C-6. In addition, the corps assistant chief of staff, signal (G-6) must:
z
Coordinate for resources to meet the communication needs of lower echelon organizations without organic communications support that are attached, OPCON, or TACON to the corps headquarters.
z
Provide electromagnetic spectrum management and deconfliction.
26 November 2010
FM 3-92
C-1
Appendix C
z
Coordinate services for remote or non-standard users, such as multinational forces, host nations, nonstate actors, nongovernmental organizations, and others with unique communications needs.
z
As required, coordinate network support for joint enablers without adequate communications.
z
Support liaison operations at corps headquarters and coordinate support for corps liaison personnel at remote locations.
C-7. The corps headquarters is supported by the corps signal company (see figure C-1). The corps signal company, part of the headquarters and headquarters battalion, is configured to provide support to the corps main and tactical CPs, and the tables of organization and equipment also include the corps assistant chief of staff, signal (G-6) structure. The corps signal company is commanded by a major, who receives technical oversight from the corps G-6, a colonel.
Figure C-1. The corps signal company
Company Headquarters
C-8. The corps signal company provides 24-hour support to the corps headquarters. The company consists of a headquarters, two CP support platoons, and a cable section. The platoons install, operate, maintain, and defend the communications links connecting the corps main and tactical CPs with higher, lower, and adjacent echelons.
C-9. The corps signal company headquarters provides command and control to the company. It supervises the signal elements assigned or attached to the company and provides personnel and equipment to support the company’s operational mission in garrison or when deployed. It is responsible for company administrative, logistics, and maintenance support. It consists of a company headquarters and logistics support personnel (supply noncommissioned officer, armorer, and nuclear, biological, and chemical noncommissioned officer).
Command Post Platoons
C-10. The main and tactical CP platoons provide sections to install, operate, and maintain communications and connectivity to the LandWarNet for the corps’ CPs. The main CP platoon has a platoon headquarters; a joint network node (JNN) section with two JNN teams and two secure, mobile, anti-jam, reliable tactical terminal teams (sometimes known as SMART–T teams); and a high-capacity line-of-sight section with two high-capacity line-of-sight teams. The tactical CP platoon has a platoon headquarters; a JNN section with one JNN team and one secure, mobile, anti-jam, reliable tactical terminal team; a high-capacity line-of-sight section with one high-capacity line-of-sight team; and two wireless network extension teams. The cable section supports the main and tactical CPs as required.
Joint Network Node Section
C-11. The JNN section includes JNN teams (Warfighter Information Network-Tactical Increment 1) and secure, mobile, anti-jam, reliable tactical terminal teams. The section installs and operates beyond line of C-2
FM 3-92
26 November 2010
Corps Signal Operations
sight links, secure voice (tactical and Defense Switched Network), Non-Secure Internet Protocol Router Network (known as NIPRNET), SECRET Internet Protocol Router Network (known as SIPRNET), Joint Worldwide Intelligence Communications System (Limited), Defense Red Switch Network, and video teleconferencing capabilities. The teams are capable of supporting forcible entry operations.
High-Capacity Line-of-Sight Section
C-12. The high-capacity line-of-sight section provides high-capacity multichannel radio links to augment or replace satellite links where feasible.
Wireless Network Extension Teams
C-13. Wireless network extension teams provide wireless network retransmission, early entry and en route communications, and support for unique communications systems such as Land Mobile Radio and Wideband Harris Radio.
Cable And Wire Section (Main CP Platoon Only)
C-14. The cable and wire section provides cable and wire teams to the main and tactical CPs as required to install, troubleshoot, repair, and evacuate cable and wire equipment. Cable and wire teams are capable of performing outside plant cable functions once the corps cable infrastructure is established.
EXTERNAL NETWORK CAPABILITIES
C-15. Because the Army corps headquarters can operate at any point across the spectrum of conflict, it may require access to signal assets from theater level and above. When needed, the corps’ organic communications equipment may be augmented by systems from a theater signal command or by a national or strategic asset such as the Joint Communications Support Element. The theater army’s signal organization—either a signal command (theater) or signal brigade—provides communications and information systems support to the theater army headquarters, to theater army subordinate units, and, as required, to joint and coalition organizations throughout the supported geographic combatant commander’s area of responsibility. The signal command (theater) commander can assume the roles and responsibilities as the senior signal officer in the theater to include acting as the communications system directorate of a joint staff (J-6) or G-6 of the joint task force headquarters or senior Army command.
