of their tasks.
The global AI market is expected to reach a stupefying 1.81
trillion by 2030 and is predicted to increase by a CAGR of 38.1%
The exceptional rate at which it is advancing makes it a subject
that everyone needs to be enlightened about if they are to remain relevant and thrive in this fast-paced digital age.
A good number of people have heard about AI but hold many
negative notions about what it is. To some AI is a robot or a single
company’s product, but what is it? In this short but riveting piece, I will be defining all the essential terms you need to be informed about as it regards Artificial Intelligence.
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In this comprehensive piece, we will be journeying from the very birth of AI in the Dartmouth College campus to its incredible
future. We will be looking at all that AI could possibly become with time and how that will impact human life.
After reading this book, you will have gained a deeper
understanding of what AI is and what it holds in store for mankind.
Apart from granting you an understanding of the many benefits and advantages of AI, I will also be showing you how you can utilize it to your advantage.
It is not enough for you to just be aware of the concept of Artificial Intelligence and how it will significantly improve the human race, beyond this; you need to know how exactly it can be
of help to you.
As you read this book, do understand that not all of the content
reflects my opinion nor do I support some of the negative
implications AI may have on humanity.
My interest is to simply enlighten the audience on the
implications both positive and negative so that prudent decisions can be made to regulate this intriguing but dangerous innovation.
WHAT IS AI?
“In the end, intelligence will become so much more artificial than it is biological.” – Alex David Pratt
AI as a compound word may seem a bit hard to define. Of
course, it entails the study of intelligent agents (machines capable
of perceiving their environment and taking actions to maximize the
chances they have to achieve their goals); it is so broad that it
probes into the realms of philosophy, psychology, sociology,
biology, neuroscience and even spirituality. The abbreviation AI
stands for " Artificial Intelligence" and to some extent the name is self-explanatory but I will expatiate on what it entails. Firstly, I’d like to take a keen look at the word ‘ Intelligence’, for though it is the second word, it is the keyword in the abbreviation.
Intelligence could simply refer to the ability to think or reason
that is akin to humans and this also encompasses the capacity to
learn, solve problems, comprehend and perceive relationships.
Intelligence also means to be able to grasp information, relate it
with other information, understand it and manipulate it in different
ways. To further understand what intelligence is, we need to study
mankind, who is the epitome of it.
Humans are the most intelligent beings in the universe (this is
as much as we know for now) and there are several reasons why
we deem them so; a few of them include their ability to reason
(think critically and analytically to make an informed decision).
Our learning abilities and advanced problem-solving skills as
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humans are other cognitive powers that make us the apex creatures
in existence.
Even our capability to understand ourselves, relate with others
and interact with our surroundings through our senses are results of
intelligence. Intelligence is ability; it is the potential to do a wide variety of things; if someone can easily tell apart different musical notes, we say he is musically intelligent because He has knowledge
and understanding of that realm.
Human intelligence is multifaceted and multi-dimensional
different categories of intelligence are attributed to men. A few of
them include are: linguistic intelligence (understanding
information in a spoken or written language and giving meaningful
responses, creative intelligence (bearing the ability to come up
with new ideas), and spatial intelligence (being able to perceive
space, comprehend distance and location). The list goes on and on
about the many unique mental abilities that men possess.
Beyond the mere capability of thought, intelligence also entails
being able to think reasonably and act rationally. Being truly
intelligent means being able to think right and act right as a result it is not limited to you just thinking alone.
Having gained an understanding of what intelligence is, let’s
move to defining the word “Artificial”. Saying something is
artificial is saying that it is unoriginal. It also denotes that it is unreal and contrived. Juxtaposing the words artificial and
intelligence makes it plain that AI is intelligence that is unoriginal but that doesn’t mean it is unreal.
