United States
Record
Awarded by Columbia University
1492–Present
Graduate School of Journalism
http:/ avalon .law .yale .edu/subject_
menus/chrono .asp
2010
Lords of Finance: The Bankers
The Avalon Project at the Yale Law
Who Broke the World
School: Major Collections
By Liaquat Ahamed
http:/ avalon .law .yale .edu/subject_
The Penguin Press
menus/major .asp
2009
Biography of America
The Hemingses of Monticel o:
http://www .learner .org/
An American Family
biographyofamerica/
By Annette Gordon-Reed
W .W . Norton & Company
Digital History
http:/ www .digitalhistory .uh .edu/
2008
What God Hath Wrought:
Documents for the Study of
The Transformation of America,
American History
1815-1848
http:/ www .vlib .us/amdocs/
By Daniel Walker Howe
Oxford University Press
Gilder Lehrman Institute of
American History
2007
http:/ www .gilderlehrman .org
The Race Beat: The Press,
the Civil Rights Struggle, and
Historicalstatistics .org
the Awakening of a Nation
http:/ www .historicalstatistics .org/
By Gene Roberts and
index2 .html
Hank Klibanoff
Alfred A . Knopf
History Matters
http:/ historymatters .gmu .edu/
2006
Polio: An American Story
By David Oshinsky
Oxford University Press
347
BIBLIOGRAPHY
The Library of Congress
National Atlas of the United States
American Memory: Historical
http:/ nationalatlas .gov
Collections for the National
Digital Library
National Endowment for
http:/ memory .loc .gov/ammem/
the Humanities: We the People
http://www .wethepeople .gov
The Library of Congress
American Memory: Timeline
National Park Service:
http:/ lcweb2 .loc .gov/ammem/
Discover History
ndlpedu/features/timeline/
http://www .nps .gov/history/
index .html
Organization of American
National Archives and Records
Historians
Administration
http://www .oah .org/
http://www .nara .gov
Smithsonian
National Archives and Records
http:/ www .si .edu/
Administration: Digital Classroom
http:/ www .archives .gov/digital_
The Historical Society
classroom/
http:/ www .bu .edu/historic/
National Archives and Records
U .S . Department of State
Administration: Our Documents:
Office of the Historian
A National Initiative on American
http:/ history .state .gov/
History, Civics, and Service
http://www .ourdocuments .gov/
WWW Virtual Library
index .php?flash=true&
History: United States
http:/ vlib .iue .it/history/USA/
National Archives and Records
Administration: Presidential
Libraries
http://www .archives .gov/
presidential-libraries
The U.S. Department of State
assumes no responsibility for
the content and availability
of the resources from other
agencies and organizations
listed above. All Internet links
were active as of fall 2010.
348
OUTLINE OF U.S. HISTORY
I N D E X
Page references in boldface type
African Americans
refer to illustrations.
bus boycott (Montgomery,
Alabama), 240
A
civil rights movement, 240, 258,
Abolition of slavery
271-272
Brown’s raid at Harper’s Ferry
color barrier broken in sports, 237,
(1859), 139
271
constitutional amendment
Colored Farmers National Alliance,
(13th), 148
191
Democratic Party and, 152
culture, 210-211
Douglass as abolitionist leader, 91
Freedmen’s Bureau and, 148, 151
Emancipation Proclamation, 144-
“Harlem Renaissance,” 211
145
jazz musicians, 211
Freedmen’s Bureau, 148, 151
labor unions and, 193
Garrison and The Liberator on, 91,
lynchings and violence against,
122, 133-134
150, 178, 271
Missouri Compromise (1820), 80,
members of Congress, 96
114, 132, 135, 137
as sharecroppers and tenant
Northwest Ordinance slavery ban,
farmers, 190-191
71, 73, 113, 135
U .S . Colored Troops in Union
religious social activism and, 87
Army, 145
as a sectional conflict/divided
See also Abolition of slavery;
nation, 128-139
Civil rights; Racial discrimination;
as sharecroppers and tenant
Slavery
farmers, 190-191
Agnew, Spiro, 290
