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[2]. Roger E. Bilstein, Orders of Magnitude: A History of the NACA and NASA, 1915–1990, NASA SP-4406 (Washington, DC: NASA, 1989), p. 9.
[3]. Edward M. Kerwin, Jr., “Procedures for Estimating the Near Field Noise of Rotating Aircraft Propellers,” presented at the Fifty-First Meeting of the Acoustical Society of America, Cambridge, MA, June 17–23, 1956.
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[9]. U.S. Government Support of the U.S. Commercial Aircraft Industry, Prepared for the Commission of the European Communities (Washington, DC: Arnold and Porter, 1991), pp. 37–43.
[10]. Sanders, Aircraft Engine Noise Reduction, NASA SP-311 (Washington, DC: NASA, 1972),p. 2.
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[12]. Vicki L. Golich and Thomas E. Pinelli, Knowledge Diffusion in the U.S. Aerospace Industry (London: Alex Publishing, 1998), p. 61.
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[15]. Garvin, “Starting Something Big,” pp. 162–165.
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[18]. “A Giant Step in Jetliner Propulsion,” Spinoff 1996 (Washington, DC: NASA, 1996), pp. 56–57.
[19]. U.S. Government Support of the U.S. Commercial Aircraft Industry (1991).
[20]. Peter G. Batterton, “Energy Efficient Engine Program Contributions to Aircraft Fuel Conservation,” NASA TM-83741 (1984).
[21]. Louis J. Williams, Small Transport Aircraft Technology (Honolulu: University Press of the Pacific, 2001), pp. 37–39.
[22]. U.S. Government Support of the U.S. Commercial Aircraft Industry.
[23]. Lawrence. E. Macioce, John W. Schaefer, and Neal T. Saunders, “The Energy Efficient Engine Project,” NASA TM-81566 (1980).
[24]. Saunders, “Advanced Component Technologies for Energy-Efficient Turbofan Engines,” NASA TM-81507 (1980).
[25]. Guy Norris and Mark Wagner, Boeing 777: The Technological Marvel (Osceola, WI: MBI Publishing, 2001).
[26]. NASA Glenn Research Center at Lewis Field: Achieving the Extraordinary (Cleveland: NASA, 1999), p. 24.
[27]. “A Giant Step in Jetliner Propulsion,” Spinoff 1996, (Washington, DC: NASA, 1996).
[28]. Williams, Small Transport Aircraft Technology, p. 38.
[29]. Roy D. Hager and Deborah Vrabel, Advanced Turboprop Project, NASA SP-495 (Washington, DC: NASA, 1988), p. 5.
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[31]. Glenn A. Mitchell, “Experimental Aerodynamic Performance of Advanced 40 Degree-Swept, 10-Blade Propeller Model at Mach 0.6 to 0.85,” NASA TM-88969 (1988).
[32].Bowles and Dawson, “The Advanced Turboprop Project,” p. 323.
[33]. Ibid.
[34]. “Full Scale Technology Demonstration of a Modern Counterrotating Unducted Fan Engine Concept: Design Test,” NASA CR-180867 (1987).
[35]. Deb Case and Rick Kennedy, “GE and NASA To Begin Wind-Tunnel Testing This Summer of Open Rotor Jet Engine Systems,” GE Aviation News Release (Evendale, OH: General Electric, 2009).
[36]. Ibid.
[37]. Jeff Schweitzer, “An Overview of Recent Collaboration Research with NASA in Ultra High Bypass Technology,” presented at the NASA Fundamental Aeronautics 2007 Annual Meeting, New Orleans, Oct. 30–Nov. 1, 2007.
[38]. Alan H. Epstein, Statement Before the Subcommittee on Aviation Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, U.S. House of Representatives Hearing on Aviation and Environment: Noise, Washington, DC, Oct. 24, 2007.
[39]. “Pratt & Whitney Pure Power PW1000G Engines,” Pratt & Whitney S16154.9.08 (2008).
