Nephrolithiasis recurrence over a 10 year period for calcium oxalate stones is about
50% without treatment
Family History of nephrolithiasis, inflammatory bowel disease, frequent urinary tract
infections, or history of nephrocalcinosis should be referred to a nephrologist
Initial workup should start with: diet history, medications, serum calcium, phosphorous,
electrolytes and uric acid
Pearl # 11: Cyclosporine and Tacrolimus (Calcineurin Inhibitors) Have Many Drug-Drug