PRESENTE DE SUBJUNTIVO: venza, venzas, venza, venzamos, venzáis,venzan.
NOTE. — cir verbs belong to this class and undergo the same changes.This class is not to be confused with the inceptive-ending verbs like conocer and traducir. It will be noticed that —
cer and — cir ofthe latter class are preceded by a vowel while the verbs that undergothe orthographic changes are preceded by a consonant.
36. Diri gir.
g radical consonant.
g = j before i, e.
But by 3 g = g (hard) before a, o, u.
Then by 9, j = j before a, o, u.
PRESENTE DE INDICATIVO: dirijo.
PRESENTE DE SUBJUNTIVO: dirija, dirijas, dirija, dirijamos, dirijáis,dirijan.
NOTE. - ger verbs belong to this class.
37. Delin quir.
qu radical consonant.
qu = k before i, e.
But by 1, c = k before a, o, u.
PRESENTE DE INDICATIVO: delinco.
PRESENTE DE SUBJUNTIVO: delinca, delincas, delinca, delincamos,delincáis, delincan.
38. Distin guir.
gu radical consonant.
gu = g (hard) before i, e.
But by 5 gu = gw before a, o, u.
Then by 3, g = g (hard) before a, o, u.
PRESENTE DE INDICATIVO: distingo.
PRESENTE DE SUBJUNTIVO: distinga, distingas, distinga, distingamos,distingáis, distingan.
VERBS WITH INCEPTIVE ENDINGS
This type consists of verbs whose infinitives end in — cer and
— cir preceded by a vowel. In these verbs a z is inserted before c in thepresent indicative and subjunctive, in all forms whose endings beginwith o or a; that is, in the first person of the present indicative,and all six forms of the present subjunctive.
All other forms areregular.
39. Conocer, to know.
PRESENTE DE INDICATIVO: conozco.
PRESENTE DE SUBJUNTIVO: conozca, conozcas, conozca, conozcamos,conozcáis, conozcan.
40. Traducir, to translate.
PRESENTE DE INDICATIVO: traduzco.
PRESENTE DE SUBJUNTIVO: traduzca, traduzcas, traduzca, traduzcamos,traduzcáis, traduzcan.
Certain verbs ending in —iar and —uar require an accent on the i or the u in the present indicative and subjunctive, all of thesingular and the third person plural, and in the imperative singular.There is no rule to determine what verbs are treated in this way. Forexample, enviar makes the change and estudiar does not.
41. Enviar, to send.
PRESENTE DE INDICATIVO: envío, envías, envía; envían.
Presente de Subjuntivo: envíe, envíes, envíe; envíen.
IMPERATIVO: envía.
42. Continuar, to continue.
PRESENTE DE INDICATIVO: continúo, continúas, continúa; continúan.
PRESENTE DE SUBJUNTIVO: continúe, continúes, continúe; continúen.
IMPERATIVO: continúa.
VERBS WHOSE STEMS END IN LL OR Ñ
This type drops the i of the diphthong, in all the forms whose endingsbegin with ie or ió. This loss does not affect the pronunciation ofthe verb because the palatal ll and ñ of the stem
"absorbs" the i.Compare English million and Spanish millón or English canyon andSpanish cañón.
43. Bullir, to boil.
GERUNDIO: bullendo.
PRETÉRITO: bulló (tercera persona, singular), bulleron (plural).
IMPERFECTO DE SUBJUNTIVO: bullese, etc.; bullera, etc.
FUTURO DE SUBJUNTIVO: bullere, etc.
44. Bruñir, to burnish.
GERUNDIO: bruñendo.
PRETÉRITO: bruñó (tercera persona, singular), bruñeron (plural).
IMPERFECTO DE SUBJUNTIVO: bruñese, etc.; bruñera, etc.
FUTURO DE SUBJUNTIVO: bruñere, etc.
VERBS HAVING UNACCENTED I BETWEEN TWO VOWELS
Since unaccented i may not stand between two vowels, those verbs ofthe second and third conjugation whose stems end in a vowel, substitutea y for the i. Thus the form creiendo is avoided and creyendo iswritten. These changes occur in the present participle, the preterite,third singular and plural, the imperfect subjunctive and the futuresubjunctive. Creer and huir will serve to illustrate this point.
45. Creer, to believe.
GERUNDIO: creyendo.
PRETÉRITO: creyó; creyeron.
IMPERFECTO DE SUBJUNTIVO: creyese, etc.; creyera, etc.
FUTURO DE SUBJUNTIVO: creyere, etc.
46. Huir, to flee.
In verbs ending in uir, where the u is pronounced, a y is insertedwhenever u would come before a, e, or o. Furthermore, unstressed i changes as in 45.
GERUNDIO: huyendo.
PRESENTE DE INDICATIVO: huyo, huyes, huye, huimos, huís, huyen.
PRESENTE DE SUBJUNTIVO: huya, huyas, huya, huyamos, huyáis, huyan.
PRETÉRITO: huí, huiste, huyó, huimos, huisteis, huyeron.
IMPERFECTO DE SUBJUNTIVO: huyese, etc.; huyera, etc.
FUTURO DE SUBJUNTIVO: huyere, etc.
IMPERATIVO: huye, huid.
