The Dragon in Medieval East Christian and Islamic Art by Sara Kuehn, Sebastian Günther, et al - HTML preview

Echion 196 n. 12

ical process 149, 166; as one of the four Aristotelian ele-

eclipses, solar and lunar (al-kusūf) 73, 101, 124, 136–44 ns.

ments 176; firemaking 116; fire-exhaling (or -breathing)

67, 172 n. 44, 183, 185–6, 198, 206, 232, 141–4; eclipse

serpents and dragons 17, 54, 143, 225; fire-spitting ser-

dragon (al-jawzahar) 139–44, 172, 183, 186, 198; solar

pents and dragons 62, 230–1, 235; Gōchihr setting earth

eclipse signifying the death of the Prophet Muḥammad

on fire 137; Hūshang, inventor of 55; jinn and 57; Sada,

as well as the accession of Abū Bakr 139 n. 83; solar

lighting of 55; serpent of fire biting sinner in his grave

290

general index

197 . See also climatological phenomena; fire temple;

ḥadīth 58 n. 86, 64, 88 n. 22, 96, 145–6, 197–8, 218

Apām Napāṭ; farr(ah), khvarәnah

Haft Paykar of Niẓāmī 39, 61–2, 81, 112, 176, 198; treasure-

fire temples 62–3, 143; dragon guarding of 62, 143, 183;

guarding dragon in 61, 204 n. 92

Ādur Gushnasp 215 . See also chirāgh khāna

Haggada 127

fish 17, 29 n. 70, 38 n. 24, 43 n. 88, 62, 184, 220 n. 93, 227

Ḥaidar Mīrzā Dughlāt, see Taʾrīkh-i Rashīdī

n. 165 . See also whale

Ḥājjī Bektāsh 232 ns. 227, 230–3; as dragon-slayer 232;

frontier zone (uj) and raider (aqīnjī) 230–1

khalīfa of shaykh Yasawī 232; metamorphosing into a

futuwwa 124 n. 106, 208 n. 11, 230

dove 232 n. 230; riding on a rock/wall 233

Ḥakīm al-Samarqandī, jurist 197

Gagik-Abas, king 29, 82 n. 77

al-Ḥallāj, mystic 196

Gagik Artsruni, king 108

al-Ḥalabī, author 60 n. 118, 145 n. 6, 191

Galen/Jālīnūs, physician 173–4 n. 55, 181 n. 122

Hamdānī, geographer 60

Gandarәβa 51, 88, 192 n. 13

Ḥamza al-Iṣfahānī, philologist 169 n. 7, 215

Gandarw 52 n. 12, 192 n. 13

Hans Dernschwamm, traveller 233–4 n. 238

Gardīzī, historian 43 n. 82, 162

hares 75 n. 11, 78 n. 38, 111, 115, 220 n. 93

Gayūmart, the first king 76–7, 115–6

harpies 61 n. 130, 66, 75 n. 15, 146; pair of harpies with

gematria numerical equivalence of the Hebrew letters of

dragon-headed wing tips, türbe of Hüdavend Hatun 75,

the words naḥash and mashiaḥ 105 n. 187

66

George, Saint xi, 99, 101, 103 ns. 162, 167, 107–9 ns. 202,

Harshacharita 181

214, 216, 223; killing a man 108; killing a dragon 109;

Hārūn al-Rashīd, caliph 8, 135, 166

rescuing a princess 109; identified with Khiḍr Ilyās 233–4

Ḥasan III ibn Muḥammad II, Grand Master of Alamūt 125

ns. 243, 245; identified with Mār Behnām 234–5, 108,

n. 108

110

Herakles/Hercules 36, 94–5 n. 109, 196; engenders forefather

George II, king 32, 108

of Scythians with anguipede woman 94–5, 196 n. 14;

al-Ghazālī, theologian 184 n. 16, 202 n. 68

resemblance with Rustam 79 n. 44, 94; Herakles’ feline

Ghāzān Khān 214, 221 n. 109, 221–4 n. 112, 229; conver-

pelt 79 n. 44, 94 . See also hides; knot of Herakles/Hercules

sion to Islam 221; visiting the most important places of

pilgrimage 229

herbs and plants 17, 52, 54–5, 69, 76 n. 21, 116, 169–70 n.

