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Maintain area of operations emitter listings.
z
Edit emitter parameters.
z
Develop mission-specific geographic data and electronic order of battle to—
Tailor or create high-speed antiradiation missile direct attack libraries, or manually modify entries or new threat cards.
Plan target selection.
z
Perform postflight mission analysis to—
Identify electronic emitters using various electronic parameter databases and electronic intelligence analytical techniques.
Localize emitters by coordinates with a certain circular error of probability for each site.
Correlate new information with existing data.
Gather postflight high-speed antiradiation missile information. This information includes aircraft launch parameters, predicted seeker footprint, and the onboard system detection of a targeted signal at impact.
AN/TSQ-90 Tactical Electronic Reconnaissance Processing and Evaluation System
E-23. The TERPES (AN/TSQ-90) is an air and land transportable, single-shelter electronic intelligence processing and correlation system. Each of the four Marine tactical electronic warfare squadrons includes a TERPES section.
E-24. A TERPES section consists of Marines, equipment, and software. The section identifies and locates enemy radar emitters from data collected by EA-6B aircraft and those received from other intelligence sources. It processes and disseminates EW data rapidly to MAGTF and other intelligence centers and provides mission planning and briefing support. Section support areas include operational support, intelligence analysis support, data fusion, fusion processing, and intelligence reporting. The section provides the following operational support:
z
Translates machine-readable, airborne-collected, digital data into human- and machine-readable reports (such as paper, magnetic tape, secure voice, plots, and overlays).
z
Receives and processes EA-6B mission tapes.
z
Accepts, correlates, and identifies electronic emitter data from semiautomatic or automatic collection systems using various electronic parameter databases and various analysis techniques.
z
Provides tactical jamming analysis.
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Appendix E
AIR FORCE
E-25. The Air Force has two primary platforms that provide EW capability: the EC-130H Compass Call and RC-135V/W Rivet Joint. (For further information on Air Force EW equipment, see AFDD 2-5.1.) EC-130H COMPASS CALL
E-26. The EC-130H Compass Call is an airborne tactical weapon system. (See figure E-6.) Paragraphs E-27 through E-31 discuss the EC-130H missions, primary tasks, and capabilities.
Mission and Tasks
E-27. The EC-130H’s mission is to disrupt enemy command and control information systems and limit the coordination essential for force management. The EC-130H’s primary task is to employ offensive counterinformation and electronic attack capabilities in support of U.S. and multinational tactical air, surface, and special operations forces.
Figure E-6. EC-130H Compass Call
Capabilities
E-28. The EC-130H is designed to deny, degrade, and disrupt adversary command and control information systems. This includes denial and disruption of enemy surveillance radars; denial and disruption of hostile communications being used in support of enemy ground, air, or maritime operations; and denial and disruption of many modern commercial communication signals that an adversary might employ.
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Army and Joint Electronic Warfare Capabilities
Compass Call During Operation Iraqi Freedom
During Operation Iraqi Freedom, much speculation appeared in the press about why
Iraqi forces failed to ignite the oil facilities they had wired for destruction. During the coalition’s seizure of Al Faw, Compass Call disrupted the Iraqi regime’s control of its troops by jamming its communications. Instead of receiving orders to detonate the oil terminals, Iraqi troops heard only the ratcheting static of Compass Call jamming until coalition ground troops had secured the area. In addition to the conquest of the Al Faw Peninsula, successful military operations supported by Compass Call in
Operation Iraqi Freedom included the seizure of four airfields; two successful
prisoner of war rescues; and the ground offensive from Basrah to Nasariyah, Najaf, Baghdad, and Tikrit. In all these instances, Compass Call jamming prevented a
trained, experienced enemy from coordinating actions against coalition forces.
“EC-130H Compass Call: A textbook example of Joint Force integration at its best”, Electronic Warfare Working Group, U.S. House of Representatives, Issue Brief #17, 11 Mar 2004. (Available at http://www.house.gov/pitts/initiatives/ew/Library/Briefs/brief17.htm)
RC-135V/W RIVET JOINT
E-29. Paragraphs E-30 through E-31 discuss the missions, primary tasks, and capabilities of the RC-135V
platforms.
