GENERALIZE
What to Generalize?
To generalize is to synthesize principles from particulars. Generalizing is a form of averaging, which means it applies to a “population” and consists of subsuming the details of variability under a broad and “typical” overview. It therefore resembles sociologist Max Weber’s “ideal type” – or can as easily refer to an archetype, a prototype, or a stereotype. According to philosopher Immanuel Kant, "Understanding is the knowledge of the general", which he regarded as the most important cognitive capability.
Why to Generalize?
If time or patience is limited, a generalization may satisfice. If the diverse kinds of variance even each other out, the general conclusion may be arrived at anyway, so why bother to-ing and fro-ing when it makes no ultimate difference? On other occasions the forest (overview) can get lost in the trees (details), so that a trend or pattern is disregarded even though it might have considerable more importance than the particulars.
When to Generalize?
When the point arrives at which larger granularity is more relevant than finer gradations. As in other operators, finalizing too quickly risks generalizing (induction) before enough facts are in to actually support the conclusion. Just as unproductive however, is the (bad) habit of procrastination, of delaying a conclusion (long) after the precedent is clear. Perhaps the answer is a tentative generalization, convenient but corrigible.
Whether to Generalize?
We are constantly warned against “superficial” generalizations. But, by its very nature and definition, a generalization is superficial! Generalizing can be useful, but it is wise to keep in mind what is lost in the process – differences, details, depth. Superficial becomes a justifiable criticism when it always pre-empts a closer look, when the generality involved is taken to be the only characteristic of interest. Use an adjustable lens.
How to Generalize?
Look for the common characteristic or feature. Does the “mode” or “median” serve as well as the essence? The former two are both features of general tendency, the first being the most prevalent type, and the second the arithmetic average. The only answer is “it all depends” – but since such choices can make a difference, telling which generalization you have in mind will preclude confusion – unless that is your goal.
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