23. Launch of the local currency SoNantes, (25 Feburary 2015), Nantes Métropole.
24. Ithacash (www.ithacash.org).
25. BerkShares (www.berkshares.org/).
26. Shane Hickey (8 June 2015), “The innovators: the Bristol pound is giving sterling a run for its money”, The Guardian.
27. Steven Morris (20 November 2012), “Mayor to take salary in Bristol pounds”, The Guardian.
28. The Nucleon was a scale model of a nuclear-powered concept car developed in 1958 by Ford. The car was intended to be powered by a small rear-mounted nuclear reactor rather than a conventional combustion engine.
29. The ‘coincidence of wants’ problem is an important category of transaction costs that imposes severe limita-tions on economies lacking a medium of exchange, which have to rely on barter or other in-kind transactions. The problem is caused by the improbability of the wants, needs or events that cause or motivate a transaction occurring at the same time and the same place.
30. RFi Group & Visa (June 2015), The Visa-RFi Group Australian Payments Report: The changing payments behaviour of Australian consumers and the impact on banking relationships.
31. Clayton M. Christensen (1997), The Innovator’s Dilemma: When New Technologies Cause Great Firms to Fail, Harper Business.
32. Andrew Ross Sorkin (16 March 2015), Pointing Fingers in Apple Pay Fraud, New York Times Deal Book.
33. Joe Rossignol (17 August 2015), Australian Banks Hold Back on Apple Pay Support Due to Fees, MacRumors.
34. Merchant Customer Exchange (www.mcx.com).
35. Peter Williams, Ian Harper and Peter Evans-Greenwood (2012), The future of exchanging value: Uncovering new ways of spending, Deloitte Australia.
36. Skip (www.skip.com.au) provides mobile app that enables consumers to ‘skip’ the queue at their local café.
37. Pandora (www.pandora.com) is a music streaming and automated music recommendation service.
38. Spotify (www.spotify.com/) is a commercial music streaming, podcast and video service.
39. Flexicar (www.flexicar.com.au) is an Australian membership-based car-sharing company owned by Hertz.
40. Zipcar (www.zipcar.com) is an American car-sharing company, a subsidiary of Avis Budget Group.
41. GoGet (www.goget.com.au) is a car-sharing service operating in Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane and Adelaide, and the first such program in Australia.
42. goMoney (www.gomoney.anz.com) is a banking app published by ANZ Bank.
43. Venmo (www.venmo.com) is a mobile payment service that enables users to transfer money using a mobile phone app or web interface. Venmo is now part of PayPal.
The Future of Exchanging Value Cryptocurrencies and the trust economy 63
44. Snapcash (www.mysnapcash.com) is a partnership between Snapchat and Square that enables users to transfer money between one another via Snapchat.
45. Building the Lucky Country #2: Digital disruption – Short fuse, big bang? Deloitte Australia (2012).
46. All Bitcoin transactions are publicly visible, enabling third parties to track account activity and trace the transfer of funds. Bitcoin mixers take advantage of one of the quirks of bitcoin – where each transaction can draw funds from multiple accounts and then distribute funds to multiple (different) accounts – to ‘mix’ unrelated funds transfers through a single transaction. This can make it challenging, if not impossible, to trace the transfer of funds from payer to payee.
47. Filecoin (www.filecoin.io) is a combined data storage network and electronic currency where participants are rewarded with a small amount of Filecoin, the native currency, for each file that they store.
48. ZeroNet (www.zeronet.io) uses block chain and BitTorrent technology to store and distribute websites in a peer-to-peer network.
49. Exchange rates between XRP and Australian dollars provided by Coin Mill (www.coinmill.com/XRP_calculator.html).
50. Ripple Labs (www.ripplelabs.com).
51. Paul Smith (1 June 2015), “Commonwealth Bank to embrace Bitcoin and air miles as fintech goes mainstream” , Australian Financial Review.
52. International Monetary Fund, Currency Composition of Official Foreign Exchange Reserves (COFER) (http://data. imf.org/?sk=E6A5F467-C14B-4AA8-9F6D-5A09EC4E62A4).
53. “IMF’s Executive Board Completes Review of SDR Basket, Includes Chinese Renminbi”. IMF. November 30, 2015.