Genghis Khān 18, 46, 182, 209–12, 218–9, 222; saddle and

23, 173 n. 49, 176, 198; basil introduced by a serpent

horse trappings of the Khān and those of his elite night

170–1; serpents regaining their sight by rubbing their

guard decorated with dragons 211

eyes with the fennel plant 178 n. 103; Rāhu drinking an

Ghāyat al-ḥakīm (Picatrix) 46, 149, 166–8 ns. 91, 95, 185–6,

elixir which contains the herb of immortality 137–8; ser-

188, 206

pent possessing the herb of life 198 n. 33; serpent or

Ghiyāth al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn Sām, sulṭān 45, 79, 163–4

dragon being raised from the dead through the agency

ns. 47–8; 75–6, 169

of a plant 198 n. 34; serpent king possessing knowledge

Gōchihr 136–7, 138, 144

of the healing properties of plants 231; Gaokәrәna-Tree

Gilgamesh, epic of 198 n. 33

bearing the seed of all healing herbs 151. See also

gnosis and Gnosticism 38 n. 24, 105 n. 193, 144, 146–7,

Gilgamesh, epic of; elixir

149–50, 177 n. 90, 196 n. 15, 202–4

Hermes and Hermeticism 46, 105, 146, 148, 177 n. 90, 180,

Gopāla, nāgarāja 90–1 n. 44

185–6

Gospels 28–9 ns. 55, 69, 66–8 n. 175, 74 n. 8, 78–9, 120–1

Hermes, staff of 186

ns. 93, 95, 150; from Ejmiatsin, ivory binding with flying

Hetʿum I, king 222 n. 112

figures 28 n. 55; of Gagik-Abas of Kars, elephant textile

Hetʿum II, king 46 n. 103, 222 n. 116

82 n. 77; of Luke, sponsored by Marshal Oshin, with an

hides/skin serpent-dragon’s hide 17, 27, 48, 53, 73, 78, 97–8

“inhabited scroll” 70, 54; of Luke, with a human head

n. 122, 178 n. 103, 195 n. 8; associated with special powers

between dragon heads 120, 123; of Luke, illustrated by

78; Herakles’ feline pelt 78–9 n. 44, 94; shedding of skin

Tʿoros Taronatsi, with dragon heads flanking vegetation

56, 78, 170, 173 n. 53, 179, 195 n. 8, 202; Vepkhis-tkaosani

with the heads of the four Evangelists 66, 45; of Mark,

19 n. 35. See also babr-i bayan

with a cross issuing from vegetation ending in dragon

Hindus and Hinduism 82, 128, 134, 138, 193 n. 201 n. 60,

heads 67, 47; of Matthew, with a palmette between dragon

205

heads 121, 125; of Mughni, with quadruped dragons 82

Hippolytus of Rome 196 n. 15

n. 81; illustrated by Tʿoros Roslin, with a dragon and bird

Homiliary of Mush 70, 74, 121–2, 61, 126–9, 131–3

combat 74 n. 8; L’viv Gospels 29, 78, with dragons 29, 9,

horses, stallions, also donkeys/mules 11, 17, 33, 39, 43–4,

with dragon-tailed birds 78, 72–3; Vani Gospels, with

46, 52 n. 12, 55, 88–9 n. 25, 92–9 ns. 92, 120, 122, 131,

drinking serpents 155–7, 161; with dragon-tailed lions

134, 139, 102–8 ns. 158, 165, 168, 174, 200, 202–3, 110,

79–80, 79; with a pair of knotted dragons 168 n. 97; with

114, 118 n. 72, 134 n. 12, 142, 150, 152, 162, 171, 178 n.

a donor portrait of Archbishop Yovhannes wearing a

98, 182, 192, 204, 207 n. 9, 210–2 ns. 10, 23, 215, 219–20

tunic with Chinese dragon 222

ns. 83, 93, 227, 232, 234–5 n. 252, 33–4, 42, 55, 86–96,

Gregory of Nazianze, archbishop of Constantinople 159 n.