C-16. The theater signal command or brigade exercises command and control over signal organizations that have been allocated to the theater. These may include theater tactical signal brigades, subordinate expeditionary signal battalions, theater and subordinate strategic signal battalions, the theater network operations and security center, combat camera teams, and a tactical installation and networking company (see Field Manual Interim (FMI) 6-02.45). The theater signal organizations install, operate, and defend the Army portion of the joint interdependent theater network, including the theater network service center. The theater network service center provides connection, information services, and network operations capabilities. These capabilities enable the corps headquarters and units allocated to the corps to interface with both senior and subordinate units and the Global Information Grid. Currently, both the corps headquarters and units allocated to the corps may also connect to the network through a deployed division tactical hub node.
C-17. Units allocated to the corps that have no organic signal organization may receive dedicated support from an expeditionary signal battalion, or they may be located at a site that permits sharing of existing network support. Exact support requirements and allocations of pooled network resources are normally determined during the deployment planning process. Following deployment, requests for additional signal support are coordinated by the G-6 through the corps G-3.
COMMUNICATIONS RESPONSIBILITES
C-18. Responsibilities for communications falls to the corps assistant chief of staff, signal (G-6) and corps headquarters G-6 section. The latter consists of the main CP G-6 section and tactical CP signal systems.
26 November 2010
FM 3-92
C-3
Appendix C
CORPS ASSISTANT CHIEF OF STAFF, SIGNAL (G-6)
C-19. The G-6 provides the plans, operations, staff oversight, and coordination for information systems and communications to the corps headquarters and attached, OPCON, and TACON units. The G-6 is the senior signal officer in the corps and coordinates with peer counterparts at lower, adjacent, and higher echelons of command to ensure adequate network support. Should the corps headquarters serve as the core element for a joint task force, the corps assistant chief of staff, signal will become the joint task force J-6 unless superseded by a more senior signal officer.
C-20. The corps headquarters G-6 section manages the extension of Defense Switched Network and LandWarNet services throughout the corps AO. It also integrates LandWarNet assets, including strategic and tactical signal and network operations organizations, in support of corps operations. The corps G-6
coordinates with the G-3 to obtain theater resources when network missions exceed the capability of the organic signal units.
C-21. The corps G-6 section is responsible for network operations and information management functions within the corps AO. The section provides advice, direction, and guidance concerning network operations.
The G-6 develops the corps network architecture and is responsible for LandWarNet operations within the corps AO, to include support of subordinate elements, if required. The G-6 section consists of elements to support the main and tactical CPs. These elements are not static and can be tailored to suit the situation.
MAIN COMMAND POST G-6 SECTION
C-22. The main CP is the corps’ primary command and control element, and as such has the largest signal representation. The G-6 section manages connectivity to audio, video, written, and data systems supporting corps staff elements operating in the main CP. The corps G-6 is the senior signal officer in the corps and is chief of the signals section. Signal Soldiers are assigned to the corps signal company of the headquarters and headquarters battalion, with duty in the main CP. The main CP G-6 section—
z
Monitors, manages, and controls organic communications systems that interface with the Global Information Grid.
z
Plans signal support for current and future operations.
z
Manages installation and operation of the main and tactical CPs local area networks and operates the corps help desk.
z
Assists units allocated to the corps with network installation and troubleshooting.
z
Serves as the corps information service support office.
C-23. The subordinate elements of the G-6 section are organized as shown in figure C-2.
Figure C-2. Corps main command post G-6 section
TACTICAL COMMAND POST SIGNAL SYSTEMS SUPPORT ELEMENT
C-24. The tactical CP signal systems support element performs functions in the tactical CP similar to those performed by the assistant chief of staff, signal element in the main CP. The element of 26 Soldiers can be tailored (augmented or reduced) by the G-6 to meet specific mission requirements. When the tactical CP
C-4
FM 3-92
26 November 2010
Corps Signal Operations
deploys, the tactical CP signal systems support element manages the local equipment and facilities that collect, protect, process, store, display, and disseminate information in the tactical CP. These Soldiers monitor, manage, and control organic communications systems that interface with the Global Information Grid, and manage a set of integrated applications, processes, and services that provide the capability for corps tactical CP staff elements to locate, retrieve, send, and receive information. Network operations functions supporting the tactical CP are normally performed by the corps network operations and security center located at the main CP.
