A G
GW
DF
US
UI
BW
BI
L
BU
UWk
υ
Fig. 18. The diagram of the system for measuring angular velocity
The generator stabilized by quartz (GW) and set of the frequency dividers (DF) produce
clock signal. The impulse signal of increased frequency (UI) is multiplied with the input
signal from the frequency divider and next is put on the input of the counters (LI). To
control the counters and the buffers (BU) output signal from the frequency divider and
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Optoelectronic Devices and Properties
shaped in the control system (US) was used. Counting impulses is done during high state.
Resetting the counters and putting their value to the buffers happens during low state of
clock signal. In case of measuring small frequencies, the signal from the generator (choice
the gate WS) is multiplied by clock signal created in the control system (US) from the two
following transducer signals (UI).
With problem of choosing right measuring method of high or small velocities can help us
relative error of measurement, assuming allowed relative error of measuring velocity
maximum number of impulses from the transducer is determined. This number is set for
determining which method should be used. Simultaneously it determines number of
counted impulses from transducer determining time of counting impulses of model
frequency. Model frequency (fw) is determined from border measurement of method that is
for a determined time of counting impulses (Tw) and border number (N) of impulses from
the transducer (the method of high velocities). Above can be presented as:
N = f T
w w (17)
Selection of the method is determined according to the number of appearing transducer
impulses in measuring time which is compared with the set number of impulses. The set
number of impulses is determined according to desired accuracy of measurement of quant
velocity and its range. The set number of impulses is determined according to the dynamic
of a measured object (Szcześniak, 2005)d.
11. Summary
The presented ideas have important meaning to the economy consisting in creating new
methods, algorithms and devices in order to increase of quality and reliability of
displacement controlling. During designing measurement systems it is needed to take into
consideration such things as:
1. The production of the precise optoelectronic position transducers requires advanced
technologies, which involves high manufacturing costs. There has been a general
tendency towards applying the optoelectronic quantization transducers of simpler
design and lower accuracy which could be enhanced by electronic means.
2. In methods of processing high alternating signals of the optoelectronic transducer
especially when high precision is needed, dynamic compensation of DC-component of
their signals is necessary.
3. The electronic method of interpolation (multiplication of signals frequency) and
digitalisation (conversion to digital from) presented in the paper makes it possible to
enhance accuracy of the photoelectric transducer. The method of 5-time frequency
increase is universal and can be applied to another scale of transducer signal frequency
multiplication.
4. Stated that the systems of the motion direction of the transducer which shape one, two
or four impulses per period can be constructed and they are additionally enable to
increase accuracy of measuring displacement. Application of the presented method of
interpolation and digitalization and counting impulses enables to increase accuracy of
the transducer twenty times.
5. Presented methods enable correct readout of position and velocity measurement of an
object independently from the motion direction and also eliminating incorrect readout
Methods and Devices of Processing Signals of Optoelectronic Position Transducers
371
in case of vibrations of an object. Upper frequency limit which the transducer can create
or the counting system count, determine criteria of selection minimal value of time Tw
called measuring or average time.
6. The use of a system of high value of impulse frequency increase has significant impact
on increasing accuracy of position and velocity measurement. In dependence of velocity
measuring range of drive, method of measuring high or small velocities should be used.
Also relative error of measurement determines using the particular method is assumed.
12. Acknowledgements
This chapter is partly funded by the European Union as part of the European Social Fund
entitled “Developmental Program of Didactic Potential of the University of Technology in
Kielce – education for success”. Operation Program Human Capital, Agreement number
UDA-POKL.04.01.01-00-175/08-00.
13. References
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1128, Elsevier
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Holejko K. (1981). Precyzyjne elektroniczne pomiary odległości i kątów, WNT, Warszawa.
