FOOTNOTES:
1 Myths of Crete and Pre-Hellenic Europe, pp. 26 et seq. ↑
2 Ibid. See illustrations opposite p. 20. ↑
3 Professor Cherry The Origin of Agriculture (Mem. and Proc. Manchester Lit. and Phil. Soc., 1920). ↑
4 In Babylonian legends civilization is introduced by the “goat-fish” god Ea, who came from the Persian Gulf. ↑
5 Those who give Osiris a Libyan origin believe his name signifies “The Old One”, or “The Old Man”. ↑
6 The Ancient Egyptians, pp. 41–42. ↑
7 Breasted’s Religion and Thought in Egypt, p. 18. ↑
8 S. Squire, Plutarch’s Treatise of Isis and Osiris (Cambridge, 1744). ↑
9 In Egypt this was the Solutrean stage of the so-called “Palæolithic Age”. ↑
10 There was no “Neolithic Age” in Egypt. ↑
11 The Scope of Social Anthropology (London, 1908), pp. 12–13. ↑
12 Primitive Man (Proceedings of the British Academy, Vol. VII), p. 50. ↑
1 The Yakut (in Russian), Vol. I, p. 378. ↑
2 The Evolution of the Dragon, G. Elliot Smith (London, 1919), pp. 178 et seq. ↑
3 O. T. Mason, Origins of Invention, p. 166; and Woman’s Share in Primitive Culture, p. 91. ↑
4 The Beginnings of Porcelain in China, by Berthold Laufer and H. W. Nichols (Field Museum of Natural History Publication, 192, Anthropological Series, Vol. XII, No. 2. Chicago, 1917). ↑
6 The Journal of Egyptian Archæology, April, 1914, p. 14. ↑
7 Aboriginal Pottery of the Eastern United States, p. 50 (Twentieth Annual Report, Bureau of American Ethnology, Washington, 1903). ↑
9 Tao Shuo, chap. ii, p. 2 (new edition, 1912). ↑
10 The Beginnings of Porcelain in China, pp. 154–5. In “culture mixing” old local religious beliefs were not obliterated. ↑
11 Chavannes, Mémoires historiques de Se-ma Tsʼien, Vol. I, pp. 72–4. ↑
12 The Beginnings of Porcelain in China, p. 160. ↑
13 Antiquities of India, L. D. Barnett, p. 176. ↑
14 Madras Government Museum Catalogue of Prehistoric Antiquities, p. 111. ↑
15 Vedic Index of Names and Subjects, Macdonell and Keith, Vol. I, pp. 31, 32. ↑
2 Breasted, Religion and Thought in Egypt, pp. 108, 158. ↑
3 Early Modes of Navigation, Journal of the Anthropological Institute, Vol. IV, p. 402. ↑
4 Holmes’s Ancient and Modern Ships, E. K. Chatterton’s Sailing Ships and their Story, Cecil Torr’s Ancient Ships, Warrington Smith’s Mast and Sail in Europe and Asia, Elliot Smith’s Ships as Evidence of the Migrations of Early Culture, and the works of Pâris and Assmann, and Pitt Rivers (op. cit.). ↑
5 Sailing Ships and their Story, pp. 25–6. ↑
6 Ships as Evidence, &c., pp. 5, 6. ↑
7 Myths of Crete and Pre-Hellenic Europe, pp. 146 and 191, et seq. ↑
8 Breasted’s A History of Egypt, pp. 114–5. ↑
9 Sailing Ships and their Story, pp. 31, 32. ↑
10 Maspero in his The Dawn of Civilization protests against this view. ↑
11 Egyptian Myth and Legend, p. 372. ↑
12 English translation of M. Huc’s Recollections (London, 1852), p. 21. ↑
13 E. Kebel Chatterton’s Sailing Ships and their Story, pp. 7 and 31, and illustration opposite page 8. ↑
14 Sailing Ships and their Story, pp. 32–3. ↑
15 Polynesian Researches, First Edition, 1829, Vol. I, p. 169. ↑
17 Polynesian Researches, First Edition, 1829, Vol. I, pp. 181, 2. The crescent-shaped vessel is quite Egyptian in character. ↑
18 Ibid., Vol. II, pp. 50, 51. ↑
CHAPTER IV
3 Breasted’s A History of Egypt, p. 274. ↑
4 Breasted’s Religion and Thought in Ancient Egypt, p. 279. ↑
5 Quoted from a Chinese work by Dr. W. M. W. de Visser in The Dragon in China and Japan (Amsterdam, 1913). ↑
6 Muir’s Sanskrit Texts, Vol. I, p. 516 (1890). ↑
7 Dr. W. M. W. de Visser, The Dragon in China and Japan, p. 69. ↑
10 Religious System of China, Vol. V, p. 867. ↑
11 This is the name of the Indian Naga king. ↑
12 The Dragon in China and Japan, p. 139. ↑
13 Chinese-English Dictionary, p. 1092. ↑
14 Chine Ancienne, pp. 94 et seq. ↑
15 Elliot Smith, The Evolution of the Dragon, pp. 216 et seq. ↑
1 De Visser, The Dragon in China and Japan, p. 109. ↑
2 Quoted by Prof. G. Elliot Smith, The Evolution of the Dragon, p. 160. ↑
3 Ellis, Polynesian Researches, First Edition, Vol. I, p. 178. ↑
4 Rev. George Turner’s Nineteen Years in Polynesia (1861), pp. 238–9. The god emerging from the shell-fish is found in Mexico. Jackson’s Shells as Evidence of the Migrations of Early Culture, p. 52. ↑
5 De Visser, The Dragon in China and Japan, p. 88. ↑
6 Myths of Crete and Pre-Hellenic Europe, pp. 306–7. Pierced fish vertebræ have been found in Malta, Italy, the south-east of Spain, and Troy. See Malta and the Mediterranean Race, R. N. Bradley (London, 1912), p. 136. ↑
7 Manuel d’Archéologie Américaine, Fig. 21, p. 114. ↑
10 This mammal belongs to the order Sirenia, which includes manatees. It is native to Indian seas. A variety has been found in the Red Sea. ↑
11 Legends of Gods and Ghosts (Hawaiian Mythology), 1915, pp. 255–6. ↑
12 A form of the mother-goddess. ↑