26 November 2010
FM 3-92
C-5
This page intentionally left blank.
Appendix D
Airspace Command and Control
A corps commander synchronizes forces and warfighting functions in the vertical
dimension in near-real time. Friendly surface, subsurface-, and air-launched weapon
systems from multiple components share the airspace above the corps area of
operations without hindering the application of combat power. The conduct of
airspace command and control is a major responsibility. To accomplish this mission,
corps commanders routinely coordinate airspace requirements with the joint,
multinational, and nonmilitary airspace users. This appendix discusses the application of airspace command and control and its elements to corps headquarters operations.
This appendix also discusses the responsibilities and connectivity of airspace
command and control. See Field Manual 3-52 for details on airspace command and
control.
AIRSPACE COMMAND AND CONTROL APPLICATION
D-1. All airspace is joint. Each joint operations area has unique airspace control requirements for its various airspace users: joint, multinational, nonmilitary, and Army (air and missile defense, Army aviation, unmanned aircraft, and field artillery). Airspace command and control focuses on integrating airspace used by this diverse set of airspace users.
D-2. Airspace control includes identifying, coordinating, integrating, and regulating airspace to increase operational effectiveness. Air Force Doctrine Document (AFDD) 2-1.7 explains that airspace control is essential to combat effectiveness in accomplishing the joint force commander’s (JFC’s) objectives at all levels of conflict. Marine Corps Warfighting Publication (MCWP) 3-25 states that airspace management is used to optimize the use of available airspace to allow maximum freedom, consistent with the degree of operational risk acceptable to the commander. Finally, Field Manual (FM) 3-52 reminds the reader that airspace control is provided to prevent fratricide, enhance air defense operations, and permit greater flexibility of operations. (Joint Publication (JP) 3-52 discusses joint doctrine on airspace command and control.)
D-3. Joint forces use airspace to conduct air operations, deliver fires, provide air defense, and facilitate intelligence operations. The inherent multi-Service and multinational character of airspace operations are part of an overall theater air ground system. The theater air ground system community—
z
Establishes close liaison and coordination among all airspace users to facilitate unity of effort.
z
Maintains common airspace control procedures implemented in an uncomplicated manner.
z
Emphasizes flexibility and simplicity to retain the ability to respond to evolving enemy threat conditions and evolving friendly operations.
z
Supports 24-hour and adverse weather operations.
z
Strives for fratricide reduction and risk balance.
z
Uses durable, reliable, redundant, and secure networks and intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance systems for airspace command and control.
z
Ensures members of the airspace command and control team—combined arms headquarters,
combat air traffic controllers, airfield operations, tactical air control parties (TACPs), air crews, airspace planners, fire support coordinators, air defenders—train as they will fight.
D-4. Airspace command and control is a command and control warfighting function task. It integrates all joint airspace users as they plan and execute the commander’s intent, vision, priorities, and acceptable level of risk that maximize all airspace user capabilities and minimize adverse impacts. Airspace command and 26 November 2010
FM 3-92
D-1
Appendix D
control contributes to situational understanding, enhances the common operational picture (COP), fosters coordination with organic and outside organizations, and communicates with all affected organizations.
Airspace command and control employs established, agreed-upon doctrine and procedures.
D-5. Airspace command and control integrates airspace use just as other corps staff elements integrate terrain use. The corps main and tactical command posts (CPs) contain movement and maneuver cells. The main CP airspace command and control section and tactical CP airspace command and control element implement the commander's guidance as it affects airspace using the airspace command and control annex to the operation plan or operation order. They also implement the commander’s priorities in the corps input to the airspace control order. Sometimes conflicts arise between requirements of different airspace users or when commander’s risk guidance is exceeded. In these cases, the airspace command and control section or element attempts to integrate the requirements by modifying planned airspace use without degrading the mission effectiveness of any airspace user. If the airspace conflict cannot be resolved without degrading the mission effectiveness of an airspace user, or if the risk still exceeds risk guidance, the airspace command and control section or element deconflicts airspace use based on the commander’s priorities and seeks a decision from the assistant chief of staff for operations.