Pizoń A., Sikora K., Stefański T., Szcześniak Zb. (1993). Microprocessor - based
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Pizoń A., Sikora K., Stefański T., Szcześniak Zb. (1993). Minimierung der Regelabweichung
in einen elektrohydraulischen nichtlinearen mikrorechnergesteuerten
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Drezno pp. 427 - 436
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1-6
Szcześniak A., Szcześniak Zb. (IV.2009). Mikroprocesorowe przetwarzanie sygnałów
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Review), ISSN 0033-2097, vol. 85, pp.153-158
Szcześniak A., Szcześniak Zb. (VI.2009)a. Signals of optoelectronic transducer processed in
flip-flop circuits, 8-th European Conference of Research and Scientific Workers
TRANSCOM 2009, University of Żilina, Slovak Republic. pp.81-85
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transducer system. Logistyka, pp 1-7
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optoelektronicznego przetwornika położenia. Przegląd Elektrotechniczny (Electrical
Review), ISSN 0033-2097, vol. 85 NR 8/2009 pp.119-122
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Szcześniak Zb. (2005)a. Struktura pomiarowo - informacyjna mikroprocesorowego układu
pomiaru wysokości odkuwki w procesie kucia swobodnego, Zagadnienia
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optoelektronicznego przetwornika położenia, Elektronika, No. 2-3, Warszawa 2005,
pp. 73-74.
Szcześniak Zb. (2005)c. Metoda interpolacji sygnałów elektrycznych optoelektronicznych
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Szcześniak Zb. (2005)d. Analysis of the position and velocity measurement line for the
hydraulic press crossbar with the use of photoelectric transducer, Advances of
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Akademia Nauk, Elektronika i Telekomunikacja, Vol. 51, No. 3 pp. 439 – 447
Szcześniak Zb. (2005)g. Metoda kompensacji składowej stałej sygnałów pomiarowych
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18
Optoelectronic Measurements in Science and
Innovative Industrial Technologies
Vladimir G. Meledin
Kutateladze Institute of Thermophysics,
Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences
Institute of Optic-Electronic Information Technologies,
Public corporation, Novosibirsk
Russia
1. Introduction
Optoelectronic measurements makes it possible to find real information about real world
quantities (M.Planck) with advantages of the absence of contact, performing operations in a
parallel optical form and with modern element base of optoelectronics and photonics.
Experiment and practice (according to N.Wiener) play a key role in obtaining adequate
information. Adequate experimental information in science allows one to create adequate
theoretical models and verify numerical computer calculations and codes. Adequate
information, along with resources, has become a decisive industrial factor practically in all
fields. To obtain such information, one often needs industrial organization of physical
experiments with new data processing methods and modern measurement base of
''innovative technologies'' in informatics, lasers, and photonics.
Investigations of fine effects are based on the creation and development of methods to
extract data from noise-like signals. Bandwidth narrowing and synchronous detection imply
a deterministic effect on the object, processing of responses, and organization of information
exchange. The interaction with the object is performed at all stages. This enables to extract a
maximum possible amount of information. Complete use of the information implies,
methodologically, the use of a multidisciplinary approach, the creation of an infrastructure
for fast performance of experiments, and a highly qualified optimistic team.
The material is presented as a sequence of sections based on a unified methodology and
illustrating, step-by-step, the efficiency and fruitfulness of the fundamental principles and
scientific ideas proposed in informatics of optoelectronic measurements illustrated by
important practical results. Most significant and prominent results were selected for this
presentation. These large-scale and productive results are successfully used in various fields
of science and technology.
Laser diagnostics of multiphase flows, information monitoring in hydropower engineering
and hydraulic turbine machine building, metallurgy, and railway transport, glass industry
and medicine, semiconductor electronics and nanotechnology, atomic and oil and gas
industries - this is a list of fields where the fundamental scientific ideas being proposed are
successfully used. These results can help to solve, in many cases, the problem of import
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Optoelectronic Devices and Properties
product replacement and provide a considerable increase in the effectiveness and safety of
numerous new industrial technologies.
2. Semiconductor laser Doppler anemometry of multiphase flows
High-precision nondisturbing optoelectronic measurements of the kinematics and structure
of multiphase flows in the regime of back light scattering are needed in experimental
mechanics, physics, chemistry, biology, medicine, ecology, and engineering. Velocity
information is obtained when measuring the Doppler shift of the frequency of laser
radiation scattered by small suspended particles and phase inhomogeneities moving in the
flow. Nanotechnologies, experimental hydro-, gas-, and plasma-dynamics of multiphase
systems, safety, resources, and ecology of power engineering, aviation, rocket, and nuclear
engineering, shipbuilding, ground-based transport, machine-tool building, and instrument
making--this list of fields for which such systems are vitally important is far from complete.
Recently, of special importance are code verification in Computational Fluid Dynamics
(CFD) and computer models of flows in science and innovative industrial technologies. Such
laser information systems, which are highly competitive with the best foreign analogs,
simple and safe, are also necessary for educational purposes (Meledin, 2009).