southern statesmen on, 113
Agricultural Adjustment Act
Underground Railroad, 91, 134, 136 (AAA), 216
See also Slavery
Agriculture
Adams, John, 52, 64, 72, 82-83
farm-relief act, 216
Adams, John Quincy, 115, 116, 134
Farmers’ Alliances, 191
Adams, Samuel, 56-57
Grange movement, 191
Adamson Act, 199
land grant and technical colleges,
Addams, Jane, 196
152, 177
Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
New Deal programs, 216-217
(Twain), 97
Patrons of Husbandry (Grange), 191
Afghanistan, U .S . relations, 294,
plantation settlements, 26, 28,
334, 345
113-114, 128-129
AFL . See American Federation of
post-Revolutionary period, 70
Labor (AFL)
Republican policy, 79, 208
scientific research, 177
349
INDEX
sharecroppers and tenant farmers,
significance of, 65
190-191
Treaty of Paris (1783), 47, 64
small farmers and agricultural
Yorktown, British surrender at,
consolidation, 267
47-48, 64
technological revolution, 110-111,
American Sugar Refining Company,
160, 177
197
westward expansion and, 125
American Telephone and Telegraph
AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency
(AT&T), 158
Syndrome)
American Temperance Union, 121
epidemic, 307
Amity and Commerce, Treaty of
quilt (Washington, D .C .), 299
(France-American colonies), 63
AIM . See American Indian Movement Amnesty Act (1872), 150
Alaska
Anasazi, 8, 20
gold rush, 192
Andros, Sir Edmund, 31
purchase, known as “Seward’s
Anthony, Susan B ., 90, 122
Fol y,” 182
Antifederalists, 76
Albany Plan of Union, 33, 69
Antitrust legislation, 160, 187,
Albright, Madeleine, 329
196-197, 199
Alien Act, 82, 117
Apache Indians, 180, 181
Amalgamated Association of Iron,
Aquino, Corazon, 312
Steel, and Tin Workers, 194
Arafat, Yasser, 330
American Bible Society, 87
Aristide, Jean-Bertrand, 330
American Civil Liberties Union, 209
Arlington Cemetery (Virginia), 174
American Federation of Labor (AFL),
Armour, Philip, 158
194, 209, 227
Arms control . See Nuclear weapons
American Independent Party, 319
Armstrong, Louis, 211
American Indian Movement (AIM), 281 Armstrong, Neil, 285
American Philosophical Society, 28
Arnaz, Desi, 239
American Railway Union, 194
Arnold, Benedict, 62
American Revolution, 50-65
Articles of the Confederation, 69-70
Boston Tea Party (1773), 50-51, 57
Asia, Cold War, 263-264
British move through the South,
Atlantic Charter (U .S .-Britain), 220
63-64
Automobile industry
colonial declaration of war, 60
auto worker strikes, 228, 230
Concord and Lexington battles
automobile safety crusade, 287
(1775), 59-60
environmental issues/traffic
economic aftermath, 70
congestion, 282, 300-301
factors leading to, 50-59
unemployment, 227
first shots fired at Lexington,
44-45, 59
B
Franco-American alliance, 62-63
Babcock, Stephen, 177
Long Island, battle of (1776), 61
Bal , Lucille, 239
Loyalists and, 60, 65
Banking Act, 218
Olive Branch Petition, 60
350
OUTLINE OF U.S. HISTORY
Banking and finance
Brown v. Board of Education (1954),
currency question and gold
240, 244, 272
standard, 192
Bryan, William Jennings, 192, 195,
Federal Reserve Board, 199, 218
198, 209-210
Federal Reserve System, 119, 187,
Buchanan, Pat, 332
198-199
Buckley, William F ., 308
financial panic (1893), 192
Bull Moose Party, 318
First Bank of the United States, 79
Burbank, Luther, 177
insured savings (FDIC), 215
Burgoyne, John, 62
national bank, 79-80
Bush, George Herbert Walker, 255
New Deal program reforms, 214-215
budgets and deficits, 315
regional and local bank charters, 119
domestic policy, 314-315
Second Bank of the United States,
end of Cold War, 315-316
118-119
foreign policy, 312, 316-317
state banking system, 119
presidential election (1998), 314;
stock market crash (1929), 211
(1992), 322, 324
Baptists, 87, 88
“war on drugs,” 317
Barak, Ehud, 330
Bush, George W .