D-6. Army airspace command and control doctrine does not denote that any airspace contiguous to the battlefield, or any other geographical dimension of airspace, is designated as Army airspace. Nor does it imply command of any asset that is not attached to or under operational control (OPCON) or tactical control of an Army commander. Under joint doctrine, airspace is not owned in the sense that assignment of an area of operations confers ownership of the ground. Airspace is used by multiple components, and the JFC designates an airspace control authority—usually the joint force air component commander (JFACC)—to manage airspace in the joint operations area. Even the JFC has varying degrees of control of the airspace. The commander’s control depends on the characteristics of the area of operations (AO) and the political and international agreements with the host nation. Therefore, for each operation (or phase of the operation), the JFC will have more or less authority in controlling the airspace. Airspace use is negotiated as the limits of the JFC’s authority changes and priorities shift.
D-7. Airspace, like ground space, is not an unlimited resource. The airspace over a corps AO is constantly in use by multiple users and can easily become saturated. Two key functions of the airspace command and control are to identify to the commander and senior staff when airspace is approaching saturation and to make recommendations for the most effective use of the airspace with the associated risk or benefit.
AIRSPACE COMMAND AND CONTROL ELEMENTS
D-8. Airspace command and control staff are organic to Army forces, brigade and higher. Corps and division both contain an airspace command and control section in their main and an airspace command and control element in their tactical CPs. The brigade combat teams (BCTs) and support brigades (except sustainment) contain a version of an air defense airspace management/brigade aviation element (ADAM/BAE). These elements integrate brigade airspace command and control, including air and missile defense and aviation functions. Each element coordinates with higher, subordinate, and adjacent elements to maximize the efficiency of airspace management and the lethality of weapon systems occupying or transiting the airspace.
THEATER-LEVEL AIRSPACE COMMAND AND CONTROL
D-9. The airspace command and control section at theater army plans and organizes the theater-level airspace command and control architecture, establishing standards and policy, publishing the airspace command and control annex, and providing the Army’s input to the theater’s airspace control plan, the airspace control order, and special instructions. The airspace control plan—the joint document approved by the JFC—provides specific planning guidance and procedures for the airspace control system for the joint operations area. Theater army airspace command and control planners ensure these documents adequately address subordinate units’ airspace requirements. An excessively restrictive airspace control plan can hinder operations conducted by theater army subordinate units.
D-10. Most airspace command and control coordination among the joint force land component commander (JFLCC), the JFACC, the joint force maritime component commander, and other senior headquarters D-2
FM 3-92
26 November 2010
Airspace Command and Control
occurs at the joint air operations center. The JFC designates the airspace control authority and defines the relationship between it and component commanders. Normally, the JFC designates the JFACC as the airspace control authority. However, regardless of who is designated as the airspace control authority, the airspace control authority does not have the authority to approve, disapprove, or deny combat operations.
That authority is only vested in operational commanders. The Army battlefield coordination detachment (BCD) serves as the ARFOR or theater army liaison to the JFACC in the joint air operations center. At this level of command, the BCD provides an airspace command and control interface between the theater airspace information systems and subordinate Army and other Service elements executing airspace command and control functions.
CORPS-LEVEL AIRSPACE COMMAND AND CONTROL
D-11. The corps headquarters oversees airspace command and control policy and standardization of tactics, techniques, and procedures throughout the corps AO. The corps airspace command and control sections in the main and tactical CPs enable this standardization by integrating all airspace requirements for the corps staff and subordinate units. The corps airspace command and control section links to the theater army airspace command and control section with the BCD to ensure that the airspace control authority planning and execution documents and policies account for corps requirements and issues.
D-12. The corps airspace command and control section is designed to execute airspace command and control even if the corps serves as an intermediate tactical headquarters, an ARFOR, a joint force land component headquarters, or a joint task force (JTF) headquarters. Airspace command and control personnel in the main and tactical CPs integrate airspace operations with the functional cells and with the integration cells. The airspace command and control element also coordinates with the tactical air control party (TACP) and the air support operations center (ASOC) colocated with the corps headquarters.