This high level of achievements is based on a series of papers, published in the 80s and 90s,
on the creation of systems based on gas lasers and development of the first injection laser
emitters for optical instrument making - jointly with Ioffe Physico-Technical Institute, RAS,
and under the guidance of Zh.I. Alferov, Nobel laureate for physics (Arbuzov et al., 1992).
This produced the world's first Doppler meters of velocity and linear sizes of hot rolled
metal for metallurgy on semiconductor lasers (the Altair series presented below). This
significant scientific progress resulted in creating in 2003 an information-measurement
system called LAD-0x within the framework of a program on import product replacement,
Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. This took place three years before the
appearance of the world's best analog, DANTEC (Meledin, 2008).
Semiconductor lasers (with an efficiency of 20-60 %) made it possible to create information-
measurement systems with fundamentally new functional capabilities. These systems are
efficient and small in comparison to systems based on gas lasers (with an efficiency of
0.03 %). However, the quality, space, and time coherence of optical radiation and
applicability in metrology of semiconductor lasers make them inferior to gas ones (Belousov
& Meledin, 1985; Belousov et al., 1988).
In order to replace highly coherent gas lasers by semiconductor ones in information-
measurement interferometric systems, some theoretical and experimental investigations
have been performed. Theoretical studies on some peculiarities of formation and recording
of optoelectronic signals under the photonic constraint and investigations on stability of
anamorphotic schemes have been carried out. Also, new methods for parametric
stabilization of wavefronts and photoelectronic transformations of optical signals with a
dynamic energy range up to 1016 have been created (Rahmanov et al., 2006).
An important line of investigation was transition from flows with artificial light-scattering
particles used in some foreign methods to processing of signals of natural suspensions with
unusual characteristics of light scattering. Only in this case it has become possible to create
onboard underwater systems to study the fine microstructure of hydrophysical ocean fields.
A nontrivial scientific task is to create Doppler information-measurement semiconductor
laser systems operating with back light scattering from random suspensions in flows. To
Optoelectronic Measurements in Science and Innovative Industrial Technologies
375
solve this problem, a series of multidisciplinary and fundamental investigations had to be
carried out: in informatics, signal processing methods, quantum optics and optoacoustics,
radio physics, one-photon reception, data collection and processing systems, etc
(Dubnistchev et al., 1987; Belousov et al., 1988, 1996, a, 1990, a).
In the field of processing and transforming optoelectronic signals from random suspensions,
some methods have been created to handle ergodic processes with operations separated in
time and having maximum possible field energy concentration in the measurement volume
and maximum signal-to-noise ratio (Meledin et al., 1999; Dubnistchev et al., 2000, 2003).
Information-measurement semiconductor Doppler laser systems for diagnostics of
multiphase flows (LAD-0x system), designed for noncontact measurement and visualization
of two and three components of the velocity vector of gas-liquid multiphase, turbid flows,
and concentration of light-diffusing particles, have been created. Also, a variant of the
information-measurement scheme of a three-component anemometer based on a
combination of two two-component systems has been developed. Each two-component
system has all elements of optical and electronic subsystems and operates with an external
computer via a standard network channel. Owing to the TCP protocol, the computer can be
placed in an arbitrary place (for instance, in another city), and some physical experiments
can be performed in a remote mode, in closed and dangerous zones, and at test sites, and
can be used for distance education. In these systems, Russian-made algorithms and
components are used, which have no foreign analogs.
The LAD-0x information-measurement semiconductor Doppler laser systems are used in the
following Russian scientific and educational organizations: the Institute of Hydrodynamics
(diagnostics of vortices and internal waves), the Institute of Thermophysics SB RAS, the
Institute for Safety of Nuclear Power Engineering RAS (heat and mass exchange, safety of
nuclear power engineering, nanotechnologies), Perm State University (investigations of
convection), Tomsk State University (investigations of forest fires), Research Center of
Power Engineering Problems, and Kazan Scientific Center, RAS. These systems are
requested by many of the Russian organizations (Anikin et al., 2004; Meledin et al., 2000,
2001, 2003).
The information-measurement semiconductor Doppler laser systems created for diagnostics
of multiphase flows meet the modern requirements and forecasts on the expected
development of fundamental and applied science in the nearest future.
