microdose damage, and the problem of gate rupture in thin oxides which is less well
understood. Recent work (Johnston A.H., 2000) on catastrophic damage in linear circuits
shows that this remains a significant problem in space and more work needs to be done.
The optimization of the simulation results together with the modelling of novel devices
which will be produced for us in Crete (FORTH) will assist the design of the prototype of a
multi-touch screen based on FTIR technology for single display cockpits (IR LEDS) immune
to any radiation effects.
It is critical that soft errors (or single event upset (SEU)) (neutrons density increases with
height and neutrons with lower energy introduce SEUs) (Psarakis, 2008) which are induced
by ionizing radiation must be eliminated from the optoelectronic devices as they are used
in the aerospace industry (circuits with high fidelity requirements).
By comparing the effect of ionizing radiation on different material layers and thicknesses,
we aim to minimize the operational faults due to structural changes. It should be noted
that current research on packaging and device scaling has also improved the performance
of ICs.
6. References
Andoniadis H. ,(2003) Overview of OLED display technology, OSRAM
Bhattacharya Pallab (1997) Semiconductor Optoelectronic Devices, Prentice Hall, Upper
Saddle River, ISBN:0-13-495656-7, New Jersey
Drouin D. , Scanning, 29, Issue 3 , May 2007, 92 – 101
Freudenrich Craig (2004), How OLEDs Work,
Johnston A.H., (2000) 4th International Workshop on Radiation Effects on Semiconductor Devices
for Space Application, Tsukuba, Japan, (2000) Radiation Damage of Electronic and
Optoelectronic Devices in Space.
Kitabayashi Hiroyuki , Kawabata Yoshisumi , Matsubara Hideki, Miyahara Kenichi and So
Tanaka (2010). Development of High Power Infrared LED, Sei Technical Review, 70,
(April, 2010), 71-74
Papakitsos A., (2002) Lectures Notes on Applied Optoelectronics, TEI of Pireaus, Greece.
Psarakis M., (2008) Lecture Notes on Reliable embedded systems, University of Piraeus, Greece.
Lin Shih-Yen, Tseng Chi-Che, Lin Wei-Hsun, Mai Shu-Cheng, Wu Shung-Yi, Chen Shu-Han,
and Jen-Inn Chyi. (2010). Room-temperature operation type-II GaSb/GaAs
quantum-dot infrared light-emitting diode. Applied Physics Letters, 96, (March,
2010), ISSN: 0-553-37783-3
Xalas A., Sgouros N., Kouros P., Ellinas J., .(2009). One Display for a Cockpit Interactive
Solution, era-4 Conference Proceedings, ISSN:1791-1133, Spetses, September 2009, TEI
Piraeus, Aigaleo
Yariv Amnon (1976) Introduction to Optical Electronics Holt, Rinehart and Winston, ISBN:
9780030898921, New York
124
Optoelectronic Devices and Properties
Youtian Tao, Qiang Wang, Liang Ao, Cheng Zhong, Chuluo Yang, Jingui Qin, and Dongge
Ma. Highly Efficient Phosphorescent Organic Light-Emitting Diodes Hosted by
1,2,4-Triazole-Cored Triphenylamine Derivatives: Relationship between Structure
and Optoelectronic Properties, J. Phys. Chem. C, 114, 601–609, (2010)
Ziegler J., Biersack Jochen P., Ziegler Matthias D. (2010). SRIM - The Stopping and Range of
Ions in Matter, Lulu Press Co., Morrisville, NC, 27560 USA
7
Identification of Emergent Research Issues:
the Case of Optoelectronic Devices
Ivana Roche1, Nathalie Vedovotto1, Dominique Besagni1,
Claire François1, Roger Mounet1,
Edgar Schiebel2 and Marianne Hörlesberger2
1Institut de l’Information Scientifique et Technique (INIST-CNRS)
Allée du Parc de Brabois, CS 10310, 54519 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy
2Austrian Institute of Technology (AIT)
Tech Gate Vienna, Donau-City-Straße 1, 1220 Wien
1France
2Austria
1. Introduction
The optoelectronic devices field is one of the last decade’s most promising technological
fields. Light emitting diodes gain more applications in cars and housing lighting, OLED
displays are introduced in electronic devices and consumer electronics. Optimization of
lighting power and tuning of light spectrum are well known important research topics.
Early recognition of new and alternative products and production processes is a strategic
necessity contributing to appropriate assessment and decision-making. Emerging
technologies are essential to advances in research, industry and society. But the detection of
emerging technologies remains unsolved.