Mission and Tasks
E-30. The RC-135V/W Rivet Joint is a combatant-command-level surveillance asset that responds to national-level taskings. (See figure E-7.) Its mission is to support national consumers, combatant commanders, and combat forces with direct, near real-time reconnaissance information and electronic warfare support. It collects, analyzes, reports, and exploits information from enemy command and control information systems. During most contingencies, it deploys to the theater of operations with the airborne elements of the theater air control system.
Figure E-7. RC-135V/W Rivet Joint
Capabilities
E-31. The RC-135V/W is equipped with an extensive array of sophisticated intelligence gathering equipment that enables monitoring of enemy electronic activity. The aircraft is integrated into the theater air control system via data links and voice (as required). Refined intelligence data can be transferred from Rivet Joint to an Airborne Warning and Control System platform through the tactical digital information link. Alternatively, this data can be placed into intelligence channels via satellite and the tactical information broadcast service (a near real-time combatant command information broadcast). The aircraft 25 February 2009
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Appendix E
has secure ultrahigh frequency, very high frequency, and high frequency (commonly known as UHF, VHF, and HF respectively) as well as satellite communications. It can be refueled in the air.
NAVY
E-32. The Navy’s primary airborne EW platforms are the EA-6B Prowler and its planned replacement, the E/A-18G Growler. E/A-18G fielding is scheduled to begin in 2009 and is scheduled to replace the Navy’s carrierborne EA-6B aircraft. The Navy also maintains both surface and subsurface EW shipboard systems for offensive and defensive missions in support of the fleet. (For further information on Navy missions and equipment, see NWP 3-13.)
EA-6B PROWLER
E-33. Paragraphs E-34 through E-39 discuss the missions, primary tasks, and capabilities of the Navy’s EA-6B Prowler platforms. (See figure E-8.)
Figure E-8. Navy EA-6B Prowler
Mission and Tasks
E-34. The mission of the Navy’s EA-6B Prowler is to ensure survivability of U.S. and multinational forces through suppression of enemy air defenses (using the radar-jamming AN/ALQ-99 tactical jamming system), lethal suppression (using the AGM-88 high-speed antiradiation missile), and communications jamming (using the USQ-113 radio countermeasures set). Prowlers have supported U.S. and multinational forces operating from various expeditionary sites throughout the world while maintaining full presence on all Navy aircraft carriers.
Capabilities
E-35. The Navy’s EA-6B Prowlers are outfitted with either the improved capability II or improved capability III systems. The following lists the major capability upgrades these systems provide.
Improved Capability II
E-36. The improved capability II program was initiated in the 1980s. It was completed across the fleet of EA-6B aircraft (including U.S. Marine Corps aircraft) in the 1990s. The program incorporated incremental capability improvements that include communications, navigation, and computer interface upgrades; a high-speed antiradiation missile capability; and improved jamming pods. Several system interfaces were also upgraded in preparation for the improved capability III improvements.
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Army and Joint Electronic Warfare Capabilities
Improved Capability III
E-37. The improved capability III program incorporates a highly evolved receiver system and provides upgraded EA-6B aircraft with increased signal detection, geolocation capability, a new selective reactive-jamming capability, and better reliability. High-speed antiradiation missile employment is also improved due to the speed of the receiver and its geolocation accuracy. Increased battlefield situational awareness of joint forces is also provided through Link-16. The improved capability III program provides a new ALQ-218 receiver system, integration of the USQ-113 and the multifunctional information distribution system (often called MIDS). This system incorporates Link-16 and various connectivity avionics into the Prowler.
The major EW-related subsystems are the AN/ALQ-99 (V) tactical jamming countermeasures set and AN/USQ-113 (V) radio countermeasures set.
E-38. The AN/ALQ-99 (V) tactical jamming countermeasures set has upgraded receivers and processors to provide the following:
z
Improved frequency coverage.
z
Direction-of-arrival determination capability.
z
Narrower frequency discrimination to support narrowband jamming.
z
Enhanced interface with onboard systems.
E-39. The AN/USQ-113 (V) radio countermeasures set will enhance the aircraft’s jamming capability through its integration with the tactical display system. This will enable the crew to display AN/USQ-113
communications jamming data as well as control AN/USQ-113 operations through the tactical display system.