98–9, 102–11, 197–8; Rakhsh 94–5, 192

2

hospitals 29–31 n. 75, 168 n. 98, 224; of Lālā Jamāl al-Dīn

grapes 32, 66, 71 n. 206, 139, 58

Grigor Magistros, scholar 62, 94 n. 94

Farrukh, Çankırı 29–30, 168, 175; of Kay Qāwūs, Sivas

griffins 43, 69 n. 198, 75, 106 n. 199, 155–6 n. 113, 161

30

n. 34; dragon-tailed griffin on the bastion of the city wall

Hruden 88, 118. See also Thraētaona/Frēdōn; Farīdūn;

of Diyārbakr 75

Thrita/Trita

Guillaume Bouchier 212

al-Hujwīrī Kashf al-Maḥjūb 7 n. 27, 200 n. 53

Gurgānī, see Wīs u Rāmīn

Hülegü/Hūlāgū Khān 209–10 n. 4, 213–5, 218, 222 n. 116,

Gushtāsp/Wishtāspa, Kayānid king 6 n. 18, 39, 56, 225, 227–8

234

ns. 162, 170

Ḥunayn ibn Isḥāq al-ʿIbādī, medical scholar 173

general index

291

Hūshang/Haoshyaṅha 55, 228 n. 170

with a dragon-slayer 46; mould for a loop ear wire 45;

Hygieia 156, 168

pendant with “dragon throne” 115; dragon guarding

Hymn of the Pearl 203–4 n. 77

Solomon’s magic ring 62, 143, 188 n. 64

Jews and Judaism 6 n. 20, 9 n. 65, 12–3, 59 n. 110, 63 n.

Iblīs 8–9 n. 40, 64–5, 88 n. 22, 127 n. 127, 134 n. 12, 201 n.

150, 68 n. 192, 98 n. 124, 101, 104–6 ns. 174, 179, 182,

60 . See also Angra Mainyu/Ahriman; Satan

186, 189, 194, 110, 116, 127–8 n. 129, 139, 134, 137, 145,

Ibn Abī Uṣaybiʿa, physician 173–4 n. 56

147, 159, 164–5 n. 61, 170 n. 15, 174 n. 55, 181 n. 122,

Ibn al-ʿArabī, mystic 146–7, 202 ns. 67–8

184, 186, 188, 191, 197–8 n. 26, 201 n. 61, 203–5, 207 n.

Ibn Baṭṭūṭa, traveller 70 n. 203

9, 229, 234

Ibn al-Bībī al-Munajjima, chronicler 25 n. 28, 44 n. 96, 80

Jibrāʾīl ibn Chāchā, vizier/governor 28

n. 53, 112, 117, 135 ns. 33, 35, 135, 160 ns. 21, 23, 219

jihād as spiritual struggle (jihād al-nafs) 202 n. 67, 208, 230

Ibn Buṭlān, physician 174 n. 56

n. 186; spiritual warrior (fātā) 208; against enemies of

Ibn Faḍlān, writer 66, 146 n. 15

Islam (jihād al-akbar) 202 n. 67, 230 n. 186; against a

Ibn Isfandīyār, historian Tārīkh-i Ṭabaristān 52 n. 13, 191

dragon 12, 228, 230

n. 5

jinn 10, 56–59 ns. 56, 67, 70, 73, 84, 102, 165 n. 62; appear-

Ibn al-Kalbī, historian 6 n. 25

ing in the form of serpents 56–7, 200; as house spirits 56

Ibn Khaldūn, historian and jurist Muqaddima 22 n. 11, 160;

n. 66; Iblīs, treated as 8 n. 40, 88 n. 22; Solomon and 165

on the “Lion Seal” 167 n. 91; on magicians 185; on pro-

n. 62

nouncing a spell 160; on a soothsaying head 186 n. 35

John Chrysostom, church father 68

Ibn Kathīr, traditionist 197–8 n. 29

John VI Kantakouzenos, emperor 234 n. 245

Ibn Mandawayh, physician 178 n. 99

John the Baptist/Surb Karapet assuming qualities of Vahagn

Ibn Manẓūr Lisān al-ʿArab 195, 205

235; identified with al-Khiḍr 235; serpent-topped chalice

Ibn Muqla, vizier 135

of 158

Ibn al-Nadīm, author 8 n. 44, 134 n. 13, 166, 186 n. 35

Jonah, prophet 38 n. 24

Ibn Maymūn/Maimonides, theologian on the use of the

Jurchen 182, 211, 218

bezoar 181 n. 122; on the prohibition of the use of idol-

Josef ben Abraham Gikatilla, kabbalist Sod ha-Nachasch

atrous images of the luminaries and the dragon 184 n.

