Tribal Names
In the book I have tried to use the names the various Aboriginal American tribes actually called themselves. This is not always possible since some of the names have been lost and many of the tribes referred to themselves by the name of their village or current chief. Most of the names we have grown familiar with are corruptions of the (often unflattering) name used for a tribe by a neighboring tribe. I have taken some liberties with some of the names, but the following list should help clear up any confusion. There is no unanimity of opinion as to where these tribes were in the late 14th century, but I have placed them based on the best information I could glean combined with a bit of speculation based partially on legendary native movements and partially on where they were at first contact. The Aboriginal Americans were not a static people, but migrated to a greater or lesser degree for a variety of reasons. It should also be pointed out that there was a massive die-off in the Southeastern U.S. after the incursions of several Spanish expeditions (Pardo, Narvaez, de Leon, and De Soto) because of the diseases they brought with them. This greatly changed the native people of that area making it rather speculative as to what they were really like at the time of the book. As to the Asian tribes, where possible I have used the names they called themselves, but where that was not available I have used the name we now have for them.
A’-a’ tam—the Piman tribes of the Uto-Aztecan language family. This would include the Pima and Papago. I have placed them from the lower Salt and middle Gila rivers in Arizona south to the west coast of the Sea of Cortez north of the Yaqui River. They were an agricultural people that originally lived in Pueblos.
Abenaki —generic name used by the Algonquin-speaking tribes to identify those of their people that lived along the New England coast.
Absaroke (Crows)—a Siouan people who split off from the Hidatsa and were at the confluence of the Yellowstone and Missouri rivers at the time of the book.
Akawai —a Cariban-speaking tribe (Acawai) found inland from the Locono from eastern Venezuela to eastern Guyana.
Acuera—a Timacua tribe, which I place in central Florida between the Oklawaha and St. Johns rivers.
Ahitchita—a Muskhogean tribe (Hitchiti) originally living around a town by the same name on the Chattahoochee River in Western Georgia. The remnant of the tribe became part of the Lower Creeks.
Ainu—a Paleo-Asiatic people that are the original inhabitants of the Japanese island of Hokkaido and also Sakhalin Island to the north. At the time of the book, they were still in power on their islands.
Ais—a Timacua tribe, which I place on the east coast of Florida roughly between Melbourne and Fort Pierce.
Alba ayamule—a Creek town near Montgomery, Alabama, whose survivors are sometimes called the Alabama. In the book, the town controls most of southern Alabama.
Alcolhua—An Oto-Manguean people that lived on the eastern side of Lake Texcoco in the Valley of Mexico and had Texcoco as their capitol. At the time of the book, they were still a power. Historically, they were conquered by the Tepanecas and then joined the Mexica in overthrowing the Tepaneca and forming the Triple Alliance that became the Aztecs.
Algonquin—a language group of tribes found along the east coast from North Carolina to Newfoundland and inland to the Rockies in Canada but only in a narrow band along the U.S. coast, including all of Delaware, New Jersey, and New England and Eastern North Carolina, Virginia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, and New York. In general, they were of hunter-gatherer inclination, although the more southern groups all raised crops and tended to be fairly sedentary. Their tribal organization tended to be loose and their society fairly egalitarian.
Alnanbai —an Algonquin-speaking tribe (Abnaki) that lived in the western Maine valleys of the Kennebec, Androscoggin, and Saco rivers.
Alsi—a Yakonan tribe (Alsea) that lived along the Alsea River on the Oregon Coast.
Altamaha—a town in Central Georgia along the lower Ocmulgee River. It was likely the chief Yamasee town.
Amani yukhan—a Siouan people who ultimately became the Virginia Sioux tribes (Manahoac, Monacan, Moneton, Nahyssan, Occaneechi, Saponi, and Tutelo). At the time of the book, I place them in the upper Ohio Valley from near Cincinnati to near Pittsburgh. This would make them neighbors of the Dhegiba Sioux and would place their migration east later than some authorities maintain.