13 The Religious System of China, Vol. III, p. 1143. ↑
14 Hibbert Lectures, pp. 280–84. ↑
15 Legends of Babylonia and Egypt, Leonard W. King, pp. 116–7 (1918). ↑
16 Breasted, Religion and Thought in Ancient Egypt, p. 20. ↑
18 The Voice of Africa, Vol. II, p. 467. ↑
19 The Evolution of the Dragon, p. 130. ↑
20 See illustration of the serpent enclosing the waters in the shrine of the Nile, from a bas-relief in the small temple of Philæ. Maspero’s The Dawn of Civilization, p. 39. ↑
21 Breasted, op. cit., p. 38. ↑
22 A kiao-lung is a dragon with fish scales. ↑
25 De Visser, The Dragon in China and Japan, pp. 72 et seq. ↑
26 Horus while alive, and Osiris after he died, as Dr. Gardiner insists. ↑
27 The Dragon in China and Japan, p. 42. ↑
29 Æschylus, Prometheus Vinctus, 351–72. ↑
30 The Dragon in China and Japan, p. 46. ↑
31 Dr. A. Carmichael, Carmina Gadelica, Vol. I, p. 169. ↑
32 The Dragon in China and Japan, p. 89. ↑
33 Breasted, Religion and Thought in Ancient Egypt, pp. 99 et seq. ↑
34 The Religious System of China, Vol. VI, p. 1087. ↑
35 See English translation by Walter Gorn Old (London, 1904). ↑
36 The Religious System of China, Vol. IV, p. 26. ↑
37 De Visser, The Dragon in Japan and China, p. 62. ↑
38 Breasted’s Religion and Thought in Ancient Egypt, p. 21. ↑
39 The Dragon in China and Japan, p. 67. ↑
40 De Groot’s The Religious System of China, Vol. I, p. 369. ↑
41 Chats on Oriental China (London, 1908). ↑
42 De Visser, The Dragon in China and Japan, p. 79. ↑
43 The Dragon in China and Japan, p. 112. ↑
44 A dragon appeared at the birth of Confucius. ↑
45 De Visser, The Dragon in China and Japan, p. 145. ↑
1 Legends of Gods and Ghosts (Hawaiian Mythology, 1915), p. 258. ↑
2 Melanesians and Polynesians (London, 1910), pp. 334–5. ↑
4 Indo-China and its Primitive People, London (trans.), p. 192. ↑
5 Hawaiian Mythology, p. 257. ↑
6 Buddhist India, pp. 222–3. ↑
7 Manual of Indian Buddhism, pp. 593 et seq. ↑
8 Iliad, Book XII (Lang’s, Leaf’s, and Dyer’s Trans.), p. 236. ↑
9 The Natural History of Animals (Gresham, London), Vol. III, p. 176 and pp. 46 et seq. ↑
10 Budge, The Gods of the Egyptians, Vol. I, p. 481. ↑
11 Chavannes’ Contes et Apologues. ↑
12 Indian Myth and Legend, pp. 314–5. ↑
13 Laufer, The Diamond: a study in Chinese and Hellenistic Folk-lore, p. 7 (Chicago, 1915). ↑
14 Açwamedha Parva, Section XC, Sloka 5. ↑
15 Budge, Gods of the Egyptians, Vol. II, p. 107. ↑
16 Myths of Babylonia and Assyria, p. 120. ↑
18 The Evolution of the Dragon, G. Elliot Smith, pp. 83 et seq. ↑
19 De Visser, The Dragon in China and Japan, p. 130. ↑
20 Westervelt’s Legends of Gods and Ghosts, p. 258. ↑
21 Buddhist India, pp. 224–5. ↑
1 Teutonic Myth and Legend, p. 174 et seq. ↑
2 Teutonic Myth and Legend, p. 286. ↑
3 The Irish term sed (pronounced “shade”), the old form of which is set, signified a cow, a measure of value, property, and “a pearl, a precious stone, or a gem of any kind”. Joyce, Irish Names of Places, p. 355 (Dublin, 1875). ↑
4 Breasted, A History of Egypt, p. 357. ↑
5 Egyptian Myth and Legend, pp. 341, 342. ↑
6 Seven Tablets of Creation. ↑
7 The belief that the cat has nine lives may be cited, and also the belief that if an eel or a serpent is cut in two it will come to life again. A Chinese dragon may revive after being cut up and buried. The story is told in Japan of a man who killed a snake-dragon, cut it into three pieces, and buried them, but thirteen years later, on the same day of the year on which he slew the dragon, he cried out “I drink water,” choked, and died. His death was caused by the dragon he had endeavoured to kill (de Visser, The Dragon in China and Japan, p. 195). The “Deathless Snake” in an ancient Egyptian story comes to life until the severed parts are buried separately. ↑
8 Legends of Gods and Ghosts (Hawaiian Mythology), pp. 256–7. ↑
9 The Dragon in China and Japan, p. 127. See also the Egyptian Bata story, Egyptian Myth and Legend, pp. 49–56. ↑
10 Egyptian Myth and Legend, p. 55. ↑
12 The odour of the herb was the body odour of the dragon. It helped to restore vitality, as did incense, when burned before an Egyptian mummy. Gods were similarly “fed” by offerings of incense. The Babylonian Noah burned incense, and the gods smelt the sweet savour. The gods gathered like flies about him that offered the sacrifice.—King, Babylonian Religion, p. 136. ↑
13 De Visser, The Dragon in China and Japan, p. 63. Kwan Chung died in 645 B.C. ↑
14 Polynesian Mythology, Sir George Grey, p. 33. ↑
15 De Visser, The Dragon in China and Japan, p. 174. ↑
16 A Galloway herbalist who was searching for herbs to cure a consumptive girl, named May, saw a mermaid rising in the sea. According to the folk-story, the mermaid recommended mugwort (southernwood) as a cure by singing:
Would you let bonnie May die in your hand,
And the mugwort flowering in the land?
