psi pound(s) per square inch
psig pound(s) per square inch gauge
Glossary-7
FM 5-484/NAVFAC P-1065/AFMAN 32-1072
PTO power takeoff
RH-2 An air-transportable RED HORSE echelon
composed of 93 people and ready for
pull-back method A way of installing telescoping
deployment 48 hours after notification.
screen.
RH-3 A RED HORSE echelon composed of 295
pulldown. See feed drive
people and ready for deployment six days after
pump-surge method A backwashing method that
notification
involves alternately pumping water to the
ringing off Fatigue failure in the drill-rod joints
surface and letting water run back into the well
caused by excessive torque or thrust or by
through the pump-column pipe.
borehole deviation.
push-tube A method of collecting undisturbed
riparian vegetation Dense strands of vegetation
soil samples; this method uses thin-wall,
along stream channels.
freed-piston samplers in very soft to stiff clays,
silts, and sands that do not contain appreciable
rivers. See streams and rivers
amounts of gravel.
rock development A well-development method
PVC polyvinyl chloride
used in rock formations that involves combining
jetting with air-lift pumping to wash out fine
cuttings, silt, and clay.
qanat A man-made, gently inclined underground
rotary pump A pump that uses a system of
channel that allows groundwater to flow from
rotating gears to create a suction at the inlet and
alluvial gravels at the base of hills to a dry
force a water stream out of the discharge.
lowland; qanats appear as a series of
ant-mound-like openings that run in a straight
rotary table Rotating platform on a rotary rig that
line and act as air shafts for a channel.
transmits torque to the drill rod through the
kelly.
qt quart(s)
ROWPU reverse osmosis water purification units
Quick-Gel Wyoming-type bentonite drilling fluid
used for mixing mud
RPM revolution(s) per minute
rung off See string failure
recharge Water that infiltrates the soil.
runoff Precipitation on land surfaces that flows
along the surface.
recharge area Area where the groundwater
reservoir is replenished.
RED HORSE rapid engineer deployable, heavy
S3 Operations and Training Officer (US Army)
operational repair squadron.
sacrificial anode A simple method of protecting
regional river basin Subdivision of a major river
metal casing from corrosion by connecting a
basin; the Missouri River Basin is a regional
galvanically active metal bar to the casing.
river basin of the Mississippi River Basin. See
also drainage basin, hydrographic basin;
salt encrustation Surface indicator that often
major river basin
occurs in playas and is indicative of saline
groundwater.
reservoir indicators Characteristics in soils,
rocks, and landforms that define the ability of an
saltwater encroachment Movement of saltwater
area to store and transmit groundwater but
into zones previously occupied by freshwater.
which do not directly indicate the presence of
saltwater intrusion Invasion of salt water into
groundwater.
freshwater during pumping.
Revert A natural, organic polymer fluid derived
sanded in A condition that exists when the string
from the guar plant. See also polymer
becomes stuck when cuttings collect on the bit
RH-1 An air-transportable RED HORSE echelon
and collar shoulder.
composed of 16 people and ready for
deployment 12 hours after notification.
Glossary-8
FM 5-484/NAVFAC P-1065/AFMAN 32-1072
sand line Device used with the elevator for lifting
snow-melt pattern Surface indicator that can
one or two half lengths of pipe. See also
provide evidence of recharge areas and
elevator (casing); pin hook
directions of groundwater flow.
sandstone Consolidated or cemented sand.
soil moisture Surface indicator that can provide
saturated thickness Distance between the top of
some indication of recharge and discharge areas;
the groundwater and the bottom of the aquifer.
soil moisture content is related to local rainfall
and to grain size.
SC supply catalog
SOP standing operating procedures
SCFM sea level cubic foot (feet) per minute
SP spontaneous potential
semipermeable barriers Features (faults or
fractured rock masses) that restrict flow but do
specific retention Water that cannot be pumped
not act as a complete barrier.
out of a well.
sedimentary rock Rocks that are composed of
specific yield Water that can be pumped from a
sediments that are converted to rock through
well.
compaction cementation or crystallization.
spring Effluence of groundwater occurring where
self-jetting method Digging a jetted well by
the water table intercepts the ground surface; a
sinking a continuous-slot-, brass-jacket-, or
spring is a good surface indicator of the
jet-head-tapering-type well point.
presence of shallow groundwater occurrences.
self-potential potentiometer The instrument in
SP polarity-reversing switch A switch on the
the electrical logging system that balances out
electrical logging system that is located directly
the SP that exists between any pair of potential
below the SP potentiometer the switch shows
electrodes.
the polarity of the particular cable electrode
being used.
self-priming pump A pump with a priming
chamber that makes repriming unnecessary
SP shutoff switch A spring-return switch on the
when the pump is stopped for any reason other
electrical logging system that is located in the
than au intentional draining.
upper left comer of the panel; this switch
automatically shuts off the l-1/2-volt C-battery
semipermeable barriers Features (faults or
when the instrument lid is closed.
fractured rock masses) that restrict water flow
but do not act as complete barriers.
spudding Raising or lowering the drill string.
shale Fine-grained sedimentary rock that does not
spudding in Starting the borehole.
store much groundwater and does not transmit
squeezing See swelling soil
large quantities of groundwater.