Anishinabe—an Algonquian tribe (Chippewa) who lived around Lake Superior especially on the northwestern and southern shores in Ontario, Minnesota, and Wisconsin.
Ani’ Yun’-wiya—an Iroquoian tribe (Cherokee) whom I place in the Southern Blue Ridge and Smoky Mountains and the surrounding Piedmont from the New to the Hiawassee rivers. This is a little north of their position at first contact.
An’kalym—a part of the Paleo-Asiatic people (Chuckchi) that lived on the Chuckchi Peninsula in Northeastern Siberia. This was the group that lived off the sea rather than by herding reindeer.
A’palachi—a Timacua tribe (Appalachee) whom I place on the lower Apalachicola and Ochlockonee rivers.
A’shiwi—a Pueblo people (Zuni) that I place along a narrow band from the Tomochic River in Western Chihuahua to the area around Flagstaff, Arizona.
Atavillo —a tribe on unknown language that lived in the upper Rimac Valley in southern Peru.
Athabaskan—a language group of tribes that at contact was found mostly on the northwest corner of the North American continent (Alaska and Central West Canada), except for the coast. There were also isolated tribes in Montana, Idaho, Washington, Oregon, and California as well as the Southwestern U.S. and Northern Mexico. At the time of the book, only the last group (Northern Mexico) is not in place, but is on its way.
Atirhagenrat—an Iroquoian tribe (Neutrals) that I place on both shores of the eastern end of Lake Erie. This is somewhat east of their location at contact.
Aymara —language group spoken by twelve related tribes that lived on the high plain around Lake Titicaca in southern Peru and northern Bolivia. In the book, it is the name given to all of these tribes.
Ayrate —the Ani’ Yun’-wiya (Cherokee) dialect that predominated in the eastern piedmont area of the southern Appalachians from north central Georgia to north central North Carolina. The dialects were quite different, but just mutually intelligible.
Awenro’ron’non—an Iroquoian tribe (Wenrohronon) that I place along the upper Allegheny River in Northwest Pennsylvania. This is well south of their contact location.
Ayawak’a —Quechua name for the tribe living south of the Calua in northern Peru. It is uncertain what they called themselves. The name means “shrine of the corpse.”
Ben Zah—an Oto-Manguean tribe (Zapotecs) that lived in most of the Mexican state of Oaxaca. They are an old civilization that had been invaded by the Mixtecs first and later by the Aztecs. At contact they still controlled the southern half of their land.
Beothuk—the now extinct tribe that lived on Newfoundland. They and their language appear unrelated to their neighbors.
Bi’ Ixula —a Wakashan tribe (Bellacoola) living around the area of King Island in western British Columbia.
Borum —a tribe (Botocudo) that lived originally inland in the mountains of southeastern Brazil but moved to the coast to raid. They were very warlike attacking all their neighbors and eventually the Portuguese settlers. In the book, they are along the coast south of Rio de Janeiro.
Caddoan—a language family that lived from the Red River in Louisiana to the Kansas River in Kansas including much of Arkansas, Louisiana, and Oklahoma and parts of Texas and Kansas. They were a sedentary and agricultural people of varying degrees of social stratification and religious complexity. Many of them engaged in human sacrifice.
Calua —small tribe (Calva) of uncertain language that lived in northern Peru around the modern city of Suyo.
Calusa—the tribe of no certain linguistic affinity that lived in the Everglades of South Florida and in the Keys.
Canari —a tribe that lived in southwest Ecuador on the coast and inland from the Gulf of Guayaquil in the area of Cuenca. Their language was not preserved, and their descendants speak Quechua.
Casca-yunga —tribe that lived south of the Chacha on the upper Maranon River near the Chillao.
Catlo’ltx —a Salishian tribe (Comox) living along the eastern coast of Vancouver Island, British Columbia, between the Puntlatch and Kwakiutl.
Cayapo —a large Ge tribe living in the Mato Grosso area of southeastern Brazil in the southern part of the state of Goias, the western part of the state of Minas Gerais, and the northern part of the state of Sao Paolo.