17 Jade disks, decorated with the rush pattern, were in China images of Heaven and badges of rank. The rain-dragon in human form carries in his right hand a blue rush. The rush was connected with water—the water below the firmament and the water above the firmament. Reeds were likewise connected with the deities. In Babylonia, priests had visions in reed huts and the dead lay on reed mats. The reed and river-mud were used by Marduk when he created man. Apparently, the reed was an [8]avatar of the water deity: it contained “soul substance”. Linen made from flax was sacred and inspiring. It was wrapped round the dead, instead of animal skins, in pre-Dynastic Egypt. The linen ephod was inspiring; like the “prophet’s mantle” it gave the wearer power to foretell events. ↑
18 S. Baring-Gould’s Curious Myths of the Middle Ages, pp. 471 et seq. ↑
19 A similar belief regarding supernatural beings prevailed in India. See story of Nala in Indian Myth and Legend. ↑
20 The appearance of four servants (the gods of the four quarters) with the dragon-god, indicates that the coming storm is to be one of exceptional violence. ↑
21 The deep slumberer in a folk-tale is usually engaged “working a spell”. As will be gathered from the story, the boy received his knowledge and power from his grandmother. She resembles the Norse Vala and the Witch of Endor. ↑
22 The Norse Vala makes similar complaint when awakened by Odin. It looks as if this Chinese story is based on one about consulting a spirit of a “wise woman” who sleeps in her tomb. ↑
23 An interesting glimpse of the connection between colour symbolism and magic. Everything is yellow because a yellow dragon is being invoked. ↑
24 This sleep appears to be as necessary as that of the grandmother. ↑
25 The latest spell had been worked, and it was not necessary that the father should sleep any longer. ↑
1 Indian fairy girl. There are apsaras in the Paradise of Indra. ↑
2 Indian Fairy Stories (London, 1915), pp. 47 et seq. ↑
3 Egyptian Tales (first series), W. H. Flinders Petrie (London, 1899), pp. 81 et seq. ↑
4 Folk Lore Journal, Vol. V, p. 257. ↑
5 Myths of Babylonia and Assyria, pp. 177 et seq. ↑
6 L. W. King, Legends of Babylonia and Egypt (London, 1918), p. 146. ↑
7 See references in Myths of Babylonia and Assyria, pp. 184 et seq. ↑
8 Indian Myth and Legend, p. 256 and p. 381. ↑
10 Tennyson’s The Passing of Arthur. ↑
11 Like the Indian god Vishnu, who lies asleep on the Naga. This sleep, like that of magicians, is a spell-working or power-accumulating sleep. ↑
12 Like the Egyptian hero who slays the river serpent which guards the box containing magic spells. Sigurd, Siegfried, and other dragon-slaying heroes may be compared with this Far-Eastern hero. ↑
13 De Visser, The Dragon in China and Japan. ↑
1 Jade: A Study in Chinese Archæology and Religion, Berthold Laufer (Chicago, 1912), pp. 209–10. ↑
2 Breasted, Religion and Thought in Egypt, pp. 133–7. ↑
3 Breasted, Religion and Thought in Egypt, p. 102. ↑
4 Myths of Babylonia and Assyria, pp. 181–3. ↑
5 Mémoires Historiques de Se-ma Tsʼien (1895–1905). ↑
6 He figures as a character (not a real one) in the writings of Kwang-tze, who was born in the fourth century B.C. ↑
7 Breasted, Religion and Thought in Ancient Egypt, p. 145. ↑
8 Dr. J. Legge, Chinese Classics, Vol. III, Part I, p. 240, and Part II, p. 554. ↑
9 In Scottish giant-lore giants sit on mountains in like manner and fish for whales, using trees as fishing-rods. ↑
10 Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan. ↑
12 Navarrette, Coll. de Documents, I, p. 244, quoted in Curious Myths of the Middle Ages, p. 525. ↑
13 William Ellis, Polynesian Researches (1st edition, London, 1829), Vol. II, pp. 47 et seq. ↑
14 Campbell, Popular Tales of the West Highlands, Vol. III, Tale LXXXVI. ↑
15 Legends of Gods and Ghosts, p. 246. ↑
16 Nineteen Years in Polynesia, p. 353. ↑
17 Swarga-rohanika Parva, Section III (Roy’s translation), p. 9. The chief of the gods says to Yudhishthira: “Here is the celestial river.… Plunging into it, thou wilt go to thine own regions (Paradise).” Having bathed, the hero “cast off his human body” and “assumed a celestial form”. ↑
18 Odyssey, XV (Butcher and Lang’s trans.), p. 253. ↑
19 S. H. O’Grady, Silva Gadelica, Vol. II, pp. 393–4. ↑
22 Ancient Irish Poetry, p. 8. ↑
23 The Life and Exploits of Alexander the Great, trans. by E. Walter Budge, pp. 11 et seq., and 167 et seq. ↑
24 “Vana Parva” of Mahábhárata, and Indian Myth and Legend, pp. 105–9. ↑
25 Description of Sukhāvatī, the Land of Bliss, in Buddhist Mahayana Texts (Sacred Books of the East, Vol. XLIX), pp. 16, 17. ↑
31 B. Laufer, The Diamond (A Study in Chinese and Hellenistic Folk-lore) (Chicago, 1915). ↑
1 L. W. King, Babylonian Religion (London, 1903), p. 171. ↑
2 L. W. King, Legends of Babylon and Egypt (London, 1918), p. 136. ↑
3 Religion and Thought in Ancient Egypt, p. 130. ↑
4 Myths of Babylonia and Assyria, p. 71. ↑
5 Westervelt, Legends of Gods and Ghosts (Hawaiian Mythology), p. 245. ↑
6 Breasted, Religion and Thought in Ancient Egypt, pp. 120 et seq. ↑
8 G. Elliot Smith, The Evolution of the Dragon, pp. 23 et seq. ↑
9 Farnell, Cults of the Greek States, Vol. III, pp. 14, 30; Cook, Zeus, Vol. I, p. 537. ↑
10 Westervelt, Legends of Old Honolulu, pp. 22 et seq., and p. 29. ↑
11 Teutonic Myth and Legend, pp. 424–32. ↑
12 Westminster Review, November, 1892, p. 523. ↑
13 When, some years ago, an ass was acquired by a tenant on a Hebridean island, a native, on seeing this animal for the first time, exclaimed, “It is the father of all the hares”. ↑
14 Dr. Joseph Edkins, Religion in China, p. 151. ↑
15 Myths of Babylonia and Assyria, pp. 185 et seq. ↑
16 Laufer, Sino Iranica (Chicago, 1919), pp. 539 et seq. ↑
17 Laufer, Sino-Iranica, p. 543. ↑
18 Transactions Am. Phil. Association, Vol. XXIII, 1892, p. 115. ↑
20 G. Elliot Smith, The Evolution of the Dragon, pp. 36 et seq. ↑
21 Religious System of China, Vol. IV, pp. 272–6: and Elliot Smith, The Evolution of the Dragon, pp. 38–9. ↑
22 The Jack and Jill of the nursery rhyme. ↑
23 Teutonic Myth and Legend, pp. 22 et seq. ↑
24 Curious Myths of the Middle Ages, pp. 190 et seq. ↑
25 Budge, Gods of the Egyptians, Vol. II, p. 104. ↑
26 Babylonian Myth and Legend, p. 126–7. ↑
27 Indian Myth and Legend, pp. 173 et seq., and 192–94. ↑
28 Egyptian Myth and Legend, p. 19 et seq. ↑
29 Teutonic Myth and Legend, pp. 352 (n.), 376, 383, 389, 391, 446. ↑
30 For beliefs connected with pearls and shells, see Shells as Evidence of the Migrations of Early Culture, I. Wilfrid Jackson (London, 1917). ↑
1 Some thunder birds are dark as thunder-clouds. ↑
2 De Visser, The Dragon in China and Japan, p. 63. ↑
3 G. A. Reisner, Early Dynastic Cemeteries of Naga-ad-Dêr, Vol. I, 1908, Plates 6 and 7, and Shells as Evidence of the Migrations of Early Culture, 1917, p. xxi. ↑
5 The Norse gods grew old when the apples of immortality, kept by the goddess Idun, were carried away. After the apples were restored, they ate of them and grew young again.—Teutonic Myth and Legend, p. 57. ↑
6 De Groot, The Religious System of China, Vol. I, p. 300. ↑
7 De Groot, The Religious System of China, Vol. I, p. 295. ↑
8 Shrieks like mandrakes torn out of the earth.—Romeo and Juliet, iv, 3.
Give me to drink mandragora …
That I may sleep out the great gap of time
My Anthony is away.—Anthony and Cleopatra.