Beard, Charles, 75
Afghanistan invasion, 334
“Beat Generation” (1950s), 270
with Barack Obama, 339
Begin, Menachim, 292
as a “compassionate conservative,”
Bel , Alexander Graham, 107, 156
332
Bel , John C ., 139
domestic and foreign policy, 332-
Bell Telephone System, 158
336
Bel amy, Edward, 160
on freedom, 322
Biddle, Nicholas, 119
Iraq War, 334-336
Biden, Joseph, 343
on peace, 322
Bill of Rights, 77
presidential elections (2000), 333;
bin Laden, Osama, 331, 332, 334
(2004), 336-337
Blaine, James G ., 185
with Tony Blair, 294-295
Blair, Tony, 294-295, 330
Blix, Hans, 335
C
Bolívar, Simon, 114
Cable News Network, 297
Booth, John Wilkes, 147
Cabot, John, 9
Borglum, Gutzon, 171
Cady Stanton, Elizabeth, 90, 122-123
Bosnia, 330
Calhoun, John C ., 112, 116, 117, 125
Boston Massacre (1770), 56
California
Boston Tea Party (1773), 50-51, 57
as a free state, 136
Breckenridge, John C ., 139
gold rush, 131, 136, 179
Brezhnev, Leonid, 289
migrant farm workers’ unions,
British colonization . See English
279-280
colonization
territory, 135
Brooks, David, 322
Calvinism, 13, 29, 34, 65
Brown, John, 139
Campbel , Ben Nighthorse, 281
351
INDEX
Capitalism, 187, 193, 214
Coalition,” 253
Carleton, Mark, 177
Truman 10-point civil rights
Carmichael, Stokely, 278
program, 271-272
Carnegie, Andrew, 97, 156-157,
See also Civil rights movement;
187, 194
Individual rights; Racial
Carson, Rachel, 282
discrimination
Carter, Jimmy, 291-292
Civil Rights Act (1957), 273
Cartier, Jacques, 10
Civil Rights Act (1960), 273
Carver, George Washington, 177
Civil Rights Act (1964), 277, 286
Cattle ranching, 179-180
Civil rights movement (1960-80),
Central Pacific Railroad, 179
276-278
A Century of Dishonor (Jackson), 181
“black power” activists, 277-278
Chambers, Whittaker, 266
“freedom rides,” 277
Charles I (British king), 12, 13, 15
“March on Washington” (1963), 277
Charles II (British king), 17, 18, 31
origins of the, 271-272
Chase, Salmon P ., 138
riots (1960s), 278
Chávez, César, 250, 280
sit-ins, 277
Cherokee Indians, 125
Civil Service Commission, 307
Chiang Kai-shek, 224, 263, 264
Civil War (1861-65)
Chicanos . See Latino movement
African Americans in U .S . Colored
Child labor, 102-103, 177, 193, 196
Troops in Union Army, 145
China, People’s Republic of
Alexandria, Union troop
Boxer Rebellion (1900), 186
encampment, 94
Taiwan relations, 263, 265, 289
Antietam campaign (1862), 141, 144
U .S . diplomatic relations, 186,
Bull Run (First Manassas), 143
289, 292
Bull Run (Second Manassas), 144
Christian Coalition, 308
casualties, 92, 144, 145
Churchil , Winston
Chancellorsville campaign (1863),
on the “iron curtain,” 260-261
92-93, 145
U .S . support for war effort, 220
Chattanooga and Lookout
at Yalta, 224, 234
Mountain campaigns (1863), 146
CIO . See Committee for Industrial
Gettysburg address, by Lincoln,
Organization (CIO); Congress of
142, 145
Industrial Organizations (CIO)
Gettysburg campaign (1863), 92,
Citizenship, 82, 148-149, 178
145, 146
Civil rights
Petersburg campaign (1865), 146
bus boycott (Montgomery,
postwar politics, 152-153
Alabama), 240, 273
secession from the Union, 142-143
desegregation, 272-273
Sherman’s march through the
desegregation of schools, 240, 241,
South, 146
244, 272-273, 277
Shiloh campaign, 144
desegregation of the military,
Spotsylvania (Battle of the
269, 272
Wilderness, 1864), 146
Jesse Jackson’s “Rainbow
surrender at Appomattox
352
OUTLINE OF U.S. HISTORY
Courthouse, 146
origins of, 260-261
Vicksburg campaign (1863), 145, 146
Truman Administration, 261, 265
See also Reconstruction Era
College of William and Mary, 27
Civil Works Administration
Colonial period
(CWA), 215-216
cultural developments, 27-29
Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), 215
Dutch colonies, 14, 15, 17, 24