An interesting introduction to the use of bibliometrics for the identification of upcoming
issues from online databases was published by Lancaster & Lee (1985). These authors
analyzed the spread of an issue from pure sciences literature to popular press, through
applied sciences literature. They measured the occurrence of a keyword over time in
different online databases covering scientific literature. Additionally they suggested a
procedure to identify growing issues in terms of time gradients of the number of published
articles where single keywords occur.
The selection tree introduced by Armstrong & Green (2007) gives an additional picture of
the landscape of the forecasting methods that could be employed to detect these emerging
technologies. This tree illustrates the dichotomy between judgmental and quantitative
forecasting methods and shows the great diversity of existing approaches like the Delphi or
the Nominal Group Technique ones. Forecasts are obtained in a structured way from two or
more experts. Other methods combine expert domain knowledge with statistical techniques
and allow the identification of causal forces acting on trends.
Even though the number of available data is large enough to apply quantitative methods,
the important question of the data type used for forecasting remains. The two data types
mostly used to detect new topics with bibliometric analysis are provided by bibliographic
126
Optoelectronic Devices and Properties
databases covering scientific literature and patent databases. These methods consist of
simple statistical techniques, such as growth curve analysis, or more sophisticated ones,
such as clustering or network analysis. A third data type, related to state-funded research
grants, is very interesting. The analysis of these three sources of information as a whole, and
not as separate entities, allows gaining an understanding of the triple-helix interfaces
between university, industry and government.
The framework for this study was the PROMTECH project (PROMTECH (2007)), financed
by the European Commission. The main goal of the project was to elaborate a methodology
enabling the identification of promising emerging technologies.
As the optoelectronic devices field turns out to be among the most promising ones, we focus
on it by identifying its emerging research topics. We then study their evolution by
considering data sets of bibliographic records related to two successive time periods and
represented by their associated keywords. We apply this diachronic approach to the
following analytical methodologies:
•
a “Diffusion Model” using a bibliometric filter that distributes keywords in different
diffusion stages in order to model the field terminology evolution (Schiebel &
Hörlesberger 2007). The visualization of the results was operated by the software
BibTechMon™, a bibliometric monitoring tool (Kopcsa & Schiebel 1998);
•
a cluster analysis enabling the identification of emerging research topics by comparing
the clusters related to each period (Roche et al. 2008). The clustering was operated by
the software-tool Stanalyst (Polanco et al. 2001) that produces a graphical
representation of the clustering results under the form of a network of clusters.
Firstly we refer to the data acquisition. Secondly the applied methodologies are illustrated.
Thirdly the results of the applied methodologies to the field ‘‘optoelectronic devices’’ are
presented. Finally we discuss the two approaches, summarize and conclude our discussion.
2. Data
The data framework is a sample recorded from PASCAL, a multidisciplinary bibliographic
database produced by the French institute for the scientific and technological information
(INIST-CNRS), that was specifically adapted to the purpose of our approach. PASCAL
provides broad multidisciplinary coverage of scientific publications and contains,
nowadays, about 20 million bibliographic records that are derived from the analysis of the
scientific and technical international literature published predominantly in journals and
conference proceedings. PASCAL is appropriate for the intended analysis, as each analyzed
document is registered by a very fine classification, much more sophisticated than the
category codes often employed in other sources of bibliographic data. The PASCAL
classification categories, named also classification codes, belong to a structured classification
scheme hugely detailed that is a taxonomy of every field and subfield of all the scientific
disciplines covered in the database.
In addition, PASCAL covers international publications in physics, chemistry, engineering
sciences, life sciences, and medicine and produces an indexing, on the one hand, by
keywords and, on the other hand, by classification categories, both given in the database
and assigned to the individual publications, either manually by scientific experts or
automatically based on a content analysis. The query operated in this work was based on
the information conveyed by these indexations. By extracting from the obtained corpus of
bibliographic records the keyword indexing we produced a terminology related to the
Identification of Emergent Research Issues:the Case of Optoelectronic Devices
127
studied domain. After a verification step, done by a scientific expert, that terminology can
be employed in our analysis.
The search focused on publications related, on the one hand, to Optoelectronics by means of
classification codes or keyword indexing and, on the other hand, to peripheral scientific
fields whose research issues, even if apparently far from the concerns of the researchers
working on Optoelectronics, could have an impact on this domain. The main idea is to
produce a finite space of exploration constituted by the information contained in the set of
records answering the search strategy. The choice of these peripheral scientific fields is
delicate. Indeed, if it is too large, the exploratory space could present a high level of noise
with a great number of records that will be definitively uninteresting and that we would
need to eliminate before analysis. But conversely, if the operated choice is too sharp, the
exploratory space could not reflect in a suitable way the scientific environment richness of
the studied domain and this silence would be very harmful for its analysis.