9 The Ascent of Olympus, pp. 107 et seq. ↑
10 Elliot Smith, The Evolution of the Dragon, p. 184; Rendel Harris, The Ascent of Olympus, p. 73. ↑
11 The Ascent of Olympus, p. 126. ↑
12 Artemis, as goddess of birth, was a specialized form of the Great Mother, who was herself the goddess of love and birth, of treasure, &c.—the All-mother. ↑
13 The Ascent of Olympus, p. 87. ↑
15 Joly, Legend in Japanese Art, p. 165. ↑
16 Elliot Smith, The Evolution of the Dragon, pp. 183, 199 et seq. ↑
17 The Ascent of Olympus, 79–80. ↑
18 The Chinese Traveller (London, 1772), Vol. I, p. 247. ↑
19 The Ascent of Olympus, p. 82. ↑
20 The Chinese Traveller, Vol. I, p. 239. ↑
21 The Chinese Traveller, Vol. I, pp. 237 et seq. ↑
23 The Ascent of Olympus (note on Ivy and Mugwort in Siberia), pp. 96 et seq. ↑
24 Sino-Iranica (Chicago, 1919), pp. 385 et seq. ↑
26 Indian Myth and Legend, p. 100. ↑
27 Sino-Iranica, pp. 339–42. ↑
28 Myths of Babylonia and Assyria, pp. 234–5. ↑
29 Perry, Megalithic Culture of Indonesia, p. 68. ↑
30 Megalithic Culture of Indonesia, p. 92. ↑
31 Legend in Japanese Art, p. 195. ↑
32 Religions of Ancient China, pp. 24–5. ↑
34 See Chapter XIII re shining gems, jade, coral, &c. ↑
35 The Dragon in China and Japan, pp. 39 and 64. ↑
36 Laufer, Sino-Iranica, p. 568. ↑
37 Elliot Smith, The Migration of Early Culture (London, 1915), and The Evolution of the Dragon (London, 1919). ↑
1 The other names are Jăta-rūpa, Su-varna, Harita, and Hiranya. ↑
2 Macdonell and Keith, Vedic Index of Names and Subjects (London, 1912), Vol. II, p. 504. See also for moon and gold, Vol. I, 254. ↑
3 Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus (London, 1703 Edition), p. 243. ↑
4 History of Sumer and Akkad, pp. 326–7. ↑
5 Breasted, A History of Egypt, p. 48. ↑
6 Breasted, A History of Egypt, p. 190. ↑
8 L. W. King, A History of Sumer and Akkad, pp. 74, 75. ↑
9 British Museum Guide to the Antiquities of the Bronze Age, p. 10. ↑
10 British Museum Guide to the Antiquities of the Bronze Age, p. 9. ↑
12 A History of the Babylonians and Assyrians, p. 74. ↑
13 In the Tell-el-Amarna letters, Western-Asian monarchs are eloquent in their requests for gold from Egypt. In one a Babylonian king “asks for much gold” and complains that the last supply was base, and that there was “much loss in melting”. ↑
14 Sino-Iranica: Chinese Contributions to the History of Civilization in Ancient Iran. Chicago, 1919. ↑
16 The Relationship between the Geographical Distribution of Megalithic Monuments and Ancient Times. Manchester, 1915. ↑
17 Mrs. Hawes, Gournia, p. 33. ↑
18 The Dawn of Mediterranean Civilization, pp. 62–3. ↑
19 Elliot Smith, The Ancient Egyptians, pp. 41 et seq. ↑
20 It seems ridiculous to suggest that irrigation had origin in mid-Asia and not in areas like the deltas of Egypt and Sumeria. ↑
21 British Museum Guide to the Babylonian and Assyrian Antiquities, p. 157. ↑
22 Peter, Nippur II, p. 134. ↑
23 Scythians and Greeks (1913), p. 280. ↑
25 Religion in China (London 1878, 2nd Ed.), p. 38. ↑
26 British Museum Guide to the Antiquities of the Bronze Age, p. 107. ↑
28 Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, Vol. XLII, p. 279. ↑
1 Jade and other stone mirrors are referred to in ancient texts. No doubt these were religious symbols. None survives. Jade shoes are mentioned too, but there are [2]no surviving specimens. In Ireland bronze shoes were worn in ancient times—perhaps in connection with religious ceremonies. Obsidian mirrors were used in Mexico for purposes of divination, and there were stone mirrors in Peru. ↑
2 Jade: A Study in Chinese Archæology and Religion, Berthold Laufer (Field Museum of Natural History, Publication 154, Anthropological Series, Vol. X, Chicago, 1912, p. 23). ↑
3 Laufer notes that yu included nephrite, jadeite, bowenite, and sometimes “beautiful kinds of serpentine, agalmatolite, and marble”.—Jade, p. 22. ↑
5 De Groot, The Religious System of China, Book I, pp. 275 et seq. ↑
7 The Religious System of China, Book I, pp. 274 et seq. ↑
9 See illustrations in Professor Elliot Smith’s The Evolution of the Dragon, pp. 88, 89. ↑
10 Like the ginseng (mandrake) in the Kang-ge mountains in northern Korea. (See Chapter XVII.) ↑
11 De Groot, The Religious System of China, Book I, Vol. I, pp. 272–3. ↑
12 The Diamond, pp. 55, 56, n. ↑
13 She is thus the divine spinner as the god Ptah of Egypt is the divine potter. ↑
14 The Syrian Goddess, Strong and Garstang (London, 1913), pp. 71, 72. ↑
16 The Diamond, p. 7. Lesser Fu-lin was Syria, and Greater Fu-lin the Byzantine Empire. ↑
18 The Religious System of China, Book I, Vol. I, pp. 277–8. ↑
19 Laufer, The Diamond, p. 22 and n. 3, and p. 69 and n. 7. ↑
21 Laufer, Chinese Clay Figures, pp. 138, 151. ↑
23 Elliot Smith, The Evolution of the Dragon, p. 157, n. 1. Laufer, Sino-Iranica, pp. 520 and 525. ↑
24 The Religious System of China, Book II, Vol. IV, p. 331. ↑
25 The Religious System of China, Book I, pp. 278–9. ↑
26 Legend in Japanese Art, pp. 354, 355. ↑
27 Legend in Japanese Art, pp. 355–6. ↑
30 Breasted, A History of Egypt, p. 357. ↑
31 Laufer, Jade, p. 299, n. 1. ↑
32 Budge, The Gods of the Egyptians, Vol. I, pp. 357–8. ↑
36 The Religious System of China, Book I, p. 284. ↑
37 The Religious System of China, Book I, p. 284. ↑
38 Myths of Babylonia and Assyria, p. 332. ↑
39 Legge, The Shih King, p. 395. ↑
41 Joly, Legend in Japanese Art, p. 297. ↑
42 Breasted, Religion and Thought in Ancient Egypt, p. 100. ↑
43 The Religious System of China, Book I, Vol. III, p. 962. ↑
