z
Listening posts (LPs)/observation posts (OPs) covering approaches. These positions must be prepared so they cannot be seen when approached from the front.
z
Devices such as ground surveillance radar, personnel detection devices, and field expedients to enhance early warning of enemy approach or infiltration.
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Crew-served weapons emplaced to cover suspected avenues of approach. Cleared fields of fire.
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Wire and directional antennas to prevent detection by enemy electronic warfare elements.
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Air and ground patrols to inhibit observation and attack. Returning aircraft should be given patrol areas to survey before landing. Ground patrols should conduct reconnaissance as required to detect enemy observers or civilians who may be enemy informants.
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Daily stand-to to establish and maintain a combat-ready posture for combat operations on a recurring basis. Stand-to includes all steps and measures necessary to ensure maximum effectiveness of personnel, weapons, vehicles, aircraft, communications, and CBRN equipment.
Units assume a posture during stand-to enabling them to commence combat operations immediately. Although stand-to is normally associated with begin morning nautical twilight, unit operations may dictate another time.
Airfield Services
3-72. The airfield services element develops local airfield procedures; assists the SO in development of the local hazards map, preaccident plan, crash/rescue system; and formulates needed LOAs and OLs. This element develops airfield SOPs and tactics, techniques, and procedures necessary to ensure safe and effective operations. Airfield services coordinate through the TAOG any personnel and equipment required for services not organic to the AOB (refuel services, crash rescue/firefighters, air force weather personnel, and airfield lighting).
3-73. The airfield services element establishes communications, automation connectivity, and interoperability with other systems on the airfield and supported aviation units. This is accomplished through the use of the internal communications section, to the extent possible, of the AOB. Additional communications support is coordinated through the signal support chief of the TAOG S-6 section.
3-74. Sustaining airfield operations requires trained maintenance personnel, and an ample supply of spare parts and power as well as personnel life support considerations. The airfield services element must develop contact lists for long-term airfield support requirements, which can be acquired through the corps or area support system once the TAOG establishes formal support agreements with those agencies.
Petroleum, Oil and Lubricants Services Section
3-75. The POL section refuels appropriate Army and joint aircraft. Because this section is not organic to the AOB, POL assets are coordinated through the TAOG and provided by the appropriate TSC/ASCC.
Engineer Fire-Fighting Team
3-76. Engineer fire-fighting teams provide fire prevention/fire protection; aircraft crash rescue, natural cover, and hazardous-material incident responses within a theater of operations. The number and types of fire fighting teams needed to protect an AO depend on the type of facilities within that AO. Engineer firefighting teams are organized into headquarters and fire truck teams (figure 3-9).
Equipment
Personnel
Commo
Fire Fighting Teams
Headquarters Team
1-21B WO Fire Marshall
1-T61494
1-21M4 E7 Fire Chief
R6804 – VRC-90
Truck
1-21M3 E6 Fire Inspector
Z5986 – DAG
4X4 HMMWV
1-63B1 E4 Wheel\Ve Mec
Fire Fighting Teams
Fire Fighting Team
R6804 – VRC-90
1 -T61494 Truck 4X4 HMMWV
1-21M3 E6 Fire Team Chief
Z5986 – DAG
1-D28318
Distr
1-T91656 Truck LET
1-21M1 E4 Fire FT CSH Rescue Sp
R6804 – VRC-90
t r
t
66000
1-21M1 E3 Fire Fighter
Z5986 – DAG
1-21M2 E5 Lead Firefighter
1-Z4202 Trk
R6804 – VRC-90
Tactical Fire
1-21M1 E4 Fire FT CSH Rescue SP
2-21M1 E3 Fire Fighter
Z5986 – DAG
Figure 3-8. Headquarters and fire truck teams
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3-77. The headquarters team provides C2 and coordination for engineer fire-fighting teams. It also supervises rescue and fire-fighting operations, while fire truck teams provide fire-fighting, crash extraction, prevention programs, and first aid for logistic support areas (LSAs), ISBs, FOBs, and major facilities.
Weather Services
3-78. Air Force meteorological and oceanographic (METOC) organizations provide support to Army component and subordinate elements. METOC organizations provide surface-based observations (clouds, visibility, winds, pressure, temperature, and ground conditions), upper air observations (temperature, winds, and humidity), satellite data, and space environmental forecasts and observations. Air Force combat weather teams use tactical equipment to receive satellite imagery, measure atmospheric weather parameters, and generate forecast products. Service requests for theater airfield weather requirements are processed through the TAC or ASCC general staff intelligence section.
JOINT INTERDEPENDENCE
3-79. Joint forces provide additional capabilities in construction and engineer services, airfield management, and ATS. Airfields that support joint operations must share operational responsibilities for base support. Time-phased force and deployment data addresses requirements for support of airfields. In some cases, it is essential that other military services augment initial key areas such as fire protection, utilities, power generation, and environmental services.