Chacha —a tribe (Chachapoya) living on the middle Maranon River Valley. There were said to have unusually light skin.
Chahiksichahiks—a Caddoan tribe (Pawnee) whom I place in eastern Nebraska and Kansas along the North Loup, middle Platte, Republican, Smoky Hill, and Kansas rivers.
Chalca—a city state in the Valley of Mexico at the southeastern end of the original lake. It was thought to be ruled by descendants of the Toltecs. At the time of the book, it was allied with Huexotzinco and being attacked by the Tepaneca. At contact, it was ruled by the Aztecs.
Chango —the Atacama people that lived in isolated villages along the Chilean coast from the Atacama Desert to perhaps as far as the Maule River. They spoke a dialect that might be related to Kakan.
Charrua —a Chana-speaking people that lived in all of modern Uruguay as well as parts of bordering Brazil and Argentina. At some point they were split into five sub tribes: the Yaro, the Guenoa, the Bohane, the Minuan, and the Charrua.
Chavchuvat—a part of the Paleo-Asiatic people (Chuckchi) that lived on the Chuckchi Peninsula in Northeastern Siberia. These were the ones that lived by herding reindeer. The Koryaks that herded reindeer also sometimes called themselves by this name.
Cheroenhaka—an Iroquoian tribe (Nottoway). In the book, I use the name for the Nottoway, Menherrin, and Tuscarora tribes, which I place in Central and Southern Virginia, still united as one tribe. This is northwest of their contact positions. Their dialects are similar enough that it is likely they were still united at the time of the book.
Chichimeca—the various Oto-Manguean tribes living north and west of the Valley of Mexico as unorganized bands. They would periodically spill into the valley and mix with or displace those they found. At first this would be the Otomi who are likely the original inhabitants of the valley, but later other similar groups who had been variously civilized. The Aztecs are the most well known such group.
Chikasha—a Muskhogean tribe (Chickasaw) whom I place in North Central Mississippi. This is a small area within their location at contact. At the time of the book, they had fairly recently split off from their original tribe—most probably the Choctaw.
Chillao —tribe that lived south of the Chacha on the upper Maranon River near the Casca-yunga.
Ch’i-tan —a Mongol-speaking people (Khitans) that conquered part of North China and established the Liao Dynasty (916–1125). They refused to be sinicized and treated the Chinese as inferiors. They were overthrown by the Jurchen.
Chiwaro —a linguistically isolated tribe (Jivaro) living in a large area of southeast Ecuador and north central Peru in the jungles of the eastern foothills of the Andes. They are famous in recent times for shrinking heads and killing missionaries. They resisted conquest into modern times except for their westernmost divisions, the Palta and Malacata, who had moved into the mountains.
Chono —the Chilean tribe just south of the Re Che. Their language and culture were nothing like that of the Re Che. They are likely related to the Alacaluf and the other tribes farther south. Their language has been almost completely lost.
Chontal—a people living in North Central Guerrero whose language is hard to classify. At contact they were subject to the Aztecs.
Chumash —a Hokan-speaking tribe living along the coast, the offshore islands, and the mountains from Moro Bay to just north of Santa Monica in Southern California.
Ciboney—an Arawakan people that along with the Guanahatabey had been displaced from most of the Greater Antilles by the Taino. They still existed at contact in the Western tip of Hispaniola and in the cays of Southern Cuba. They were a primitive people who lived off the sea.
Coixca—a Uto-Aztecan people living in Northern Guerrero on both sides of the upper Balsas River. At contact they were subject to the Aztecs.
Colli —tribe living in the lower and middle Chillon River Valley just north of modern Lima, Peru.
Conchuco —Quechua name for the province and perhaps the tribe living on the west bank of the upper Maranon River in central Peru.
Coosa—an ancient Muskhogean town of a people whose remnants became members of the Upper Creeks. It was situated along the Coosa River in Northern Alabama.
Cuitlatec—a people of uncertain language that lived in Western Guerrero between the Petatlan and Coyuca rivers from the mountains to the shore. At contact they had been conquered by the Aztecs.