44 De Groot, op. cit., Book I, Vol. III, p. 983. ↑
45 Legge, The Yi King, pp. 43–44. ↑
46 The Religious System of China, Book I, p. 327. ↑
48 De Groot, op. cit., p. 317. ↑
49 Legge, Texts of Taoism, Vol. II, p. 265. ↑
50 Legge, The Shu King, pp. 38, 39. ↑
51 Teutonic Myth and Legend, p. 5. ↑
52 Myths of Babylonia and Assyria, pp. 330, 331. ↑
53 Religion in China (London, 1878), p. 109. ↑
54 Religion in China, p. 107. ↑
55 Quoted by De Groot, The Religious System of China, Book I, Vol. III, p. 983. ↑
56 Green and blue are interchangeable in China. ↑
57 Biot, Vol. I, pp. 434, 435, quoted by Laufer in Jade, p. 120. ↑
58 The Religious System of China, Book I, Part III, p. 935. ↑
59 Ibid., Book I, Vol. III, p. 949. ↑
60 In Scotland south-flowing water is specially good and influential. ↑
61 The Religious System of China, Book I, Vol. III, pp. 949, 950. ↑
63 Journal of Hellenic Studies, Vol. XXI, pp. 128–9. ↑
64 See Egyptian Myth and Legend, Myths of Babylonia and Assyria, Myths of Crete and Pre-Hellenic Europe, and Indian Myth and Legend. ↑
65 Breasted, Religion and Thought in Ancient Egypt, p. 130. ↑
66 See terra-cotta image of pig marked with stars in Schliemann’s Troy and its Remains (translation by Smith, London, 1875), p. 232. ↑
67 Elliot Smith, The Evolution of the Dragon, p. 96. ↑
68 Laufer, Jade (for illustrations of tigers with thunder pattern), pp. 180–4. ↑
69 De Groot, Religious System of China, Vol. I, Book I, pp. 94 and 110; Book II, pp. 5 et seq. ↑
70 The Religious System of China, Book I, Vol. I, p. 226, n. 2. ↑ a b
71 De Groot, op. cit., Book I, p. 72. ↑
72 The Religious System of China, Book I, Vol. I, pp. 241 et seq. ↑
73 See references in Myths of Babylonia and Assyria, pp. 69, 70, and 70 n. ↑
74 Mrs. Bishop, Korea and Her Neighbours, Vol. II, pp. 84–5. ↑
75 The Evolution of the Dragon, p. 50. ↑
76 The Evolution of the Dragon, pp. 51–2. ↑
77 De Groot, op. cit., p. 396, and Elliot Smith, op. cit., p. 48, and n. 1. ↑
78 Breasted, Religion and Thought in Ancient Egypt, p. 19. ↑
80 Laufer, Jade, pp. 296 et seq. ↑
83 Breasted, Religion and Thought in Ancient Egypt, p. 23. ↑
85 Legends of Babylonia and Egypt in relation to Hebrew Tradition (The Schweich Lectures), London, 1918, pp. 56 et seq. and pp. 88 et seq. ↑
86 The Babylonian Noah, who became an immortal and lived on an “Island of the Blest” and near the island on which were the Plant of Life and the Well of Life. ↑
87 Elliot Smith, The Evolution of the Dragon, p. 205. ↑
88 The Ascent of Olympus, pp. 120–1. ↑
89 History of the Rhinoceros in Chinese clay figures (Field Museum of Natural History, Publication 177), Chicago, 1914, pp. 73 et seq. ↑
90 Legge, The Chinese Classics, Vol. II, p. 281. ↑
91 Laufer, op. cit., pp. 160–1. ↑
93 Legge, Sacred Books of the East, Vol. XXVII, p. 158, and Laufer, Chinese Clay Images, p. 172. ↑
94 Rhys David, Buddhism (London, 1903), p. 183. ↑
95 Laufer, op. cit., p. 138. ↑
96 Chinese Clay Images, pp. 150 et seq. ↑
98 Chinese Clay Images, pp. 152–3 and p. 153 n. 2. ↑
99 The Chinese Commercial Guide, p. 95 (Hong-Kong, 1863). ↑
100 Chinese Clay Images, p. 139. ↑
102 Referred to by the philosopher Wang Chʼung in his work Lun heng (A.D. 82 or 83), quoted by Laufer, op. cit., p. 171 n. 3. ↑
103 Schliemann’s Ilios, p. 242. ↑
104 Letter to the Times, 18th December, 1879. ↑
109 Athenæus Deipnos, Book III, chap. xlvi; and Jackson, Shells as Evidence of the Migrations of Early Culture, p. 77. ↑
111 Heber R. Bishop, Investigations and Studies in Jade (New York, 1906), Vol. I, p. 47; and A. Wylie, Notes on Chinese Literature (Shanghai, 1901), p. 194. ↑
1 The Migration of Early Culture: A Study of the Significance of the Geographical Distribution of the Practice of Mummification, &c., pp. 20 et seq. ↑
2 Recollections of a Journey through Tartary, Tibet, and China, by M. Huc (English translation, London, 1852), pp. 219–20. ↑
3 Budge, Gods of the Egyptians, Vol. I, p. 500 et seq. ↑
4 The Elder Edda, translation by O. Bray, p. 19. ↑
7 In Norse mythology the earth trembles when Loki moves. ↑
8 The “breath” which is “soul substance”. ↑
9 Quoted by Breasted, Religion and Thought in Ancient Egypt, pp. 21–2. ↑
10 Babylonian Myth and Legend, pp. 146–7. ↑
11 Indian Myth and Legend, p. 95. ↑
12 James Legge, The Texts of Confucianism, Part II, p. 430 (Sacred Books of the East). ↑
13 Legge, The Chinese Classics, Vol. III, Part I, p. 108. ↑
14 This reference to the use of personal ornaments is highly significant. ↑
15 King, Babylonian Religion, p. 136. ↑
16 Religions of Ancient China, pp. 43–44. ↑
17 For a discussion on “Early Biological Theories” in this connection see Professor G. Elliot Smith’s The Evolution of the Dragon, pp. 26 et seq., and pp. 178 et seq. ↑
18 Wells Williams, Chinese-English Dictionary, p. 1092. ↑
19 The Dragon in China and Japan, pp. 83–4. ↑
20 De Groot, The Religious System of China; and De Visser, The Dragon in China and Japan, p. 85. ↑
21 Chinese Literature, p. 52. ↑
22 King, Legends of Babylonia and Egypt (1916), p. 56. ↑
23 Like the mountain-goddess of Crete. ↑
24 Chinese Literature, pp. 52, 53. ↑
25 Legge, Shu King, Shih King, Hsiao King (Sacred Books of the East), Vol. III, pp. 396, 397. ↑
26 Religions of Ancient China, pp. 21–3. ↑
27 Religion in China (London, 1878, second edition), pp. 99 et seq. ↑
28 The season controlled by the White Tiger-god of the west. ↑
29 Religion in China, p. 104. ↑
1 The Religious System of China, Book I, p. 959. ↑
2 Indian Myth and Legend, p. 107. ↑
3 Legge, The Texts of Taoism, Vol. I, pp. 370–1. ↑