Artificial Intelligence can be defined in many ways but I’d like
to define it as the simulation of abilities typically attributed to humans, by machines. It can be explained in terms of machines mimicking human cognitive abilities, rational thinking or action. It
is the imitation of human intellect or behaviour by machines. To
simulate simply means to model or imitate something and in this case it is when machines reproduce abilities (mostly cognitive) that
were originally exclusively human. Apart from mimicking
intellectual capabilities AI can also be considered the as the imitation of perceptual, emotional and social qualities that are predominantly ascribed to humans alone. Artificial intelligence is termed so for a reason, saying something is artificial already means
it is not original, it proposes that it is a replication of something and that is exactly what AI is. It is when devices display intellect that only humans are supposed to be able to do.
For instance, I spoke about linguistic intelligence which is what
powers most of our communication, i.e., our ability to grasp
written or spoken language. This can easily be replicated by
machines through Natural Language Processing and other human
cognitive abilities (our ability to assimilate and manipulate new
information) can also be contrived by machines through
knowledge representation and automated reasoning.
AI can possess a goal and discover ways to go about
accomplishing it just as any human would, only that, the process it
would take to reach a goal will be purely based on data analysis
and mathematical methods rather than the common sense or
natural practical judgment a human would employ to achieving it.
AI only simulates it doesn’t have intelligence as a human does.
AI can simulate certain kinds of intelligence quite remarkably
but there are dimensions of intelligence it cannot even attempt to
replicate. Creativity for example is one of the unique intelligences
of man that computers are yet to demonstrate because creativity
deals with coming up with new patterns of thoughts. You may
argue that ChatGPT or other generative AI seem to be capable of
coming up with songs, text and images when prompted but the
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truth of the matter is that, generative AI only studies patterns from the data you provide it and spawns mathematical variations of it, so
in reality AI doesn’t create (comes up with something completely
new).
Another distinct human trait that machines will never be able to
possess is emotional intelligence which stems from interpersonal
and intrapersonal knowledge. For computers to generate emotions,
they must be self-aware and must have personal goals, interests
and desires. This is quite impossible today because scientists are
still grappling with comprehending what the consciousness (seat of
personality) is much less simulating it. The more interpersonal an
intelligence is, the harder it is for AI to imitate. This reminds me of the imitation game, which I will talk about later on.
Computers are far away from becoming sentient (knowing and
becoming conscious themselves) but they can in a sense know
others. Alan Turing, a notable name in the AI arena conducted
several tests which assess computer intelligence depending on
whether a human can tell a computer apart from a person. The first
of these two tests is
Have you ever supplied a computer with information and it
responded to you in a manner so accurate that you felt like it was
human? Yes, this may have happened to you before, especially if
you interacted with many of the AI Chatbots available online.
However, the mere fact that they provide intelligible responses
doesn’t mean they possess any level of intellect because they may
have merely been programmed to recognize a particular sentence
syntax and prove a specific response to it, this does not mean that
the computer grasps the message being related to it. Although
these sensible responses make it look like they do understand
human thoughts and feelings, the opposite is true because
computers simply cross-reference terms in a lookup table when
certain keywords are used and act on the algorithm contained in
the table to give a suitable response in a very mathematical rather
than interpersonal fashion.
To prove this point, an AI thought leader, conducts an
experiment where a person is locked in a room and provided with a
library of rules and lookup tables in Chinese. If the person inside
receives a note in Chinese from someone outside; he can easily
search for the characters on the note from the dictionaries in the
room and decipher what the person is trying to communicate but
that does not mean he understands the Chinese language.
Merely knowing something doesn't mean you understand
which equates to intelligence. True intelligence is in understanding
and ability. This poses a question, is an AI computer able to think,
grasp and understand the concepts that are fed to it? All AI has is a predefined set of rules that tells it how to respond in every case;
coupled with the ability to learn it can now also learn from various
instances just like a human would. As children growing up, we
learn from our mistakes, and successes. We do good and we are
rewarded then we automatically know that the actions we took are
to be repeated shortly if we want to have such rewards again; we
do something bad and get a beating; that helps us to know that
such is not something to do again.