u-Mischpato 147

12

al-Jūzjānī, historian 8 n. 48, 164 n. 53

Ibn al-Rāwandī, theologian 179

al-Juwaynī, historian/governor Taʾrīkh-i jahān-gushāy 19

Ibn al-Shiḥna, topographer 23

n. 29, 125 n. 108, 182, 215 n. 50, 218–20, 226

Ibn Sīnā/Avicenna, physician 178

Ibn Waḥshiyya al-Nabaṭī 148, 175, 177–80 ns. 98, 113–4,

Kaʿba 60 n. 117, 77; association of the serpent-dragon with

192

the foundation of 57–9; as divine throne surrounded by

Ikhwān al-Ṣafāʾ (Brethren of Purity) 5, 51, 54, 175, 177 n.

a dragon 145; male serpent circumambulating 57; oaths

90, 185–6

made “by the serpent of” 57 n. 78, serpent guarding the

Indra 7, 51 n. 8, 76 n. 23, 87–92 ns. 4, 6, 33, 143 n. 114, 175

treasure of 59–60 n. 116, 145

Ioannes Malalas, chronicler 52

Kaʿb al-Aḥbār 145, 191, 208 n. 13

Ioannes Tzetzes, author 54, 128 n. 136

al-Kalābādhī Taʿarruf li-madhhab ahl al-taṣawwuf 191

Iordanes Getica, 162 n. 37

Kalīla wa Dimna 199 ns. 40–3, 46; “The Perils of Life” 199,

Isfandiyār 56, 94 n. 86, 97 n. 122, 102, 227–8 n. 162

180

Iskandar, see Alexander the Great

Kanaʿān ibn Kūsh, the father of Namrūd ominous dream

Iskandar-nāma of Niẓāmī 61–2, 112, 143, 183

of 197 n. 28

Ismāʿīlis 125 n. 108, 164 n. 52, 213

Kanishka, king 36, 91, 192 n. 17

ism Allāh al-aʿẓam 188

Kārnāmak-i Ardakhshīr-i Pāpakān 93

Ismāʿīl ibn al-Razzāẓ al-Jazarī, court engineer Kitāb fī

Karrāmiyya 164 n. 52

maʿrifat al-ḥiyāl al-handasiyya 47 n. 114, 80–2 ns. 57,

Kay Kāwūs I, sulṭān 30

60–2, 122; “Hand-washing machine” 35; “Elephant clock”

Kay Kāwūs II, sulṭān 232

84; knocker in the form of two dragons flanking a lion

Kay Kāwūs ibn Iskandar ibn Qābūs Qābūs-nāma 111

head 134

Kay Khusraw, Kayānid king 215

ʿIzrāʾīl/ʿAzrāʾīl, angel 197

Kay Khusraw II, sulṭān 19 n. 33, 27, 233

ʿIzz al-Dīn Ibn Shaddād, chronicler 34; on a burj al-thaʿābīn

Kay Khusraw III, sulṭān 101

in Aleppo 23 n. 17, 26

Kay Qubādh I, sulṭān 19, 24–5, 27, 29, 31, 75, 77, 80, 135,

ʿIzz al-Dīn Ḥusayn ibn Kharmil, governor 69

219; silk with dragon-tailed lions inscribed with the name

of Kay Qubād 80, 81a and b

Jābir ibn Ḥayyān/Geber, author 46, 134, 147–9, 166, 177–8

Kәrәsāspa/Kirsāsp/Garshāsp dragon-fighter 36, 39, 51 n.

n. 103

12, 88 n. 15, 91 n. 60, 97 n. 122, 170, 191–2 n. 13; dragon

jade (nephrite) 39 n. 36, 210 n. 8

banner of 42, 170; dragon-headed club of 170; sheds skin

Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq, imām 148 n. 29

after victory over the dragon 170

al-Jāḥiẓ Kitāb al-Ḥayawān 23

ketos 38 n. 24

Jalāl al-Dīn, Khwārazm-shāh 135, 218

Khālid ibn Yazīd, prince 166

Jamāl al-Dīn Muḥammad al-Iṣfahānī, vizier 141

khānaqāh at the Rab-ʿi Rashīdī in Tabriz 224, 229

Jāmī, poet 204

Kharaqānī, mystic 229

jasper 93, 87

Khazars 43 n. 83, 63 n. 148

al-jawzahar/al-jawzahr 114, 136–43 ns. 78, 94, 172, 177,

al-Khiḍr/al-Khaḍir, Khiḍr Ilyās/Hızır-Ilyas 101, 234–5 ns.