E/A-18G GROWLER
E-40. The E/A-18G Growler is the Navy’s replacement aircraft for the EA-6B Prowler. Paragraphs E-41
and E-42 discuss the missions, primary tasks, and capabilities of the Navy’s E/A-18G Growler. (See figure E-9.) E/A-18G fielding began in 2008. The first operational E/A-18G deployment will occur in 2009, as the Navy begins to replace its carrierborne EA-6B aircraft.
Figure E-9. EA-18 Growler
Mission and Tasks
E-41. The EA-18G can detect, identify, locate, and suppress hostile emitters. It will provide enhanced connectivity to national, combatant command, and strike assets. Additionally, the EA-18G will provide organic accurate emitter targeting using on-board suppression weapons, such as the high-speed antiradiation missile.
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Appendix E
Capabilities
E-42. The following is a list of the E/A-18G’s general capabilities:
z
Suppression of enemy air defenses. The EA-18G will counter enemy air defenses using both reactive and preemptive jamming techniques.
z
Stand-off and escort jamming. The EA-18G will be highly effective in the traditional stand-off jamming mission, but with the speed and agility of a Super Hornet, it will also be effective in the escort role.
z
Integrated air and ground airborne electronic attack. Enhanced situational awareness and uninterrupted communications will enable the EA-18G to achieve a higher degree of integration with ground operations than previously.
z
Self-protect and time-critical strike support. With its active electronically scanned array radar, digital data links, and air-to-air missiles, the EA-18G will be able to protect itself and effectively identify and prosecute targets.
z
Growth. High commonality with the F/A-18E and F/A-18F, nine available weapon stations, and modern avionics enable cost-effective synergistic growth, setting the stage for continuous capability enhancement.
E-43. The following is a list of the E/A-18G’s airborne electronic attack capabilities: z
Entire spectrum. The EA-18G’s ALQ-218 wideband receiver combined with the ALQ-99
tactical jamming system will be effective against any surface-to-air threat.
z
Precision airborne electronic attack. Selective-reactive technology enables the EA-18G to rapidly sense and locate threats much more accurately than before. This improved accuracy enables greater concentration of energy against threats.
z
Advanced communication countermeasures. Its modular communication countermeasure set enables the EA-18G to counter a wide range of communication systems and is readily adaptable to an ever changing threat spectrum.
z
Interference cancellation system. This system dramatically enhances aircrew situational awareness by enabling uninterrupted communications during jamming operations.
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Army and Joint Electronic Warfare Capabilities
CAPABILITIES SUMMARY
E-44. Table E-1 lists Army and joint EW capabilities. (Bold text indicates capabilities not described in the preceding paragraphs.) EW officers, noncommissioned officers, and supporting staff members should be familiar with these capabilities and how they can support Army operations. Additional information on the EW capabilities listed in table E-1 is found in the Web sites listed in table E-2, page E-12.
Table E-1. Army and joint electronic warfare capabilities
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Appendix E
Table E-2. Electronic warfare systems and platforms resources
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Appendix F
Tools and Resources Related to Electronic Warfare
This appendix provides information on tools and reachback resources related to
electronic warfare. Electronic warfare officers, noncommissioned officers, and
supporting staff members should be familiar with these tools and resources and how to use them to support electronic warfare operations. Some tools and resources
require an approved user account prior to being granted access.
ARMY REPROGRAMMING ANALYSIS TEAM
F-1. The Army Reprogramming Analysis Team (ARAT) supports tactical commanders. It provides timely reprogramming of any Army-supported software used for target acquisition, target engagement, measurement and signature intelligence, and vehicle and aircraft survivability (including that operated by other Services). The team provides software changes not readily possible by operator input to respond to rapid deployments or changes in the operational environment. See their Web site at https://ako.sec.army.mil/arat/index.html (Army Knowledge Online login required).
F-2. ARAT provides reprogramming support to counter-radio-controlled improvised-explosive-device (IED) electronic warfare (EW) (sometimes referred to as CREW), and other electronic systems.
F-3. The team is accessible via the Army Reprogramming Analysis Team’s Warfighter Survivability Software Support Portal. A secure Internet protocol router network (SIPRNET) account is required to access the portal.
