Commonly Abused Drugs: Opioids and Morphine Derivatives
Too many drugs are being used improperly or abused by individuals who wish to get the "high". The truth is, too many people do not realize the devastating effects of the substances. Opioid and morphine derivatives are generally given only under doctor's prescription. You cannot fully understand the extent unless you do some studies and research. You have to know about the potential side effects and risks to stay safe.
About Opioids
Opioids are described as chemicals that function by linking to opioid receptors. The receptors are generally found in the CNS or central nervous system and the gastrointestinal tract. The receptors in the systems can pass on the side effects and advantageous effects of opioids. The analgesic results of the opioids come from the reduced perception of pain, reduced reaction to pain and increased tolerance to pain. Some of the known side effects of the drugs include respiratory depression, sedation and constipation.
Opioids can trigger cough suppression. If people continue to take opioids, they will develop physical dependence over time, then withdrawal symptoms will follow if they suddenly stop the drug. Opioids can also lead to euphoric symptoms, together with physical dependence. Some individuals may use opioids recreationally after they become dependent as patients. Opiate is often used synonymously with opioid, although the term is formally limited to the opium poppy natural alkaloids or semi-synthetic opioids derived from these.
Opioid Classes
Natural opiates are defined as alkaloids found inside the resin of the opium poppy. These are primarily thebaine, morphine, codeine, but not noscapine and papaverine. The latter two have a unique mechanism of action compared to the others. Some other natural opiates include leaves of the Kratom or Mitragyna Speciosa and Salvinorin A, which is present naturally in the plant, Salvia Divinorum.
Semi-synthetic opioids are made via natural opiates like hydrocodone, desomorphine, ethylmorphine, nicomorphine, diacetylmorphine or heroin and benzylmorphine. Fully synthetic opioids are included in the groups such as methadone, fentanyl, dextropropoxyphene and tramadol. Endogenous opioid peptides are naturally occurring inside the human body. Examples of these are endomorphins, endorphins, dynorphins and enkephalins. Some drugs are chemically not included or categorize