4 Legge, The Shu King (Sacred Books of the East), Vol. III, p. 255 and n. 1. ↑
5 Giles, Religions of Ancient China, p. 22. ↑
6 Three Irish Glossaries, Whitley Stokes (London, 1862), p. lxxiii. ↑
7 Legge, The Chinese Classics, Vol. III, Part I, p. 117. ↑
8 Legge, The Shu King (Sacred Books of the East), pp. 64 et seq. ↑
9 Boats, carriages, sledges, and spiked boots. ↑
10 W. G. Old, The Shu King (London, 1904), pp. 36–7. ↑
11 Legge, The Shu King, p. 139. ↑
13 The sky is the “dark sphere”, and the mace is therefore a sky-mace. ↑
14 Legge, The Annals of the Bamboo Book, pp. 128, 129 (The Chinese Classics, Vol. III, Part 1). ↑
15 Legge, The Shu King, n. 5, p. 269 (The Chinese Classics, Vol. III, p. 1). Herodotus tells (Book II, chapter 122) that Pharaoh Rhampsinitus (? Rameses) of Egypt descended to Hades and played dice with Ceres (Isis), “sometimes winning and sometimes suffering defeat”. A curious festival celebrated the event. ↑
16 Pinkerton, A General Collection of the Best and Most Interesting Voyages and Travels (London, 1814), XVI, 696. ↑
17 Legge, The Shih King, p. 397. ↑
18 Legge, The Shih King, p. 398, n. ↑
19 Legge, The Annals of the Bamboo Books, p. 143. ↑
20 Giles, Religions of Ancient China, p. 20. ↑
21 The Annals of the Bamboo Books, p. 147. ↑
22 Geographical Journal, XXII, 1904, pp. 24, 176, 331, 772. ↑
23 Sailing Ships and their Story, p. 310. ↑
26 Pliny, XV, 11, 13, and Sino-Iranica, p. 539. ↑
28 King, Babylonian Religion, p. 165. ↑
1 One of his names during his lifetime was Li Po-Yang: after his death he was Li Tan. ↑
2 Journal of Egyptian Archæology. ↑
4 As has been stated, tea was an elixir. ↑
5 “King” signifies “classic”. ↑
6 Breasted, A History of Egypt, p. 357. ↑
7 Religion and Thought in Ancient Egypt, pp. 46–7. ↑
8 In Egypt the “rays” were the creative tears of the sun-god. ↑
9 The Speculations in Metaphysics, Polity, and Morality of “The Old Philosopher”. ↑
10 The Modern Speech New Testament (London, 1903): John, Chap. i, verse 1 et seq. ↑
11 The Ancient Faiths of China, p. 49. ↑
12 History of Religions (Edinburgh, 1914), p. 49. ↑
13 Christ and Other Masters, Vol. II, p. 67. ↑
14 Language and Languages, pp. 184–5. Jowett, in a letter to Mrs. Asquith in 1893, wrote, “I think also that you might put religion in another way, as absolute resignation to the Will of God and the order of Nature” (Autobiography of Mrs. Asquith). ↑
15 The Texts of Taoism p. 13 (Sacred Books of the East). ↑
17 The Religious System of China, Book I, p. 936. ↑
19 Indian Myth and Legend, pp. 97–9. ↑
20 The Bhagavad-Gita, Book 18. ↑
21 The Texts of Taoism, p. 19. ↑
22 The beginnings of Alchemy can be traced back to the early dynastic period in ancient Egypt. ↑
23 The Egyptian gods Ra and Ptah similarly emerged from cosmic eggs. ↑
24 Indian Myth and Legend, pp. 100–2. ↑
25 Dr. Legge, Taoist Texts, p. 47. ↑
28 Dr. Legge, Taoist Texts, p. 51. ↑
29 Ascent of Olympus, p. 73. ↑
30 For discussions on these gates see Elliot Smith in Journal of the Manchester and Oriental Society (1916), and The Evolution of the Dragon, pp. 184, 185. ↑
31 Dr. Legge, Taoist Texts, p. 52. ↑
34 Dr. Legge, Taoist Texts, pp. 94, 95. ↑
38 The Texts of Taoism, p. 96. ↑
41 Herbert A. Giles, Religions of Ancient China, p. 47. ↑
42 The Texts of Taoism, p. 59. ↑
43 Giles, Chuang Tzu, Mystic, Moralist, and Social Reformer. ↑
44 The Texts of Taoism, pp. 92, 93. ↑
45 The Texts of Taoism, p. 60. ↑
46 Kwang Tze, Book VI, par. 7 (Balfour’s translation). ↑
48 The Texts of Taoism, p. 167 n. ↑
49 The Texts of Taoism (The Writings of Kwang Tze), p. 245. ↑
50 The Texts of Taoism, pp. 244 et seq. ↑
52 The Texts of Taoism, p. 364. ↑
1 Customs of the World, p. 380. ↑
2 The terraced mound tombs of the Emperors of Japan appear to be survivals of the ancient tombs. Although true dolmens have been found in Korea, they do not, so far as is known, occur in Japan (Journal Anthrop. Inst., xxiv, p. 330, and 1907, pp. 10 et seq.). ↑
3 Chinese Clay Figures, p. 265, n. 3. ↑
4 Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan, Vol. X (supplement), p. xxxvi. ↑
5 Chinese Clay Figures (Chicago, 1914), p. 265, n. 3. ↑
6 Ibid., p. 271 and n. 3, p. 272 and n. 1. ↑
7 In their own language Ainu-utara: “utara” is the plural suffix. Their Japanese name is Yemishi; the Chinese came to know of them first in A.D. 659, and called them Hia-i. A later Chinese name is Ku-hi. ↑
8 Pira, “cliff”; toru, “to stay”. ↑
9 Turesh, “younger sister”; machi, “wife”. ↑
10 For other versions, see Hartland, The Science of Fairy Tales (London, 1891), pp. 71 et seq. ↑
11 See Index under “Melusina”. ↑
12 Genesis, chapter xxxv, 4. ↑
13 Elliot Smith, Distribution of Mummification: Manchester Memories, Vol. LIX (1915), pp. 90 et seq. ↑
14 Laufer, Chinese Clay Figures, p. 269. ↑
15 Rendel Harris, The Ascent of Olympus, pp. 56 et seq., with its Note on Ivy and Mugwort in Siberia, pp. 96 et seq. ↑
16 Rendel Harris, op. cit., pp. 101–2. ↑
17 Egyptian Myth and Legend, pp. 6 et seq. ↑
18 Myths of Babylonia and Assyria, pp. 143–4. ↑
19 Batchelor, The Ainu and their Folk-lore. Batchelor, Notes on the Ainu (Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan), Vol. X, pp. 206 et seq. Milne, Notes on the Koro-pok-guru (Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan), Vol. X, pp. 187 et seq. Chamberlain, Ainu Folk-tales (Folk-lore Society’s Publications, Vol. XXII, 1888). ↑
20 Note on Ivy and Mugwort in Siberia in The Ascent of Olympus, pp. 99–100. ↑
21 The god Ea of the Sumero-Babylonians. ↑