After some iterations, the list of peripheral fields converged towards: “Physics”, “Chemical
Industry”, “Physico-chemistry of polymers” and “Polymer industry”. The choice of these
fields was motivated by their interest towards the synthesis and characterization of
materials involved in optoelectronic devices. A search strategy has been detailed:
-
firstly, we looked for the PASCAL classified simultaneously in the field
“Optoelectronics” and in a field that is either “Physics” or “Chemical Industry” or
“Physico-chemistry of polymers” or “Polymer industry”:
-
then we added the records indexed by the keywords “LED” or “Electroluminescent
device” or “Optoelectronic device” and classified either in “Physics” or “Chemical
Industry” or “Physico-chemistry of polymers” or “Polymer industry”.
The result is a corpus of 8,169 bibliographic records all in all, divided into the periods from
2000 to 2004 and 2005 to 2010 delivers:
•
2,590 records for the first period (2000-2004)
•
5,219 records for the second period (2005-2009/20101)
The 8,169 bibliographic records (all years, 2000-2010) are assigned to more than 160 different
PASCAL codes, whereas a reference can be assigned to more than one code.
The first 20 fields with the biggest number of records in the two considered periods (2000-
2004 and 2005-2010) are showed, respectively, in Tables 2 and 3. Among the 16 fields
matching in both periods, 12 confirm their position or rise in the second period ranking, like
e.g. “Infrared, submillimeter wave, microwave and radiowave instruments, equipment and
techniques”, “Sensors (chemical, optical, electrical, movement, gas, etc)”, “Optical elements,
devices and systems”, “Material sciences: Methods of deposition of films and coatings ; film
growth and epitaxy” (see in table 2, the ranks 1 to 4, 6 to 9, and 12 to 15), and 4 fields lose
places in the ranking of the second period (see in table 3 the fields written in italic):
“Physico-chemistry of polymers: Organic polymers”, “Polymer industry: Technology of
polymers”, “Electronics: Materials”, “Electric, optical and optoelectronic circuits”.
Four fields appear in the top 20 field list in the second period: “Nanoscale materials and
structures: Fabrication and characterization”, “Structure and nonelectronic properties of
surfaces, interfaces and thin films”, “Natural energy”, “Materials science” and, conversely,
four fields disappear from the top 20 field list: “Industrial chemicals”, “Electrical
engineering. Electrical power engineering”, “General and physical chemistry”, “Computer
science: Software”.
1 2010 can not be complete: the data, recorded on June 2010, contains around a half of the expected
production of one entire year
128
Optoelectronic Devices and Properties
ACOUSTICS.
ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY.
ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS.
BUILDINGS. PUBLIC WORKS.
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING.
CHEMICAL INDUSTRY AND CHEMICALS.
COMPUTER SCIENCE. CONTROL THEORY. SYSTEMS.
CONDENSED MATTER: ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE, ELECTRICAL,
CONDENSED MATTER: STRUCTURE, MECHANICAL AND THERMAL
CROSS-DISCIPLINARY PHYSICS: MATERIALS SCIENCE, RHEOLOGY.
EARTH, OCEAN, SPACE.
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING. ELECTRICAL POWER ENGINEERING.
ELECTROMAGNETISM, ELECTRON, AND ION OPTICS.
ELECTRONICS.
ENERGY.
FLUID DYNAMICS.
FUNDAMENTAL AND APPLIED BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES.
GENERAL AND PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY.
GROUND, AIR AND SEA TRANSPORTATION, MARINE
HEAT TRANSFER.
INFORMATION SCIENCE. DOCUMENTATION.
INFORMATION, SIGNAL AND COMMUNICATION THEORY.
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY AND ORIGINS OF LIFE.
INSTRUMENTS, APPARATUS, COMPONENTS AND TECHNIQUES
MATHEMATICS.
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING. MACHINE DESIGN.
MEDICAL SCIENCES.
METALS. METALLURGY.
NUCLEAR PHYSICS.
OPERATIONAL RESEARCH. MANAGEMENT SCIENCE.
OPTICS.
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY.
PHYSICOCHEMISTRY OF POLYMERS.
PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS.
PHYSICS OF GASES, PLASMAS AND ELECTRIC DISCHARGES.
POLLUTION.
POLYMER INDUSTRY, PAINTS, WOOD.
SOLID MECHANICS.
TELECOMMUNICATIONS.
Table 1. General scientific fields present in the corpus “Optoelectronic devices”
Identification of Emergent Research Issues:the Case of Optoelectronic Devices
129
Rank
PASCAL classification scheme headings
Semiconductor electronics. Microelectronics. Optoelectronics.