Cusabo—a possibly Muskhogean group of tribes that lived on the coast between Charleston, SC and the Savannah River. This group included the Combahee, Edisto, Etiwaw, Kiawaw, St. Helena, Stono, Wapoo, and Westo tribes. In the book, I am intentionally vague about them.
Da-a-gelma’n—a Penutian tribe (Takelma) forming their own language isolate (Takilman). They lived along the middle portion of the Rogue River in Southern Oregon.
Dinne —the name of the Athabaskan tribes that migrated from Canada into the Southwestern U.S. and became known as Apache and Navaho. In the book, they are still scattered between southern Montana and the Four Corners area with a few isolated related groups in Idaho, Oregon, and California.
Dzitsiista—an Algonquian tribe (Cheyenne) whom I place around the Minnesota and Red rivers in western Minnesota and eastern North Dakota.
Eskualdunac —a people of uncertain language classification (Basques) living in north central Spain and southwestern France on both sides of the Pyrenees Mountains. There is ample evidence that they were fishing for cod off the coast of New England long before Columbus.
Etchareottine—an Athabaskan tribe (Slaveys) that live west and south of Great Slave Lake in Canada’s Northwest Territories.
Etnemitane—an Athabaskan tribe (Umpqua) that lived along the upper Umpqua River in Southern Oregon. They lived off the river and were not as developed as their neighbors.
Even—a Tungus people that live along the northern shore of the Okhotsk Sea in Eastern Siberia and well inland along the Omolon River. They appear to be a combination of a people very like the Evenks and the original people of the area, the Yukaghir. At the time of the book, this process was well under way, but not yet complete.
Evenks—a Tungus people that live along the western shore of the Sea of Okhotsk and far inland into Siberia.
Genakin —a tribe (Puelche) that lived in the northern Pampas of Argentina from the Rio de la Plata to the Rio Negro and west to the Andean foothills. Historically, as in the book, they fought desperately for their freedom. Their language does not seem related to that of their immediate neighbors except the tribal fragments called the Pampas, Serrano, and Querandi, who do not appear in the book and were all likely originally part of the Genakin.
Great Bay Tribes—a term used in the book for the Algonquian tribes living around the Chesapeake Bay. This would include the Nanticoke, Conoy, and Powhatan.
Great Sound Tribes—a term used in the book for the Algonquian tribes living along the mainland opposite the Outer Banks of North Carolina. This would include the Pamlico, Weapemeoc, Moratok, Machapunga, Hatteras, and Chowanoc tribes.
Guanahatabey —an Arawakan people living in western Cuba where they were pushed by the Taino. They were quite primitive, living off the sea.
Guarani —a large language family extending from southern Brazil to the Parana Delta. In the book, the name designates the small isolate in the Parana Delta.
Guayana —a Ge-speaking tribe (Caingang) that lived in the area of Sao Paolo in southeastern Brazil.
Hais—a Caddoan-speaking tribe (Eyeish) with a dialect rather distinct from other Caddoan tribes. They lived in the area eastern Texas to northwest Louisiana at the time of the book.
Halkome’lem —a Salishian tribe (Stalo) that lived on the lower Frazier River in southwestern British Columbia. In the book, they are combined as one tribe with the Cowichan who lived on the southeastern coast of Vancouver Island.
Hamakhava—the California Shoshonean name for the Tzinama-a.
Han—the dominant Chinese ethnic group. From an amalgam of the tribes subject to the Han Dynasty in the 3rd and 4th century AD, and not jealous of their separate identity, they have gone on absorbing neighboring people so that they make up about 94 percent of the Chinese population today. Even so, there are some fifty minorities still identifiable in China. The Han state was between the Yangtze and Yellow rivers and spread south to Hainan Island, west to part of modern Sinkiang Province, north into Manchuria and Korea and east to the China Sea.
Hasinai—a Caddoan confederacy of related tribes that centered on the Hainai tribe. They were in the Northeast Texas area, from Dallas to the Red River.