22 Zipangu and Cipangu are renderings of the Chinese Jih-pên (“the place the sun comes from”), with the word Kuo, “country”, added. The Japanese Nihon or Nippon, and our Japan, are other renderings of the Chinese name which was first used officially in Japan in the seventh century A.D. Earlier Japanese names include Yamato and Ō-mi-kuni, “the great dragon (mi) land”, &c. ↑
23 Yule, The Book of Ser Marco Polo (Book III, chapter iii), Vol. III, p. 200. Kunz, Folk-lore of Precious Stones (Memoirs Internat. Congr. Anthrop., Chicago, 1894), pp. 147 et seq. G. A. Cooke, System of Universal Geography, Vol. I (1801), p. 574. J. W. Jackson, Shells as Evidence of the Migrations of Early Culture (London, 1917), pp. 106 et seq. ↑
24 Korea and her Neighbours (London, 1898), Vol. II, pp. 95 et seq. ↑
25 The Chinese dragon, K’üh-lung, originated from a sea-plant called hai-lü. De Visser, The Dragon in China and Japan, p. 72. ↑
26 The Dragon in China and Japan, p. 137. ↑
27 The temple of the Mexican dragon- and rain-god, Tlaloc, was called “Ep-coatl”, which signifies “pearl-serpent” or “serpent-pearl”. Young children sacrificed to Tlaloc by being thrown into the whirlpool (pan tit lan) of the lake of Mexico, were also called “Ep-coatl”. This sacrifice took place at the water festival in the first month of the Mexican year. The infants were sacrificed at several points, some being butchered on holy hills, including the “place of mugwort”, sacred to the mugwort and gem-goddess Chalchihuitlicue, wife of Tlaloc. But only the children thrown into the lake were called “Ep-coatl”. ↑
28 Shinto (London, 1905), pp. 27 et seq. ↑
29 This does not seem to be the reason for the sanctity of a round object. ↑
30 Or shaped like the teeth of tigers or bears. ↑
31 Archæologia, 1897 (The Dolmens and Burial Mounds in Japan), p. 478. ↑
32 Legend in Japanese Art, pp. 354–6. ↑
35 Legend in Japanese Art, pp. 350–1. ↑
36 The Maga-tama and the Kuda-tama. ↑
38 Ise is the name of a province, and the nearest town to the “Mecca” is Yamada. ↑
39 Shinto (1905), pp. 231–2. ↑
41 The temple of the sun-goddess is called Naiku, and that of the food-goddess Geku. These temples are of wood, with thatched roofs. Every twenty years the buildings are renewed. ↑
44 King, Babylonian Religion and Mythology, pp. 35, and 174 et seq. ↑
45 Myths of Babylonia and Assyria, pp. 72–3. ↑
47 Aston, Shinto (1907), p. 14. ↑
48 Breasted, Religion and Thought in Ancient Egypt, pp. 99 et seq. ↑
50 Here we have the sanctity of jewels and other so-called “ornaments” brought out very clearly. ↑
51 Aston, Shinto (1907), pp. 6–7. ↑
52 The Dragon in China and Japan. ↑
2 Breasted, Religion and Thought in Ancient Egypt, p. 26. The Texts referred to are: “His brother Set felled him to the earth in Nedyt.… Osiris was drowned in his new water (the inundation).” ↑
3 De Dea Syria, Chapter VIII. ↑
4 Breasted, op. cit., p. 20. Osiris was addressed: “Thou art great, thou art green, in thy name of Great Green (Sea); lo, thou art round as the Great Circle (Okeanos); lo, thou art turned about, thou art round as the circle that encircles the Haunebu (Ægeans)”. ↑
6 For various versions of this legend see Hartland, Legend of Perseus and River deities in Index. ↑
7 King, Babylonian Religion, p. 77. ↑
8 See Index under Ymir and Pʼan Ku. ↑
9 A translation into English of the Ko-ji-ki, by Professor B. H. Chamberlain, was printed as a supplement to Vol. X of the Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan (1893). The Nihon-gi was translated into English by Dr. Aston, and printed in the Transactions of the Japan Society for 1896. ↑
10 Grey, Polynesian Mythology, pp. 1 et seq. ↑
11 Like the Floating Island or Islands of the Blest. ↑
12 “Hid their persons” signifies, according to some commentators, that they died. But certain Egyptian deities were “hidden”; their influence remained: the Japanese hidden deity had a “mi-tama” (soul). ↑
13 Eight is a sacred number in Japan. ↑
14 See Myths of Crete and pre-Hellenic Europe, pp. 305–9. ↑
16 He is the green falcon of the Morning Star in the Pyramid Texts. ↑
17 The Dawn of Astronomy (London, 1894), pp. 383 et seq. ↑
19 The Dragon in China and Japan, p. 137. ↑
20 De Visser, The Dragon in China and Japan, pp. 136–7; and Florenz, Japanische Mythologie, Chap. III, p. 33. ↑
21 Japanische Mythologie, p. 46. ↑
22 De Visser, op. cit., pp. 135–6. ↑
25 The Dragon in China and Japan, p. 140. ↑
27 De Visser, op. cit., pp. 139–40. ↑
28 De Visser, op. cit., pp. 147 et seq. ↑
29 Aston, Shinto (1905), p. 56 and pp. 219–20. ↑
30 The Dragon in China and Japan, pp. 231 et seq. ↑
1 Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan, Vol. X (supplement), p. 34. ↑
2 The spirits of disease, decay, destruction, and darkness. ↑
3 This phallic symbol had, apparently, like jade, rhinoceros-horn, &c., nocturnal luminosity. ↑
4 Transactions of Asiatic Society of Japan, Vol. VI, Part III, pp. 455–6. ↑
5 For representative versions in various lands, see Andrew Lang’s Custom and Myth (A Far-travelled Tale), pp. 87 et seq. ↑
6 Or “Flat Hill of Hades”, the frontier line between the land of the living and the land of the dead. ↑
7 In the Ainu story about the man who visited the Underworld and was transformed into a snake, a pine tree, inhabited by a goddess, occupies the spot on which grows the peach tree in this Japanese myth. ↑
13 De Visser, The Dragon in China and Japan, pp. 153–4. ↑
15 Indian Myth and Legend, pp. 14, 15, 24, 64, 65. ↑
16 De Visser, The Dragon in China and Japan, pp. 83 et seq. ↑
18 The Dragon in China and Japan, p. 121. ↑