1
Solid state devices
2
Physico-chemistry of organic polymers
3
Polymer industry: Technology of polymers
Infrared, submillimeter wave, microwave and radiowave
4
instruments, equipment and techniques
5 Electronics:
Materials
6
Condensed matter: Optical properties and spectroscopy
7 Industrial
chemicals
8
Electric, optical and optoelectronic circuits
9 Lasers
10
Electrical engineering. Electrical power engineering
11
Optical elements, devices and systems
12
Sensors (chemical, optical, electrical, movement, gas, etc)
13
Structure of solids and liquids; crystallography
Material sciences: Methods of deposition of films and coatings;
14
film growth and epitaxy
15
General and physical chemistry
Condensed matter: Electronic structure and electrical properties
16
of surfaces, interfaces and thin films
17 Computer
science:
Software
18
Optical instruments, equipments and techniques
19 Optical
materials
20
Optical sources and standards
Table 2. The most important fields in the first period (2000-2004) expressed by means of the
PASCAL classification scheme headings
At first sight, these evolutions suggest a decline in P2 of the number of records dealing with
the characterization of materials, for the benefit of documents dedicated to the study of
devices, as well as the emergence of new forms of materials as thin films and nanomaterials.
More than 200 journals contributed to form each of the two studied corpus. In the first
period, 9,666 authors working in institutions located in 69 different countries produce the
2,950 obtained records. In the second period, the number of authors is almost multiplied by
2 and the number of affiliation countries also rise to 81. In table 4, we show the top 10
affiliation countries for both periods. If the countries present in both lists are the same, their
rankings are quite different. The USA remains in the first place with an almost unchanged
rate, but we can see the remarkable ascent of China that doubles its affiliation rate coming
from the sixth to the second place. With the exception of Canada, all other countries see their
affiliation rate decreasing.
130
Optoelectronic Devices and Properties
Rank
PASCAL classification scheme headings
1 Semiconductor
electronics.
Microelectronics. Optoelectronics. Solid state devices
2
Condensed matter: Optical properties and spectroscopy
Infrared, submillimeter wave, microwave and radiowave instruments,
3
equipment and techniques
4
Sensors (chemical, optical, electrical, movement, gas, etc)
5
Physico-chemistry of organic polymers
6
Optical elements, devices and systems
Material sciences: Methods of deposition of films and coatings; film growth and
7
epitaxy
8 Optical
materials
9 Lasers
10
Nanoscale materials and structures: Fabrication and characterization
11
Electric, optical and optoelectronic circuits
Condensed matter: Electronic structure and electrical properties of surfaces,
12
interfaces and thin films
13
Optical sources and standards
14
Structure and nonelectronic properties of surfaces, interfaces and thin films
15
Optical instruments, equipments and techniques
16
Structure of solids and liquids; crystallography
17
Polymer industry: Technology of polymers
18 Natural
energy
19 Materials
science
20
Electronics: Materials
Table 3. The most important fields in the second period (2005-2010) expressed by means of
the PASCAL classification scheme headings
First period
Second period
Rank Country
%
of Rank Country
%
of
affiliations
affiliations
1 USA
28
1 USA
29
2 Japan
13
2 China
18
3 UK
10
3 Japan
10
4 Germany
10
4 Taïwan
9
5
South Korea
10
5
South Korea
8
6 China
9
6 Germany
7
7 France
7
7 UK
6
8 Italy
6
8 France
6
9 Taïwan
6
9 Canada
4
10 Canada
3
10 Italy
3
… 69
… 81
Table 4. The top 10 countries in terms of affiliation rates in the first and second periods
Identification of Emergent Research Issues:the Case of Optoelectronic Devices
131
This literature is of English expression in more than 99 % of documents and was published
in 14 and 11 countries, respectively, in the first and second period. In table 5, we give the top
5 publishing countries for both periods. The USA strengthens its first place, the Netherlands
rate grows up and the rates of Switzerland, United Kingdom and Germany go down.
First period
Second period
Rank Country
%
of Rank
Country %
of
publications
publications
1 USA
41
1 USA
58
2 Switzerland
16
2 Netherlands
15
3 UK
14
3 UK
12
4 Germany
12
4 Switzerland
9
5 Netherlands
11
5 Germany
4
… 14
… 11
Table 5. The top 5 countries in terms of publishing rates in the first and second periods
3. Methodology
3.1 Diffusion model
New scientific and technological developments are presented and documented in scientific
publications. These new ideas are described using specific words and expressions and they
sometimes lead to the creation by scientists of new terminological representations. In a
bibliographic record, the quintessence of a publication is represented by means of
keywords, the invest