[40]. C.R. Jarvis, “An Overview of NASA’s Digital Fly-By-Wire Technology Development Program,” NASA 75N18246 (1975).
[41]. James E. Tomayko, Computers Take Flight: A History of NASA’s Pioneering Digital Fly-By-Wire Project, NASA SP-4224 (Washington, DC: NASA, 2000), p. vii.
[42]. James F. Stewart, Frank W. Burcham, Jr., and Donald H. Gatlin, “Flight-Determined Benefits of Integrated Flight-Propulsion Control Systems,” NASA TM-4393 (1992), pp. 2–4.
[43]. T.W. Putnam, “Digital Electronic Engine Control History,” NASA 86N25344 (1984), p. 2.
[44]. “The DEEC,” NASA TF-2004-03-DFRC (2004).
[45]. “Digital Electronic Engine Control (DEEC) Flight Evaluation in an F-15 Airplane,” NASA CP-2298 (1984).
[46]. Christian Gelzer, “60 Years of Cutting-Edge Flight Research Marked at NASA Dryden,” Dryden News Release 06-37 (2006).
[47]. John S. Orne, “Performance Seeking Control Program Overview,” NASA 95N33011 (1995), p. 32.
[48]. “Aircraft Accident Report: United Airlines Flight 232, McDonnell Douglas DC-10-10, Sioux Gateway Airport, Sioux City, Iowa, July 19, 1989,” NTSB AAR-90-06 (1989).
[49]. Tom Tucker, Touchdown: The Development of Propulsion Controlled Aircraft at NASA Dryden (Washington, DC: NASA, 1999).
[50]. “Propulsion/ACEE,” NASA FACTS-93/8-81 (1981).
[51]. Jennifer L. Baer-Riedhart and Robert J. Landy, “Highly Integrated Digital Electronic Control—Digital Flight Control, Aircraft Model Identification and Adaptive Engine Control,” NASA TM-86793 (1987).
[52]. John K. Lytle, “The Numerical Propulsion System Simulation: A Multidisciplinary Design System for Aerospace Vehicles,” NASA TM-1999-209194 (1999), p. 1.
[53]. John Lytle, Greg Follen, Cynthia Naiman, Austin Evans, Joseph Veres, Karl Owen, and Isaac Lopez, “Numerical Propulsion System Simulation (NPSS) 1999 Industry Review,” NASA TM-2000-209795 (2000), p. 7.
[54]. Ann K. Sehra, “The Numerical Propulsion System Simulation: A Vision for Virtual Engine Testing,” presented at the American Society of Mechanical Engineers TURBO EXPO, Barcelona, Spain, May 8–11, 2006.
[55]. Cynthia G. Naiman and Gregory J. Follen, “Numerical Propulsion System Simulation—A Common Tool for Aerospace Propulsion Being Developed,” Research and Technology Report 2000 (Cleveland: NASA, 2001).
[56]. Ibid.
[57]. Laurel J. Strauber and Cynthia G. Naiman, “Numerical Propulsion System Simulation (NPSS): An Award Winning Propulsion System Simulation Tool,” Research and Technology Report 2001 (Cleveland: NASA, 2002).
[58]. “NPSS User Guide, Software Release: NPSS 1.6.5,” NASA NPSS-User (2008), pp. 1-1 to 1-2.
[59]. Edward J. Hall, Joseph Rasche, Todd A. Simons, and Daniel Hoyniak, “NPSS Multidisciplinary Integration and Analysis,” NASA CR-2006-213890 (2006).
[60]. Joe Shaw, “Ultra-Efficient Engine Technology Project Continued to Contribute to Breakthrough Technologies,” Research and Technology Report 2002 (Cleveland: NASA, 2003).
[61]. Lori A. Manthey, “NASA Glenn Research Center UEET (Ultra-Efficient Engine Technology) Program: Agenda and Abstracts,” NASA RTOP-714-01-4A (2001).