NATIONAL GROUND INTELLIGENCE CENTER
F-4. The National Ground Intelligence Center provides all-source analysis of the threat posed by IEDs produced and used by foreign terrorist and insurgent groups. The center supports U.S. forces during training, operational planning, deployment, and redeployment.
F-5. The center maintains a counter-IED targeting program (often called CITP) portal on its SIPRNET
site. This portal provides information concerning IED activities and incidents as well as IED assessments.
ELECTRONIC ORDER OF BATTLE
F-6. An electronic order of battle details all known combinations of emitters and platforms in a particular area of responsibility. It consists of several reachback resources:
z
National Security Agency-Electronic Intelligence Parameter Query.
z
U.S. electromagnetic systems database.
z
National Ground Intelligence System parametric information relational intelligence tool database.
z
Military equipment parametrics and engineering database.
E-SPACE
F-7. E-Space is a Department of Defense (DOD) entity housed in the National Security Agency. It provides intelligence assistance (primarily signals intelligence) to deployed EW officers. E-Space is a reachback capability available to EW officers and spectrum managers that can be leveraged to provide all-source intelligence products and answers to requests for information and spectrum interference questions.
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Appendix F
JOINT ELECTRONIC WARFARE CENTER
F-8. The Joint Electronic Warfare Center is DOD’s only joint EW center of expertise. It provides EW
subject matter expertise from a range of backgrounds, including people with current multi-Service operational experience. The center has a limited capability to perform modeling and simulation studies and EW red team support. It can deploy in a support role if approved by the U.S. Strategic Command.
JOINT IMPROVISED EXPLOSIVE DEVICE DEFEAT
ORGANIZATION
F-9. The Joint Improvised Explosive Device Defeat Organization (known as JIEDDO) leads, advocates, and coordinates all DOD actions in support of efforts by combatant commanders and their joint task forces to defeat IEDs as weapon of strategic influence.
JOINT SPECTRUM CENTER
F-10. The Joint Spectrum Center ensures DOD effectively uses the electromagnetic spectrum in support of national security and military objectives. The center serves as DOD’s center of excellence for electromagnetic spectrum management matters in support of the combatant commands, military departments, and DOD agencies in planning, acquisition, training, and operations.
F-11. The center maintains databases and provides data about friendly force command and control information system locational and technical characteristics. This information is used to plan electronic protection measures. These databases provide EW planners with information covering communication, radar, navigation, broadcast, identification, and EW systems operated by the DOD, other government agencies, and private businesses and organizations.
F-12. The center provides information on a quick-reaction basis in various formats and media to support EW planners and spectrum managers.
KNOWLEDGE AND INFORMATION FUSION EXCHANGE
F-13. The Knowledge and Information Fusion Exchange (sometimes called KnIFE) is a program sponsored by U.S. Joint Forces Command. It provides Soldiers with observations, insights, and lessons from operations around the world.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
F-14. Further information on the above tools and resources can be accessed through Army Knowledge Online. The links to these Web sites can be viewed by first accessing the “Army Operational Electronic Warfare Course” on Army Knowledge Online at http://www.us.army.mil/suite/page/400055 and then clicking on Folders >Links>EW links.
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Glossary
SECTION I – ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
ARAT
Army Reprogramming Analysis Team
C-3
operations directorate of a multinational (combined) staff
CJCSI
Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff instruction
CJCSM
Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff manual
COA
course of action
DD
Department of Defense (official forms only)
DOD
Department of Defense
DODI
Department of Defense Instruction
EW
electronic warfare
FM
field manual
FMI
field manual, interim
G-2
assistant chief of staff, intelligence
G-3
assistant chief of staff, operations
G-5
assistant chief of staff, plans
G-6
assistant chief of staff, signal
G-7
assistant chief of staff, information engagement
GTA
graphic training aid
HF
high frequency
Hz
hertz
IED
improvised explosive device
IO
information operations
IPB
intelligence preparation of the battlefield
ISR
intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance
J-2
intelligence directorate of a joint staff
J-3
operations directorate of a joint staff
J-5
plans directorate of a joint staff
J-6