3-80. During combat operations, effective and efficient use of limited airfield capacity and resources is critical to mission success. Foreign airfields hosting a variety of allied military, host nation, and commercial air activities complicate this task. To achieve unity of effort for United States forces operating on a JIIM airfield, the geographic combatant commander must appoint a single on-scene commander to determine operational priorities among competing demands. United States military forces should designate a single point of contact to negotiate airfield usage issues with JIIM airfield commanders and managers.
UNITED STATES NAVY
3-81. The naval construction force, organized primarily as Navy construction engineer units, perform both generalized and specialized construction missions in support of Navy and Marine Corps component commanders. These units provide construction support for the establishment of forward logistic support sites. In addition, naval construction battalions have extensive vertical construction capabilities. They can also be tasked to construct roads and bridges for supply routes, construct or extend airfield pavements, establish ammunition supply points, and build expeditionary airfields and advanced bases.
UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS
3-82. The Marine Corps is an expeditionary force-in-readiness. Marine Corps engineers, by nature of their organization and mission, focus on expeditionary engineering for essential aviation ground support requirements. The combat engineer battalion conducts mobility, countermobility, and survivability operations in support of Marine divisions.
3-83. The Marine Corps aviation ground support (AGS) element commands and controls expeditionary airfield support services for its aviation assets. Functions such as construction, aircraft rescue and firefighting, aircraft refueling, and weather services are organic to the AGS. These functions allow the Marine Corps and Navy to project their assets ashore and generate sorties at a rate beyond their sea-based platforms.
3-84. The Marine Air Traffic Control Detachment (MATCD) is the principal terminal ATC organization within the Marine Corps. Three MATCDs are structured to operate as subordinate elements of the Marine air control squadron and typically deploy as part of a Marine air ground task force. Each MATCD is organized and equipped to provide continuous all weather ATC services to an independent and geographically separated main air base or air facility, FOB, or other remote air sites or points. A MATCD
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is composed of a command, maintenance, tower, and radar control section. Each section has personnel and equipment capable of sustaining ATC operations within an amphibious objective area.
UNITED STATES AIR FORCE
3-85. Air Mobility Command has two contingency response wings (CRWs), formerly know as the continental United States (CONUS) Air Mobility Operations Groups (AMOGs). CRWs are organized, trained, and equipped to provide three deployable contingency response groups (CRGs). The CRW as an organization does not deploy, however it provides the resources for and coordinates the deployment of subordinate units to provide deployable elements of C2, aircraft maintenance, and aerial port personnel, Additionally, air mobility liaison officers are normally assigned to the CRWs, though they are attached and move with their associated ground units.
3-86. CRGs deploy in order to assess, open, and initially operate airfields. The groups consist of a standardized force module dedicated to the airfield opening task. This module includes a tailored section of all forces needed after seizure, or handoff from seizure forces, to assess an airfield, establish initial air mobility, C2, and operate the flow of air mobility into and out of that airfield. CRGs may open an airfield for the Air Force, another Service, or even a coalition partner. To ensure continuity of operations, CRGs coordinate planning agreements with the theater Commander of Air Force Forces (COMAFFOR)/JFACC
staff.
3-87. Contingency response elements (CREs), formerly known as tanker/airlift control elements, are mobile organizations responsible for providing continuous onsite mobility operations management.
Commanded by a commissioned officer, CREs deploy to provide air mobility mission support when command and control, mission reporting, and/or other support functions are required. CREs provide aerial port, logistics, maintenance, weather, medical, and intelligence services as necessary.
3-88. Mission support teams (MSTs) perform a similar function as a CRE but on a smaller scale. MSTs are normally led by a noncommissioned officer and provide a level of command and control, aerial port, and maintenance services capable of supporting a limited number of aircraft.
3-89. Air Force engineer units, organized as PRIME BEEF or RED HORSE, provide expeditionary civil-to-general engineering support across the range of military operations, including airfield engineer and construction operations.
3-90. Air Force deployable air traffic control and landing system (DATCALS) teams provide equipment and personnel to support terminal area flight operations. DATCALS are designed to ensure a safe, flexible use of terminal airspace. These teams provide continuity of control with the theater air control system and air base defense forces. General-purpose DATCALS and airfield operations personnel provide terminal area and airfield support from austere to fully supported host nation airfields with mobile tower, surveillance radar, and precision landing system, terminal NAVAIDs, and space/ground capabilities or any combination of the above.
SECTION III – STABILITY AND CIVIL SUPPORT OPERATIONS
3-91. Stability and civil support operation missions of the TAOG, AOBs, and ATS companies are similar to combat missions. Requirements are based on scale and operational environment, the supported agency or unit, and necessary interfaces. TAOG units, along with National Airspace System resources, are used frequently during civil support operations. In this role, TAOG units coordinate and integrate Army airspace user requirements into the nation’s airspace system. TAOG planners and airspace users coordinate and integrate airspace requirements as necessary to permit freedom of movement to accomplish their mission.
