29. For more historical examples, see Barfield, Afghanistan and Louis Dupree, Afghanistan (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1980). For more recent cases, see Barfield, Nojumi, and Thier, The Clash of Two Goods.30. For more on this, see Nesari and Tawfik, The Kabul Courts and Conciliators.
31. Republic of Afghanistan, "Civil Procedure Code," Ministry of Justice, Official Gazette, Articles 185-190, August 22, 1990, 30-31.
32. Afghanistan, "The Law on the Provincial Councils," Article 4, paragraph 3, 2004.
33. The Independent Commission for Dispute Resolution was formed in June 2012 to call on insurgents and other armed opposition to join the peace and reconciliation processes. For more on this, see Afghanistan Watch, Truth newsletter no. 35, May 2012, 29.
34. There is confusion in the case of councils set up by the international military as well, discussed in more detail later in this report. For more on this, see Douglas Saltmarshe and Abhilash Medhi, Local Governance in Afghanistan: A View from the Ground, Synthesis Paper (Kabul: AREU, 2011), 5.
35. The working group included Afghan bodies, such as the Ministry of Justice, the Ministry of Women's Affairs, and the Afghan Independent Human Rights Commission (AIHRC), and international donors including the American and British Embassies, the United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan (UNAMA), the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), and various other NGOs. For more on this, see United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Afg