Haush —a tribe living on the southeastern tip of Tierra del Fuego (off the southern tip of Chile). They are related to the Shelknam and likely migrated from Patagonia before them. They speak a dialect of the Tshon family, which is just intelligible to the Shelknam.
Hewaktokto—a Siouan tribe (Hidatsa) which I place on the Missouri River between the Little Missouri and the Knife rivers.
Hobe—a Timacua tribe historically located in the Palm Beach area of the Southeastern Florida Coast.
Hopitu-shinumu—a Uto-Aztecan tribe (Hopi) living in the 14th century along the Colorado and the Little Colorado rivers in north central Arizona.
Hotcangara—a Siouan people that in the book represents the Winnebago and Chiwere Sioux (Oto, Iowa, and Missouri) tribes. Most evidence suggests that the people that occupied the great city now called Cahokia, near East St. Louis, Illinois, were a Siouan tribe. A process of elimination tends to make this group of Sioux the likeliest candidates. The languages of these tribes are mutually comprehensible, so their separation was fairly recent and perhaps incomplete at the time of the book. The name “Hotcangara” means “people of the parent speech” and was used, in contact times, to refer to the Winnebago.
Hsiung-nu —Altaic-speaking nomads from Inner Mongolia that coalesced into a powerful tribe dominating Mongolia and Chinese Turkistan. They raided the northern frontier of the Han Dynasty for centuries, finally conquering and displacing them as the Chao Dynasty (AD 304–52). They ruled over most of North China but were under constant pressure from all sides and fragmented in small states until they were unified under the Chinese Sui Dynasty (AD 581–618).
Huacrachucu —Quechua name for a province and possibly a tribe on the east bank of the upper Maranon River in central Peru.
Huamachucu —Quechua name for the people living just south of the Q’asa-marka, to whom they were related. They too were allied to the Chimu.
Huancavilca —a tribe living on the Santa Elena Peninsula in southwestern Ecuador, around and west of Guayaquil. Their language was lost but thought to be distinct from that of their neighbors.
Huaxteca—a Mayan people (Huastecs) who lived in Northeastern Mexico between the Vinazco and the Soto la Marina rivers encompassing the southern parts of Tamaulipas and Nuevo Leon, Northern Vera Cruz, Hidalgo, and Queretaro and most of San Luis Potosi. In contact times, they had been driven a little east and had lost some cities to the Aztecs.
Huexotzinco—a city-state in the Valley of Puebla, Central Mexico. At the time of the book, it was the ascendant city in the valley, dominating its neighboring cities and intruding itself westward into the Valley of Mexico. By contact times, it belonged to Texcalla.
Iliniwek—an Algonquian tribe (Illinois) which I place at the southern end of Lake Michigan from Grand River in Michigan to the Illinois-Wisconsin border, including much of Northwestern Indiana and Southwestern Michigan.
Inka —the dominant tribe (Inca) of Peru at contact. Its empire stretched from southern Colombia to northwest Argentina and northern Chile at the time of the conquest. In the book, their expansion was just beginning.
Inuit—the Eskimo people that live along the shore of Northern and Western Alaska and Northern Canada.
Inuna-ina—an Algonquian tribe (Arapaho) which I place on the Assiniboin River in southern Manitoba, Canada.
Ipai —a Yuman-speaking people (Digueno) that lived in modern San Diego County, California.
Iroquoian—a language family of tribes ranging from the Saint Lawrence River south through New York, Pennsylvania and along the Blue Ridge Mountains to North Carolina. They were sedentary and agricultural, but often warlike.
Ishak—(Atakapa) a separate linguistic group (sometimes they are considered a Macro-Algonquian language isolate). I place them in a narrow band along the Gulf Coast from Vermilion Bay, Louisiana, to the Brazos River, Texas.
Itza—a Maya people allegedly connected to the Toltecs. They set up a Toltec-like city in Northern Yucatan (Chichen Itza) which was eventually overthrown and its survivors fled south to Lake Tayasil where they still were at the time of contact.