184, 186, 198, 208; as eclipse dragon 139–43, 113, 141,

242, 244; identified with Ilyās 234–5; with Saint George

143, 144

233; with John the Baptist/Surb Karapet 235; with Mār

jewellery 36, 45, 59–60, 167 n. 91; with serpent or dragon

Behnām/Saint George 234; Bābā Ilyās a companion of

motif: on a bracelet 46; finger rings 45, 113, 168, 186, 30,

(Hıżır yoldašı) 233

292

general index

Khorenatsi, Movsēs (Moses of Chorene) Patmutʿiwn Hayocʿ

Lohrāsp, sulṭān 225

8–9 ns. 49, 51, 55, 58, 54 n. 51, 89–90 ns. 33–4, 36, 144;

long 215, 217–8 ns. 65–6; five-clawed long an exclusively

on Vahagn 54, 89–90; identifying Azhdahāk with Asty-

imperial symbol 218 n. 73

ages, 9

Luʾluʾ, Badr al-Dīn 32–3 ns. 95, 103, 99–101 ns. 143, 147,

khrafstra s 7 n. 34, 201 n. 62, 205 n. 3

142, 172 n. 39; associated with al-Khiḍr 101, 100–1, 148

Khusraw I Anūshirwān, king 16, 61, 128 n. 135, 161, 199;

Luqmān, physician 128, 171 n. 25

serpent presenting basil to 170–1

lynx 157 n. 129

Khusraw II Parwīz, king 28 n. 55, 38, 56; throne decorated

with planets and the zodiac 133 n. 8

Macrobius, Ambrosius Theodosius, grammarian and phi-

Khwāndamīr Ḥabīb al-Siyār 182 n. 131

losopher 149, 178

Kimek tribes 162 n. 38

madrasa s xii, 18 n. 27, 21, 33 n. 103, 69, 220–1, 224; Çifte

al-Kisāʾī Qiṣaṣ al-anbiyāʾ 16, 147; on the serpent-dragon in

Minare madrasa, Erzurum 31 n. 87, 65–6, 121, 220–1,

the story of Paradise 9, 16, 127 n. 127; on Mūsā’s staff

with a pair of dragon protomes springing from vegeta-

39, 127, 170 n. 18, 187–8 ns. 46, 56; on the encircling

tion 43; Gök madrasa, Sivas 220–1, with a dragon head

dragon 145; on the voice of the serpent 191; on the ser-

amidst a cluster of animal heads 190

pent greeting the Prophet Muḥammad on the night of

magic, magical xii, 5, 12, 23, 35–6, 46, 48, 52, 56, 61, 90,

his ascent 208

94–5 ns. 87, 109, 97 n. 122, 102, 104 n. 180, 141, 143, 150,

Kitāb al-Aghānī, frontispiece of 100 n. 143

152, 154, 159–62 ns. 1, 8, 17, 19, 20, 38, 164–7 n. 61,

Kitāb al-diryāq 12, 153, 165 n. 75, 171–6; frontispiece of

169–82 n. 5, 183–8 n. 35, 206–7 n. 9, 221 n. 108, 235 n.

153, 171 ns. 29–30, 173, 176

252; astrology and 12, 102, 148, 154, 166, 172, 177, 179,

Kitāb Sirr al-Khaliqā wa Ṣanʿat al-Ṭabīʿa 148

183–5, 198 n. 33, 201 n. 60, 206; natural (ʿilm sīmiyā)

Kitāb-i Samak ʿAyyār 53–4 n. 35, 117, 146 n. 16, 151 n. 74,

176–7, 183; supernatural (siḥr) 176–7, 184; circles 188 n.