D-13. As the airspace command and control functional lead for the corps staff, the airspace command and control section develop standing operating procedures and airspace command and control annexes that help standardize airspace command and control operations among subordinate units. These procedures and annexes ensure consistency with joint airspace procedures and the theater airspace control plan, Aeronautical Information Publication, and associated plans and orders. Airspace command and control sections in the main CP perform the following functions in support of the corps mission: z
Provide airspace management expertise for the corps AO.
z
Monitor joint airspace operations.
z
Plan and update input to the joint airspace control plan.
z
Integrate the corps airspace command and control architecture into the joint airspace command and control architecture.
z
Develop the airspace control architecture to support corps plans.
z
Draft all airspace command and control input for operation orders, operation plans, annexes, and estimates.
z
Plan and request immediate airspace coordinating measures (ACMs).
z
Deconflict airspace through appropriate authority.
z
Coordinate with the corps movement and maneuver (for aviation), intelligence (for intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance), and fires and protection (for air and missile defense) cells.
z
Provide air traffic service expertise to the corps headquarters.
D-14. The corps can be a tactical headquarters subordinate to a theater army functioning as a joint force land component or JTF. In this case, the airspace command and control section provides airspace requirements to the higher headquarters’ airspace command and control section for integration into their daily airspace requests. This integration applies to the next airspace control order and for inclusion into the higher headquarters’ airspace command and control annex.
D-15. During the execution phase of tactical operations, the corps headquarters normally decentralizes airspace integration to subordinate divisions and BCTs within their respective AOs. It also authorizes direct liaison between them and other theater air ground system execution airspace control nodes provided by other Services. These entities include Air Force control and reporting centers and Airborne Warning and 26 November 2010
FM 3-92
D-3
Appendix D
Control System (AWACS), Marine Corps direct air support center and tactical air operations center, and other airspace command and control entities for rapid resolution of airspace issues. For corps assigned, attached, OPCON, or tactical control BCTs or other brigades assigned their own AO, the corps delegates control over Army airspace users within the respective AOs while corps retains responsibility for integrating joint, multinational, and nonmilitary airspace users. The corps integrates all airspace requirements for corps BCTs and other brigades not assigned an AO. The corps airspace command and control section retains responsibility for airspace control over portions of the AO not assigned to subordinate units. However, even when authorizing direct liaison to subordinate units, corps retains responsibility for policy. The corps may have OPCON of a Marine air-ground task force (MAGTF). How a MAGTF integrated with corps airspace command and control depends on the size and capabilities of the MAGTF. The MAGTF’s aviation combat element includes Marine air command and control system capabilities tailored for the size of the aviation combat element. Smaller regimental-based MAGTFs (with unmanned aircraft systems) may integrate in a similar manner to BCTs. Larger MAGTFs bring the full joint capability to control airspace over the MAGTF AO. Large MAGTFs can include a division-based Marine expeditionary force with the full range of Marine rotary- and fixed-wing aviation as well as a robust Marine air command and control system. A joint doctrinal relationship exists between the JFACC and JFLCC. In this case, the MAGTF requires authorized direct liaison to coordinate airspace and air operations directly with the joint air operations center.
D-16. The corps headquarters can provide airspace command and control support to multinational forces OPCON to the corps. These forces may lack airspace control capabilities and will require assistance from the corps airspace command and control section. They can be supported in a manner similar to Army functional brigades working directly for the corps.
D-17. The corps can function as a joint force land component headquarters or JTF headquarters with appropriate augmentation. (See chapter 5.) As the joint force land component headquarters, the corps airspace command and control section integrates airspace requirements among a wide range of airspace users (Army, joint, and multinational). As a JTF headquarters, the airspace command and control section works with the airspace control authority and the components to build a responsive airspace control structure. In both cases, the corps airspace command and control section develops joint force land component or JTF input to the airspace control authority through the BCD for the airspace control order, the airspace control plan, and associated plans and orders.
DIVISION AIRSPACE COMMAND AND CONTROL
D-18. Division airspace command and control oversees airspace command and c