Iyehyeh—name used in the book for the various Siouan tribes that lived in the Carolinas (Catawba, Cheraw, Sugaree, Waxhaw, Congaree, Santee, Winyaw, Etiwaw, Sewee, Waccamaw, Wateree, Cape Fear, Keyauwee, Sissipahaw, Adshusher, Shakori, Pedee, Wocoon, Saponi, and Eno).
Jurchen —a Tungus-speaking tribe (Jurchids) that originated in the forests and mountains of Eastern Manchuria. They went on to become horsemen and soon were threatening both the Ch’i-tans and the Koreans. In 1115, their ruler declared himself emperor of the Chin Dynasty (1115–1234) and began to overrun the Ch-i-tan lands. By 1125, the Ch’i-tans were scattered, and the Jurchids began spreading south and eventually ruled most of the Yellow River Valley. They were, in turn, brushed aside by the Mongols under Chingis and Kubilai (1212–34).
Kadohadacho—a Caddoan tribe, the leading or most distinguished tribe of the Hasinai Confederacy of Caddoan tribes. I place the Kadohadacho along the lower Canadian and Cimarron rivers, and the Arkansas River from the Nebraska border to the Neosho River in eastern Oklahoma.
Ka-i-gwu—a tribe (Kiowa) and linguistic family probably related to Uto-Aztecan that lived at the headwaters of the Missouri River.
Kaina—a division (Bloods) of the Siksika (Blackfoot). At the time of the book, this division was probably just developing.
Kakan —the name of the language of the Diaguita tribe of northern Chile and northwestern Argentina. The tribe apparently expanded into Chile at some point. The language is an isolate, probably related to Argentinean language groups.
Kalapoewah—a Penutian tribe (Kalapooian) that lived in the watershed of the Willamette and Umpqua rivers and in the Willamette Valley above the falls, Oregon. They hunted and dug up roots.
Kanale—a possible Zaparoan-speaking tribe (Canelo) that lived in the jungles of the eastern foothills of the Andes in east central Ecuador north of the Chiwaro.
Kanastoge—an Iroquoian tribe (Conestoga or Susquehanna) that lived on the Susquehanna River in Pennsylvania and Maryland.
Kaniengehaga—an Iroquoian tribe (Mohawk), the easternmost of that language group that lived along the middle Mohawk River in Central New York. They were one of the Five Nations of historic times.
Kasihta—a town on the banks of the Chattahoochee River a few miles below Kawita, Georgia. The inhabitants later became Lower Creeks.
Kawchodinne—an Athabaskan tribe (Hares) who lived between the Mackenzie River and Great Bear Lake in Canada’s Northwest Territories.
Kawesqar—a tribe (Alacaluf) living along the coast and on the islands of southern Chile, south of the Chono. They were much like the Chono in culture and likely spoke a similar language.
Kensistenoug—an Algonquian tribe (Cree) who were found in Canada in a broad band from central Saskatchewan to Hudson Bay, including most of central Manitoba and much of Ontario.
K’eres—a linguistic family of Pueblo Indians (Keresan) living west of the upper Rio Grande in West Central New Mexico around Acoma.
Khitans—a Tungus people that consolidated into a federation of tribes in Eastern Inner Mongolia in AD 905. In 926, their Khan (Yeh-lu A-pao-chi) declared himself emperor and adopted the dynastic name, Liao. By 937, they controlled the Beijing area and continued to rule the northeastern tip of China as the Liao Dynasty until 1125 when the Jurchen overthrew them. Some of them fled west among the Uighurs and formed the state called Kara Khitai, which was later conquered by the Mongols.
Kicho—a Chibchan-speaking tribe (Quijo) living in north central Ecuador. They are likely related to the Chibchan-speaking tribes to their west in the mountains (the Panzaleo), with whom they were friendly and shared many traits.
Kigzh—a Uto-Aztecan-speaking tribe (Gabrielinos) that lived in what is now Los Angeles County, California.