19 Maspero, Dawn of Civilization, pp. 156 et seq. ↑
20 De Visser, The Dragon in China and Japan, p. 13. ↑
21 The modern Omi, Afumi (Aha-humi), “Fresh-water Lake”: Chamberlain, Transactions of Asiatic Society of Japan, Vol. X (supplement), p. 45, n. 12. ↑
22 That is, the elder brother of her family. He was really younger than herself. ↑
23 As the Babylonian Nergal wrested Hades from Eresh-ki-gal (Persephone). ↑
24 The so-called “comma-shaped” beads, which represented the claws of tigers or bears, or a cut sea-shell. ↑
25 The “Milky Way” by night, also called the “Heavenly River of Eight currents (or ‘reaches’)”. ↑
26 The ancient Egyptian Celestial Pool of the Gods. ↑
27 Each jewel was eight feet long. ↑
28 The “hohi of Heaven”. What “hohi” signifies is a puzzle. ↑
30 Religion and Thought in Ancient Egypt, p. 23. ↑
31 Shinto (1905), p. 174. Professor Benoy K. Sarkar compares Shiva to Osiris. See The Folk-Element in Hindu Culture (London, 1917), p. 7. ↑
32 In Ancient Egypt the mountain that splits when the sun emerges at dawn. ↑
33 The tree Sakaki (Cleyera japonica) planted beside Shinto shrines. ↑
34 The dance was a gross and indelicate one. ↑
35 This rope (shime-naha) is tied round trees at Shinto shrines. At Ise it stretches across a ravine, through which the sun is seen and adored at dawn. The straw is pulled up by the roots. ↑
1 The modern hohodzuki (Physalis Alkekengi). ↑
2 De Groot refers to a “venerable” Chinese dragon living in a pond; it had nine heads and eighteen tails, and “ate nothing but fever demons”. The Religious System of China, Vol. VI, p. 1053. Another dragon is 1000 miles long; his breath causes wind; when he opens his eyes it is day, and when he closes them it is night. De Visser, The Dragon in China and Japan, p. 62. ↑
3 In the Nihon-gi this sword is called Ama no-hawe-giri (the heavenly fly-cutter). ↑
4 Idzumo is the next holiest place to Ise. The god had other names including Oho-kuni-nushi (“Great Land Master”). ↑
5 An incident that recalls the Diarmid story in Scottish and Irish Gaelic folk-tales. ↑
6 One of the first three deities, the children of Heaven and Earth. ↑
9 Chamberlain, in his translation of the Ko-ji-ki (p. 70), says “the meaning is that a paste like milk was made of the triturated and calcined shell mixed with water”. Mother (omo) may be read as “nurse” too. Mrs. Carmichael, widow of Dr. Alexander Carmichael, the Scottish folk-lorist, informs me that in the Outer Hebrides women burn and grind cockle-shells to make a “lime water” for delicate children. The clam is likewise used. The ancient Japanese and ancient Hebrideans may have received this folk-medicine from the ancient seafarers who searched for shells and metals. ↑
10 This was a magical act. He rendered himself invisible. ↑
11 The “sounding arrow” with a whistling contrivance made of bone. It was known in China during the Tʼang Dynasty, and was used by hunters to make birds rise, and by soldiers to scare enemies. Laufer thinks the Japanese sounding arrows were of Chinese origin.—Chinese Clay Figures, p. 224, n. 4. ↑
13 Here one is tempted to see mouse-Apollo, or the mouse of the Homeric Apollo who shoots the arrows of disease. The mice that strip the arrows of their feathers may be the arresters of disease. Mouse medicine is of great antiquity in Egypt. ↑
14 “Divine messages,” says Chamberlain, “were conveyed through a person playing on the lute.” The language of the “lute” was thus like the “language of birds”. ↑
15 This is a Far Eastern version of the Jack-and-the-Beanstalk story. ↑
16 Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan, Vol. X (supplement), p. 81. ↑
17 Native commentators say “goose” or “wren”; some consider that owing to a copyist’s error “insect” has been changed to bird, and that the reading should be “moth” or “silk-worm moth” or “fire insect”. ↑
18 Some think this plant is one that bears a berry three or four inches long, and that the boat was a scooped-out berry. ↑
19 This is not Yomi, but either the Chinese Paradise of the West or the Paradise of the Buddhists. ↑
20 A Chinese phrase signifying anciently the Chinese world or empire. The “Crumbling Deity” may be the “leech-child”, or the caterpillar worshipped by a Japanese cult. ↑
2 This is his posthumous name. During his life he was Kamu-Yamato-Iware-Biko. ↑
3 The golden crow of the sun had three legs. In the moon was the jewelled hare. ↑
4 Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan, Vol. X (supplement), p. 199, n. 5. ↑
5 Chamberlain, Things Japanese, p. 57. ↑
6 Polynesian Researches (First Edition, 1829), p. 327. ↑
7 Turner, Nineteen Years in Polynesia (1861), p. 237. ↑
8 Batchelor, Notes on the Ainu (Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan, Vol. X), p. 218. ↑
10 Tilia cordata. See Chamberlain’s Ko-ji-ki, pp. 102 n. 26, and 215. ↑
11 An evil rain which did harm like the evil rain sent by a sick or an angry and destroying dragon. ↑
12 The moor of the waterfall of the River Yoro in Mino. ↑
13 Apparently the sword would have protected him against the fatal enchantment wrought by the white boar-god of Mount Ibuki. ↑
14 Chidori, a dotteril, plover, or sandpiper. ↑
15 As a god’s mi-tama rests in a temple to be worshipped. ↑
16 His posthumous title. During life he was called Hachiman. ↑
17 Customs of the World (Japan), pp. 380 et seq. ↑
18 Chinese Clay Figures, Part I, p. 272 (Field Museum of Natural History, Publication 177; Anthropological Series, Vol. XIII, No. 2). Chicago, 1914. ↑
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