Clark, William, 47
early settlements, 10-12, 24
Clay, Henry
English settlers, 10-12, 13-15, 17, 24
compromise agreements, 114, 136
French and Indian Wars, 32-33
portrait of, 90
German settlers, 24, 25, 26
presidential elections, 116, 119
government of the colonies, 29-32
protective tariffs, 112, 117, 118
Jamestown colony (Virginia), 10,
Whig Party statesman, 120, 152
12-13, 16
Clayton Antitrust Act, 199
Massachusetts colonies, 13-14, 24-25
Clean Air Act (1967), 282
middle colonies, 25-26
Clemenceau, Georges, 108
Native American relations, 15-17,
Clemens, Samuel Langhorne, 97, 196
18, 39
Cleveland, Grover, 159, 182, 183,
New Amsterdam, 14, 15, 26
192, 194
New England colonies, 24-25
Clinton, Hil ary Rodham, 324, 325,
New England Confederation, 17
328, 342
Pennsylvania colony, 18, 25, 27-28,
Clinton, William “Bil ”
30, 39, 69
Arkansas real estate
rural country daily life, 26-27
investigation, 326
Scots and Scots-Irish settlers, 24,
Cabinet appointments, 280
25, 26
domestic policy, 324-326
southern colonies, 26-27
foreign policy, 329-331
Swedish colonies, 15, 24
impeachment hearings/trial,
Virginia colonies, 10, 12-13, 16, 26,
328, 329
28-30, 68-69
presidential election (1992),
Colored Farmers National Alliance,
322-324; (1996), 328
191
presidential inaugural address
Columbus, Christopher, 9
(1993), 255
Commission on Civil Rights, 280
sexual impropriety/intern scandal,
Committee for Industrial Organization
326, 328
(CIO), 228
Coercive or Intolerable Acts (England), Committees of Correspondence,
57-59
56-57
Cold War, 258-267
Commodity Credit Corporation, 216
in Asia, 263-264
Common Sense (Paine), 60
Eisenhower Administration,
Communism, 206-207
264-265
Cold War and, 258-267, 315-316
end of, 255, 315-316, 324
Eisenhower containment policy,
in the Middle East, 264
264-265
Kennedy Administration, 284-285
Federal Employee Loyalty
353
INDEX
Program, 266
ratification, 75-76
House Committee on
separation of powers principle, 74
Un-American Activities, 266
signing of, at Constitution Hal
McCarthy Senate hearings on,
(Philadelphia), 164
236, 266
Constitutional Convention
Red Scare (1919-20), 207, 265
(Philadelphia, 1787), 66-67, 71-77
spread of, 263
Constitutional Union Party, 139
Truman Doctrine of containment,
Continental Association, 58-59
261-263
Continental Congress, First (1774), 58
Communist Party, 206, 263, 265, 266
Continental Congress, Second (1775),
Compromise of 1850, 90, 135-136
60, 61, 69, 71
Confederation Congress, 71
Coolidge, Calvin, 204, 207
Congress of Industrial Organizations
Cornwallis, Lord Charles, 46-47, 64
(CIO), 228
Coronado, Francisco Vázquez de, 9
Congress, U .S .
Corporations, 158-159
African-American members, 96
Coughlin, Charles, 217
first Native American member, 281 Counterculture (1960s), 281-282
Hispanic members, 280
New Leftists, 281-282
power to make laws, 75
Vietnam War demonstrations, 281
representation in House and
“Woodstock Generation,” 249, 281
Senate, 73
Cox, James M ., 207
Conservatism, 307-309
Crawford, William, 116
Constitution, state constitutions, 68-69 Crazy Horse (Sioux chief), 180
Constitution, U .S .
Creek Indians, 125
amendments
Cromwel , Oliver, 12, 17, 31
1st thru 12th, 77
Cuba, Spanish-American War and,
13th (abolishing slavery), 148
182-183
14th (citizenship rights), 148-
Cuban missile crisis (1962), 284
149, 178
Cullen, Countee, 211
15th (voting rights), 149, 273
Culture
16th (federal income tax), 198
of the 1950s, 270-271
17th (direct election of
in the colonies, 27-29
senators), 198
counterculture of the 1960s, 281-282
18th (prohibition), 210
See also Libraries; Literary works;
19th (voting rights for women),
Music, American
207
Currency Act (England, 1764), 53
amendments process, 74
Custer, George, 98-99, 180
Bill of Rights, 77
Cong