Civil support and stability operations primarily focus on—
z
Disaster relief.
z
Department of Homeland Security missions.
z
Counter-drug operations.
z
Reconstruction or restoration of essential services (air traffic) and governance.
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3-92. Joint, combined, or interagency personnel may share ATS facilities. When Army aviation performs sustained high-density operations from a joint-use airfield or landing area, the TAOG commander must consider providing airfield management, airfield operations, and ATC personnel for the purpose of joint manning. The TAOG, AOB, and ATS commanders coordinate with these joint personnel to determine employment requirements and conditions in these facilities. Joint manning LOAs must be developed among all concerned parties.
3-93. Stability operations outside of the borders of the United States that involve TAOG support in interagency airspace infrastructures require careful attention to preserve the sovereignty of the host nation.
While services provided remain the same, the location of TAOG assets may differ. The focus remains on the continued security and sovereignty of the supported country during these operations. TAOG activities may at some point shift to the support of aviation retrograde operations at debarkation points. TAOG units often execute these functions in host nation airspace; therefore, commanders must ensure that personnel are trained to host nation or ICAO as well as United States Army standards.
DISASTER RELIEF
3-94. TAOG and ATS units deployed for disaster relief operations in the continental United States (CONUS) are required to coordinate airspace in accordance with joint task force ACP In this capacity, military units are concerned with the coordination of air and ground operations to facilitate relief supplies and effects.
3-95. During disaster relief operations, outside the continental United States (OCONUS) civilian and military agencies of the United States participate in actions taken by another government. These agencies support the host nation making it the primary agent in most actions. If the host nation requests support, United States national command authorities may direct the military to participate. In this environment, airspace control focuses on establishing relief airfields and coordinating military airspace requirements with host-nation civil air operations. The expanded use of TAOG and ATS units during these operations can provide greater positive control of airspace.
3-96. Air traffic regulations and control of civil and military airspace users is the basis for airspace control.
In host-nation disaster relief efforts, the ATC system often provides the framework for most airspace control functions. The airspace control system may require some adjustment depending on the situation.
Bilateral and international agreements often establish regulatory guidance affecting the use of airspace and the conduct of air traffic activities. National sovereignty and host nation laws and procedures receive first consideration. Where these procedures do not support military operations, training must be conducted or host nation capabilities augmented with equipment, personnel, or both. Any required changes or waivers to national regulations or problems resulting from restrictions to military operations are sent to the JFC.
3-97. In disaster relief operations, TAOG and ATS units may use more positive control then procedural control, contributing directly to the identification of aircraft for the host nation airspace system. Strict host nation laws may require TAOG and ATS units maintain continuous communications during every aviation mission, making it critical that unit personnel are trained and proficient in ICAO rules and procedures.
HOMELAND SECURITY OPERATIONS
3-98. Terrorism counteraction operations prevent enemy insurgent acts by protecting personnel, units, and facilities. The measures adopted and carried out by command directives dictate how to use airspace and perform airspace control functions. These operations somewhat overlap all aspects of military operations.
Measures taken to counter terrorism can impact TAOG and ATS units and operations ongoing at air terminals, aerial ports, and Army airfields and heliports. Restricted use of areas around sensitive facilities is commonplace.
3-99. Drug trafficking is a true form of low intensity conflict (LIC). Likewise, counter-drug operations and LIC operations are closely associated. ATS organizations may be tasked to support the Department of Homeland Defense for support of nontraditional missions associated with radar surveillance.
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RECONSTRUCTION AND RESTORATION OPERATIONS
3-100. Air traffic operations conducted under this category restore the air transportation system and usually involve civil-military actions to reestablish essential services. To establish a stable operational environment, stability operations capitalize on coordination, cooperation, integration, and synchronization of nonmilitary organizations. The United States government often conducts stability operations through a combination of peacetime developmental cooperative activities and coercive actions in response to crisis.
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Chapter 4
Training and Readiness
Training for warfighting will always remain the top priority for the Army.
Warfighting readiness is derived from tactical and technical competence and from confidence in individual and unit skills. Competence relates to the ability to fight doctrine through tactical and technical execution. Confidence is the individual and collective belief that one can do all things better than one’s adversary, and possesses the trust and will to accomplish the mission.
SECTION I – TRAINING OVERVIEW
4-1. The intent of this chapter is to provide a
linkage of the training fundamentals of ATS units to
Contents
other aviation units within the aviation brigade.