At the VII Moscow International Salon of Innovations and Investments in 2007, these
developments were rewarded with Golden Medals and First-Rank Diplomas. At the VIII
Moscow International Salon in 2008, they were rewarded with diplomas and Silver Medals,
received the titles of laureates of the VII Contest of Russian Innovations (nomination: ''The
best 2008 Industrial Innovation of Russia,'' and were rewarded with diplomas and small
Golden Medals of the Sibpolitekh-2008 International Industrial Exhibition.
3. Hydropower engineering and hydraulic turbine machine building.
Optoelectronic for optimization of operation modes and safety of hydropower
plants information
3.1 Dynamic monitoring of the geometry of loaded rotors of super-high-power
generating units of the Neporozhny Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP
Dynamic monitoring of unique super-high-power generating units requires solving some
serious scientific problems. The dynamic shape of a rotating rotor is a very important
parameter determining the safety of operation of the aggregate on the whole. The purpose
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Optoelectronic Devices and Properties
of this work was to create an information system based on methods and technology of
monitoring the geometry of loaded rotors of super-high-power generating units of the
Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP to increase the efficiency of their operation and safety.
The power of one hydrogenerator is the same as that of the power-generating unit of a
nuclear power plant (735 MW), the stator diameter is 17 m, the rotor diameter is 14 m, the
rotor weight is 750 tons, and the linear velocity at the edge of a rotating rotor is 100 m/s.
The consequences of a failure with the energy accumulated in the rotor are comparable to
those of a failure at a nuclear plant.
Selective mechanical control of the rotor and stator shapes is performed by the operators
when the aggregate is unloaded and completely stopped. This information is used to predict
changes in the rotor shape while the aggregate is running. It is evident that the deformation
of the rotating rotor shape and the dangerous decrease in the gap between the rotor and
stator cannot be reliably estimated.
The well-known control methods used when the generator is stopped cannot be employed
when the aggregate operates under normal loading. The major reason for this is as follows:
there are considerable electromagnetic fields and no free space for recording equipment
near the rotor. Information monitoring of the rotor geometry must be continuous,
noncontact, and remote. Under conditions of considerable electromagnetic noise, vibrations,
temperature differences, and dust, the monitoring must not affect the operation of the
existing systems.
From the above scientific investigations, a method for information dynamic monitoring of
the rotor shape of a loaded super-high-power energy aggregate at the Sayano-Shushenskaya
HPP, based on a semiconductor lidar with coherent-optical feedback and hardware-
software processing of optoelectronic signals, was proposed and implemented for the first
time. The lidar was placed in the hot air chamber of the stator and adjusted relative to the
rotor rotation axis. A sounding beam was directed to the rotor surface through a narrow
extended channel of air cooling and ventilation in a 10x20x500 mm stator body.
Scanning of the rotor surface shape, which moved at 100 m/s, by the semiconductor lidar
was made in the transverse direction. After software-hardware processing of the lidar
signal, the frequency, being directly proportional to the distance to the rotor surface, was
determined. Then, phase averaging of the data was made. Using the averaged data, a rotor
surface profile was constructed and tolerance control was made.
The figures show some rotor poles and a standard diagram of deviation (in millimeters)
from a constant radius of 6700 mm. This information about the rotor surface shape of an
operational hydroelectric generator of the most powerful hydropower plant in Russia was
obtained for the first time. The tests were performed on operational hydroelectric generator
no. 4 of the Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP (type: RO 230-v-677). These full-scale experiments
and tests have confirmed that the basic scientific principles on which this development,
which is relatively simple to implement, is based are applicable and efficient. The
measurement error of the experiments did not exceed 1% (Kulikov et al., 2010).
The results of this series of works were rewarded with a First-Rank Diploma and Golden
Medal of the VII Moscow International Salon of Innovations and Investments (2008).
3.2 Hydropower engineering: laser diagnostics of flows downstream of hydroturbines
to increase efficiency and safety
The Power Machines - LMZ (Saint-Petersburg) is the largest turbine construction plant in
Russia. This open stock company produces power turbines. In the past 90 odd years of
Optoelectronic Measurements in Science and Innovative Industrial Technologies
377
development and creation, more than 2300 turbines with a total power of about 300 million
kW, more than 670 hydroturbines with a total power of about 62 million kW, about 1000
hydroturbine regulators, and 60 pre-turbine gates have been produced. The Power
Machines - LMZ is a leader in domestic and world hydr