[62]. Manthey, “Ultra-Efficient Engine Technology (UEET) Program,” Research and Technology Report 2001 (NASA, 2002).
[63]. Ronald C. Plybon, Allan VanDeWall, Rajiv Sampath, Mahadevan Balasubramaniam, Ramakrishna Mallina, and Rohinton Irani, “High Fidelity System Simulation of Multiple Components in Support of the UEET Program,” NASA CR-2006-214230 (2006).
[64]. Kathleen M. Tacina and Changlie Wey, “NASA Glenn High Pressure Low NOx Emissions Research,” NASA TM-2008-214974 (2008).
[65]. Michael T. Tong and Scott M. Jones, “An Updated Assessment of NASA Ultra-Efficient Engine Technologies,” presented at 17th International Symposium on Airbreathing Engines, Munich, Germany, Sept. 4–9, 2006.
[66]. James A. DiCarlo, Hee Mann Yun, Gregory N. Morscher, and Ramakrishna T. Bhatt, “High-Performance SiC/SiC Ceramic Composite Systems Developed for 1315 C (2400 F) Engine Components,” Research and Technology Report 2003 (Cleveland: NASA, 2004).
[67]. Cecile M. Burg, Geoffrey A. Hill, Sherilyn A. Brown, and Karl A. Geiselhart, “Propulsion Airframe Aeroacoustics Technology Evaluation and Selection Using a Multi-Attribute Decision Making Process and Non-Deterministic Design,” AIAA Paper 2004-4436 (2004).
[68]. Sanjay Garg, “NASA Glenn Research in Controls and Diagnostics for Intelligent Aerospace Propulsion Systems,” presented at the Integrated Condition Management 2006 Conference, Anaheim, CA, Nov. 14–16, 2006.
[69]. Mary Jo Long-Davis, “Integrated Components Technology Demonstrations Overview,” NTRS Document ID 200.502.14062 (2001).
[70]. Michael T. Tong and Scott M. Jones, “An Updated Assessment of NASA Ultra-Efficient Engine Technologies,” ISABE-2005-1163 (2005), p. 3.
[71]. John W. Douglass, “NASA Aeronautics Research Funding: The Wrong Direction,” Space News, Mar. 28, 2005, opinion page.
[72]. Tong and Jones, “An Updated Assessment of NASA Ultra-Efficient Engine Technologies,” p. 1.
[73]. C.L. Stotler and A.P. Coppa, “Containment of Composite Fan Blades,” NASA CR-159544 (1979).
[74]. Bob Griffiths, “Composite Fan Blade Containment Case: Innovative Use of Carbon-Fiber Braid Yields a Ductile Structure that Resists Blade Impact,” High Performance Composites (May 1, 2005).
[75]. Ibid.
[76]. “Damage-Tolerant Fan Casings for Jet Engines,” Spinoff 2006 (Washington, DC: NASA, 2006), p. 14.
[77]. C.L. Stotler and A.P. Coppa, “Containment of Composite Fan Blades,” NASA CR-159544 (1979).
[78]. “Damage-Tolerant Fan Casings for Jet Engines.”
[79]. Interview of Envia by Jim Banke, Cape Canaveral, Feb. 4, 2009.
[80]. Jeffrey J. Berton, Envia, and Casey L. Burley, “An Analytical Assessment of NASA’s N1 Subsonic Fixed Wing Project Noise Goal,” NASA LF99-8609 (2009).
[81]. Envia, “Progress Toward SFW N+1 Noise Goal,” presented at the NASA Fundamental Aeronautics Program 2nd Annual Meeting, Atlanta, Oct. 7, 2008.
[82]. Beth Dickey, “NASA Awards Future Vehicle Aircraft Research Contracts,” NASA Contract Release C08-60 (2008).
[83]. Don Weir, ed., “Engine Validation of Noise and Emission Reduction Technology Phase 1,” NASA CR-2008-215225 (2008).
[84]. Interview of Russell Thomas by Banke, Cape Canaveral, Feb. 4, 2009.