Much like the aircrew training program of aviators,
Section I – Training Overview...................4-1
air traffic controllers and ATS maintenance Section II – Air Traffic Training personnel complete a similar training program to
Program ..................................................4-3
reach technical and tactical qualification. Battle-
Section III – ATS Maintenance Training
focused training principles (outlined in FM 7-0, FM
Program ..................................................4-4
7-1, and combined arms training strategies [CATS])
Section IV – Unit Status Reporting ..........4-7
assist commanders with developing, managing and
Section V – Additional Training
administering comprehensive air traffic training
Considerations.......................................4-8
programs (ATTPs) and ATS Maintenance Training
Programs (AMTPs). ATTPs and AMTPs reflect an
assembly of training requirements organized to fulfill the broad, overall training goals of aviation commanders supervising certified and non-certified air traffic and air traffic maintenance personnel.
4-2. Aviation operations require worldwide strategic and tactical mobility. As a fully integrated member of the combined arms team, aviation forces conduct a wide range of tasks across the spectrum of conflict and during stability operations. ATS units enable aviation to operate in complex surroundings and are key to the mitigation of risk often present within hazardous operating environments. Integrating ATS teams with other aviation units within the brigade is critical in ensuring ATS assets are exercised and trained to meet wartime task proficiency.
4-3. The ATTP and AMTP are the commander’s programs for training combat-ready air traffic controllers and air traffic maintenance personnel. This training covers task proficiency at the individual level, to team proficiency, and finally to unit proficiency in executing mission-essential tasks necessary to accomplish joint and combined arms operations as defined in the Army universal task list. Commanders should construct ATTPs and AMTPs to include—
z
Benefits to be gained through standardization.
z
Objectives to be achieved.
z
Procedures or actions to be standardized, described in detail.
z
Specific plans for implementation.
z
Effective procedures for enforcement.
z
Delineated responsibilities.
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4-4. Commanders use publications such as Army training and evaluation program (ARTEP)/mission training plan (MTP) publications, FM 3-04 series, FM 7-0, FM 7-1, and CATS to develop the unit’s ATTP.
The first step in this process is an evaluation of the unit’s METL to determine training requirements.
4-5. The ATTP and AMTP are the ATS commander’s training program. However, warrant officer and NCO leaders and trainers are the primary unit personnel tasked with implementing the ATTP and AMTP, especially at the individual and team levels.
4-6. As the commander develops the training programs, input from the unit’s implementers is vital.
Warrant officer and NCO implementers advise the commander on required tasks, applicability of team tasks to unit roles and METL-based missions, geographical factors which affect training and operational employment, training assets, and recurring training issues.
4-7. After analysis of the unit METL, implementer input, and higher commander’s guidance, commanders develop a supporting individual commander’s task list (CTL) for each air traffic team member. Commanders will then establish a short-range, long-range and near-term training plan to ensure ATS teams gain and maintain proficiency in unit collective tasks. Implementers must be familiar with the commander’s training intent and with the training plans to implement the objectives of the ATTP and AMTP.
4-8. Units are trained to be combat ready through realistic and challenging training. At every level, commanders must train to Army standards. Battle focus enables commanders to plan and execute training that produces tactically proficient units for success on the battlefield. Using the Army training management cycle, the commander continuously plans, prepares, executes, and assesses the state of training in the unit.
This cycle provides the framework for commanders to develop their unit’s METL, establish training priorities, and allocate resources.
4-9. Commanders and leaders at all levels use the principles of training to develop and execute effective training. As commanders train their units on METL tasks, senior commanders reinforce training by approving and protecting training priorities and providing resources.
BATTLE-FOCUSED TRAINING
4-10. Battle focus, as described in FM 7-1, is a concept used to derive peacetime training requirements from assigned missions. The priority of training in units is to train to standard on the wartime mission.
Battle focus guides the planning, preparation, execution, and assessment of each organization's training program, ensuring its members train as they fight. Battle focus is critical throughout the entire training process and used by commanders to allocate resources for training based on wartime and operational mission requirements. Battle focus enables commanders and staffs at all echelons to structure a training program that copes with nonmission-related requirements while focusing on mission essential training activities. It recognizes a unit cannot attain proficiency to standard on every task whether due to time or other resource constraints. Commanders achieve a successful training program by consciously focusing on a reduced number of critical tasks essential to mission accomplishment. A critical aspect of battle focus is to understand the responsibility for, and linkage between, the collective mission essential tasks and individual tasks supporting them.
4-11. Aviation commanders and their subordinate leadership must be well versed in the battle tasks across the warfighting functions for the specific task force. Leaders must make conditions in training as close to wartime conditions as possible. Innovative leaders seize the opportunity to increase training challenges for Soldiers, leaders, and units. Successful completion of each training event increases the capability and motivation of individuals and units for more sophisticated and advanced training. This is the commanders’
continuous quest. ATS training principles are not very different from aviation and other combat arms branches; however the impact of operating in the third dimension