Kitikiti’sh—a Caddoan tribe (Wichita) which I place along the middle Arkansas River, the Neosho River, and Osage River in southeastern Kansas and southwestern Missouri.
Kituhwa—the Ani’ Yun’-wiya (Cherokee) dialect spoken along the Tuckasegee River in western North Carolina around the principle city by the same name. This may have been the original language, since Kituhwa was considered by many of the Cherokee to be their first town, but it is uncertain.
Kiwigapawa—an Algonquian tribe (Kickapoo) whom I place in eastern Michigan from Saginaw Bay to Lake Erie and in the tip of Ontario between Lake Huron and Lake Erie.
Koasati—a town probably on Pine Island in the Tennessee River whose remnants became Upper Creeks. In the book, they are among the few future Creeks that join the Mongols.
Kofan—a tribe (Cofan) of uncertain language that lived in south central Colombia and northeast Ecuador in the jungles of the eastern foothills of the Andes just east and northeast of the Kicho.
Kofitachiki—a Muskhogean tribe (Cofitachiqui) whose survivors became part of the Lower Creeks. It was a large chiefdom located along much of the Savannah River to the Wateree River except for the coast.
Kusa—a Penutian tribe (Kusan) that lived along the Coos River and Bay as well as the lower Coquille River in southeastern Oregon. They were sedentary and agricultural.
Kutchakutchin—an Athabaskan tribe (Kutchin) that lived on both banks of the Yukon River between Birch Creek and the Porcupine rivers in Northeastern Alaska.
Kutonaqa—a tribe (Kutenai) and a distinct language family possibly related to Algonquian that lived in the Rockies from Southeastern British Columbia to Northern Idaho and the northwestern tip of Montana.
Kuweveka paiya—a Yuman tribe (Yavapai) that lived in the northwest quadrant of Arizona perhaps as far east as the Rio Verde and the Salt River, but east and south of the Colorado River.
Kwakiutl—Wakashan tribe (actually an amalgam of small related bands) that lived on both shores of Queen Charlotte Sound and northern Vancouver Island in southwestern British Columbia, Canada.
Kwawia—a Uto-Aztecan-speaking tribe (Cahuilla) that lived in the desert area south of the San Bernardino Mountains and north of the Santa Rosa Mountains in southwestern San Bernardino County California, south of the Takhtam (Serrano).
Kwenetchechat—a Wakashan tribe (Makah) that lived on Cape Flattery in Northwest Washington. They exploited the sea much like their relatives farther north.
Kwenio’gwen—an Iroquois tribe (Cayuga) one of those that became the Five Nations. At the time of the book, they are still not united to the other tribes and were found around Lake Cayuga in West Central New York.
Kwichana—a Hokan tribe (Yuma) that lived along the lower Colorado River around its junction with the Gila River.
Lacandon—a Mayan tribe that lived along the Usumacinta and Pasion rivers in Chiapas Mexico and Guatemala. They have remained rather primitive, unlike their relatives.
Lalacas—a Latuami tribe (Modoc) that lived in northeastern California and south central Oregon.
Lampa—tribe living in the upper Chillon and Chancay valleys in southern Peru near the Ocro, with whom they were usually fighting.
Latacunga—tribe living in north central Ecuador around Quito. Also called the Panzaleo or Kito.
Leni lenape—Algonquian tribe (Delaware) that lived in eastern Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and southeastern New York.
‘Lingit—an Athabaskan tribe (Tlingit) located along the Alaskan panhandle from Prince William Sound to Dixon Entrance.
Locono—general name the Arawakan tribes along the north coast of South America from eastern Venezuela to western French Guiana used for themselves.
Lucayo—the Taino bands living on the Bahamas, Turks and Caicos Islands north of the Greater Antilles.
Lygitann’ytan—the Koryak name for the Chuckchi.
Macuni—a Mashacali-speaking tribe that lived in the mountains in the eastern part of the state of Minas Gerais in southeastern Brazil.
Mahican—an Algonquian tribe that lived in the upper Hudson River Valley extending a little into Massachusetts and Vermont.
Mashacali—