160 n. 20; charms for dispelling serpents and for calling

65, 231; food 196 n. 17; homeopathic (or imitative) 23,

them forth 183 n. 4

38–9, 139, 170, 174 n. 55, 179, 206; magic-medicinal bowls

Köl Tigin, commander-in-chief 161 n. 35, 165

160, 167 ns. 89, 91, 93, Aramaic bowl 188 n. 65; Jewish

knots and knotting xi, 12, 24–34 ns. 55, 75, 48, 64, 67, 70,

165 n. 61; Mesopotamian 159 n. 1; mirrors 46; musical

73, 76, 79, 95, 97, 99–102, 106, 109–10 n. 228, 121–3,

instruments 193 n. 20; rods 52, 115, 186–8; serpents and

125, 136, 140–2, 149, 152, 159–68 ns. 1, 5, 8, 17, 21, 23,

dragons and 36, 39, 94, 167, 172, 183–4, 188, 206, 235;

26, 59, 87, 89, 93, 97, 172, 175–6, 185–6, 206, 227 ns. 162,

sympathetic 12, 38–9, 159, 183–4; theurgy 183–4. See also

165, 235; of Herakles/Hercules 164; pretzel/heart-shaped

Apollonius; al-Būnī; Daqāʾiq al-Ḥaqāʾiq; Ibn Waḥshiyya;

knot 24, 26–8, 31–3, 67, 70, 76, 79, 100, 102, 109–10, 121,

knots and knotting; Ghāyat al-ḥakīm (Picatrix); Ostanes;

123, 125, 140, 152, 155, 235; quadripartite knot (of Solo-

Solomon; Thraētaona; Thrita/Trita; weather magic

mon) 29–30, 45, 70, 100, 161 n. 26, 163–5, 168, 1–6, 8–11,

Maḥmūd ibn Muḥammad, ruler 47, 75

15–19, 24, 30–3, 36, 41, 43–51, 54, 58, 60–1, 63, 67, 71, Maḥmūd ibn Sānjar Shāh, ruler 81

83, 88, 93–4, 96, 99, 100–7, 109–12, 116, 118–20, 126, Maḥmūd al-Kāshgharī Dīwān lughāt al-turk 18, 219 n. 83

128, 131–2, 134–5, 138–9, 142, 148, 148, 152–5, 157–8, Maḥmūd ibn Sebüktigin, sulṭān 17

161, 165, 167–76, 179, 181, 184, 190–1, 197–8

makara s 36 n. 12, 40 n. 44, 60 n. 110; makaradhvaja 40 n.

Kushans (Kushāṇa) 4, 8, 36, 90–1 ns. 44, 52, 93 n. 80, 95 n.

44

104, 156–7, 164, 196, 219 n. 83

al-Malik al-Ẓāhir ibn Salāḥ al-Dīn, ruler 26

Kūsh-nāma 84

al-Maʾmūn, caliph 89 n. 31, 135, 177 n. 90

Mani 182

Labībī, poet 139

Manichaeans and Manichaeism 105, 137, 148, 163, 169, 182,

Lālā Jamāl al-Dīn Farrukh, ruler 29, 168, 175

204

Laylā wa Majnūn of Niẓāmī ophidian imagery in 59, 62;

al-Manṣūr, caliph 16, 133–4 n. 2

treasure-guarding dragon 62

Manūchihrī Dāmghānī, poet 111

lectionaries from Erznga(n), with a priest holding a serpent

Manuel I Komnenos, emperor 45 n. 101

staff 187 n. 47; of Hetʿum II, with dragon and phoenix

Manuel Philes, poet 200

motif 222, 193

manuscripts, see gospels; lectionaries; missal; under names

leopards 78, 220 n. 93

of individual manuscripts

Leviathan 90 n. 42, 128 n. 129, 146–7 n. 19, 149–50, 159 n.

Marco Polo, merchant explorer 62, 216

6, 218; fiery breath of 54; gender of 166 n. 83; identified

Mardāwīj ibn Ziyār, ruler 113

with the angel of death 197–8 n. 26; plays a role in the

Marshal Oshin 70, 54

eschatological struggle 105; supports earth together with

Marzubān-nāma 7, 143 n. 120

Behemoth 147

“Master of the Animals”/“Master of the Dragons” 126, 129

liminal or transitory realm, liminality 22, 74, 76, 146, 221,

n. 139, 140, 211; dragon-tamer xi, 11, 90 n. 43, 117, 124–7,

228–30; dragon as liminal marker 10, 12, 22, 147, 195,

140, 211, 2,