For AI to compete with human intelligence it needs to replicate
the same processes of human intelligence, however, that’s not the
case. In contrast, AI demonstrates intelligence yet uses other
means to reach an end and that is why it is not intelligent to the
human level.
Although certain machine intelligences can parallel certain
human intelligences how they function is quite antithetical.
Computer vision can be an easy mechanical rival to visual
21
intelligence or robotics an alternative to human psychomotor
intelligence but the dynamics behind a human’s kinaesthetic
prowess entails recondite abilities such as reflexes that are beyond
the reach of AI imitation.
Humans identify a goal; they want to achieve something, then
they go all out into seeking ways that are attainable and then learn
from the failure or success of attaining that goal to either make
another approach or otherwise improve upon the previous ones.
These processes can be simulated but they are not an exact
copy. The major difference between AI and human intelligence is
in the processes they use to function. Artificial Intelligence uses
more logical and mathematical modes of operation, learning
patterns and utilizing that knowledge to extrapolate.
Human intelligence on the other hand is far more sophisticated
especially because of the myriad neural networks that it functions
upon. The way the human brain works is so complex to the point
that opportunities and even novel ideas or ways things can work
are just mere connections we realize between disparate objects.
Psychologists and neuroscientists are still yet to fully understand
how the brain works much less replicate it in a computer system.
Contrary to popular opinion, AI is not a robot! When some
people think about AI, they just envision a Terminator-like entity,
or others think of fictional characters such as iRobot, etc.
Although, robots could be powered by AI; that is not really what
they are. Robotics mainly AI to simulate human proprioception;
nonetheless, these two disciplines are quite distinguishable.
AI is not a single company’s product! Some people have
limited their definition of what AI is to Apple’s Siri, Amazon’s
Alexa or OpenAI’s ChatGPT, now while these are all AI
technologies, they are merely one wave of AI and not all that it is.
Siri, Alexa, and Cortana are virtual assistants that fall under the
category of AI. They are customized search engines and digital
assistants that help users easily find certain pieces of information
they are looking for and further help to perform tasks as simple as
turning on a light bulb to tasks as sophisticated as finding the
nearest restaurant that sells tacos.
AI can be categorized in different ways, there are different
types, stages, kinds and levels of AI. I’ll talk about the types and
stages of AI and then talk about the kinds and levels of AI in
subsequent chapters.
TYPES OF AI
WEAK AI
Narrow AI or weak AI is specially trained to perform a
particular task and solve a specific problem. It may also be termed
an expert system, that gains mastery in a particular domain. As the
name implies, the task that this AI is designed to perform is
narrowed down to just a single thing or two. Siri, Alexa and
Cortana are good examples of this, they’re good at just one thing
and that is all they focus on, helping you find relevant information.
These iterations of AI applications were built on learning models
that required human intervention to process new information or
carry out any task that was beyond their initial training.
STRONG AI
Strong AI is capable of accomplishing a wide range of tasks
and knows a variety of fields. Strong AI is still under development
23
and we may not fully see it anytime soon, it can also be termed
Artificial General Intelligence and it utilises the knowledge it’s
attained from previous learning experiences to accomplish new
tasks in contexts it hasn’t encountered before. Weak AI cannot
accomplish this without receiving further training in the underlying
models through human intervention.
Strong AI will prove very useful in robotics since it greatly
demands the ability to make decisions beyond its training as it
explores the real world that is laden with miscellaneous
environments. Kinaesthetic intelligence is one of the many
intelligences advanced robotics will require because it has many
moving parts and would need to know how to utilize them to
perform different tasks but significant advancements are being
made in this area, in fact, most recently an AI robot beat humans in
a physical skills game.
STAGES OF AI
RULED-BASED AI
AI started in a rule-based form; i.e., it needed to be instructed
on what to do for it to function effectively. This AI is a knowledge-
based system; it makes decisions based on predefined rules and
doesn’t possess the ability to learn or adapt to unexpected
situations and is therefore limited in its functionality. This stage of AI is readily found in technologies such as thermostats and alarm
clocks; an alarm clock chimes at a particular time because it has
been programmed to do so and a thermostat may turn on the air
conditioner when the temperature is at a particular degree. Radios
and microwaves also utilize rule-based AI technology.
CONTEXT-BASED AI
This stage of AI doesn’t just accept and process input it takes
note of factors such as background data, environment, and real-
time user behaviour to make decisions. Siri and Alexa fall in this
category they can make wise suggestions based on your personal
preferences that they’ve taken note of over time. They can
remember every encounter with you and store it for future
purposes. Google Discover uses context-based AI to recommend
sites to you based on your browsing history. Context-based AI
plays a major role in helping you tailor your experiences on the
internet by only appealing to your interests.
EXPERT SYSTEM AI
This stage of AI deals with AI systems that are trained and
taught to master specific fields and domains to the point that they
can act in the stead of an expert in that field. For example, an
expert system in the medical field may be able to prescribe drugs
to you if you can explicitly describe your symptoms.
They’re able to consume vast volumes of data and provide
valuable insights that would take humans longer hours to study and
uncover. AlphaGo is an example of such a system, only that it was
created to master the board game Go.
The financial world maximizes such systems to monitor
markets and predict stock movements with unbelievable accuracy.
Real-time translation is another amazing ability this AI wields.
Samsung's S24(the AI Phone) features this fascinating technology.
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REASONING AI
This stage of AI can simulate the composite processes of
humans though. They can analyse information draw connections,
spot errors and do some complex things that are only possible with
human-level cognitive powers. They can even bring unseen or
unobvious possibilities to light. ChatGPT can be said to be in this
stage, it is a Large Language Model (LLM) that’s built on training
data from myriad websites. Autonomous driving cars are also said
to be in this stage of AI.
DATA
AI is only as powerful as the amount of data that is used to
train it. Just like how food nourishes and replenishes our bodies
causing it to grow and develop, data is food to AI. In the same way
that we do not eat raw food but have to prepare and process it well
before it is edible, data has to be manicured before it is usable. Not all data is useful because not all data is truthful; hence data has to be trimmed and put into the right shape and mode for it to be
useful. As I explained earlier, AI cannot create, so for it to give an output, it must first be supplied an input. If data is what AI feeds
on to learn you may be wondering what process AI use to learn, I
treat this right below.
MACHINE LEARNING
Machine Learning (ML) is the autonomous learning process of
A. I. machines, refers to the process of them learning from data on
their own accord. Usually, machines would need to be told what to
do and rely on external input of data for them to enhance their
performance; such isn’t the case with ML where the machines can
improve their performance by recognizing patterns and making
predictions. ML enables AI to gain intelligence from data and learn
from each experience to detect new patterns that it could use to
easily adapt to similar circumstances.
Machine learning has three major paradigms: there’s
supervised learning, unsupervised learning and reinforcement
learning. The first as the name implies entails where an input
object and desired output value are used to train a model in a
monitored environment. Unsupervised learning is similar to
supervised learning only that it is within an environment where the
output values aren’t provided, but it can infer some things by
clustering. Reinforcement learning enables an AI model to learn
through reinforcements (rewards or punishments).
Deep Learning is a kind of ML that copies the way your brain
works. Just as countless neural networks in your brain are
interconnected deep learning seeks to mimic this intricate
architecture. AI based on deep learning will be able to make more
accurate judgements and make realizations that would be much
harder to discover through RL alone.
Deep learning empowers AI applications to learn how to
execute jobs that will require human intelligence; this enables them
to learn just like humans do to easily make decisions in new
environments beyond their initial training.
Computers can generate content and automate tasks because of
advancements in deep learning, however, certain aspects of this
form of AI remain theoretical and under development. DeepMind
is a Google AI research company that is doing an impressive job of
exploring deep learning.
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