Sr specific retention
single-string method of installing casing
Installing casing and screen (already joined) in a
stabilizers Items, such as drill collars, used on the single assembly.
drill string during drilling operations.
single-string method of installing screen. See
STANAG Standardization Agreement
single-string method of installing casing
STD standard
sinker rod An insulated device that can be
STP Soldier Training Publication
attached with a leather thong to the probe on the
electrical logging system if more weight is
straight pumping A well-completion method that
needed to carry the probe to the bottom of a well.
uses a pitcher-spout hand pump.
smentex Commercial chemical agent added to
mud drilling fluid to prevent it from freezing.
See also aquagel; barite; fibratex; gel-flake;
impermex; micatex
Glossary-9
FM 5-484/NAVFAC P-1065/AFMAN 32-1072
streams and rivers Surface indicators that are
TOA table of allowances
usually recharge areas in arid regions and may
be recharge or discharge areas in temperate
top head A mechanism on a rotary rig that moves
climates; areas adjacent to streams are
down along the rig mast as the boring is
considered good locations for wells but are not
advanced and is raised to the top of the mast to
always the best available areas for water wells
add a length of drill pipe; the top-head drive
because of soil content.
uses a power swivel.
string failure A condition that exists when the
TRADOC United States Army Training and
drill string parts, leaving a portion in the
Doctrine Command
borehole the drill string is rung off. See also
transmissivity The product of hydraulic
fish; fishing
conductivity and the saturated thickness
submergence The proportion (percentage) of the
expressed in gallons per day per foot of aquifer
length of the air pipe that is submerged below
width.
the pumping level.
transpiration Water that Wrens to the
submersible pump A centrifugal pump closely
atmosphere from plants.
coupled with an electric motor that can be
tremie placement Placing gravel-pack material
operated underwater,
using a tremie pipe.
submersible-pump method A pump-testing
tricone bit A bit that consists of three con-
method that uses a submersible pump to pump
shaped rollers with steel teeth milled into the
test the water well.
surfaces.
surface indicator Feature that suggests the
turbine pump A shaft-driven, multistage,
presence of groundwater.
centrifugal pump containing several impellers or
surface-water divide Boundary between
bowl assemblies.
groundwater flow systems.
uncased-interval method Installing casing in
surge-block method A backwashing method that
wells located in rock formations.
involves developing a well by surging water up
unconfined aquifer An aquifer that is partly filled
and down the casing with a surge block or
with water, has fluctuating water levels, and can
plunger.
receive direct recharge from percolating surface
swelling soil (squeezing) In-hole effects of shale
water.
or clay that absorb water from the drilling fluid
unconsolidated deposit Consists of weathered
Sy specific yield
rock particles of varying materials end sizes.
unscreened well A well in competent rock that
does not require a screen; the aquifer is tapped
TAC Terrain Analysis Center
through numerous, irregularly spaced fractures.
TAD Transatlantic Division
US United States (of America)
tag-along compressor auxiliary compressor
USAF United States Air Force
tape method Procedure to measure the depth to
USGS United States Geological Survey
the static level in a shallow well.
TEC united states Army corps of Engineers
Topographic Engineering Center
vegetation type Surface indicator that can help
define the location of recharge and discharge
TM technical manual
areas end groundwater.
TN Tennessee
viscosity Relates to true (Newtonian) fluids such
as water; viscosity is a proportional constant
TO technical manual
between sheer stress and rate in laminar flow.
TO theater of operations
Glossary-10
FM 5-484/NAWAC P-1065/AFMAN 32-1072
wall stuck A condition that exists when the
alignment of a fine-grained soil or shale hole
deviates significantly and the drill pipe wallows
into the wall.
washdown method Installing screen in an aquifer
that is composed of fine to coarse sand with
little or no gravel.
wash-in method Installing casing by advancing
the borehole for an expedient jetted-well
construction.
water-table wells Wells drilled into an
unconfined aquifer.
WDRT Water Detection Response Team
WDS well-drilling system
well probe A device on the electrical logging
system that consists of one brass current
electrode and three lead-oxide potential
electrodes.
WES United States Army Corps of Engineers
Waterways Experirment Station
wetlands Marshes, bogs, and swamps that arc
indicative of very shallow groundwater.
WRDB Water Resources Data Base
XS extra strength
Y yes
yield Volume of water discharged from a well per
unit of time when water is being pumped or is
flowing freely.
yield point Mud quality broadly included m
viscosity.
Glossary-11
FM 5-484/NAVFAC P-1065/AFMAN 32-1072
References
SOURCES USED
These are the sources quoted or paraphrased in this publication.
International Standardization Agreement
STANAG 2885 ENGR (Edition 2). Emergency Supply of Water in War. 9 November 1990.
Military Publications
FM 5-33. Terrain Analysis. 11 July 1990.
FM 5-34. Engineer Field Data. 14 September 1987.
FM 5-116. Engineer Operations Echelons Above Corps. 7 March 1989.
TM 5-725. Rigging. 3 October 1968.
Nonmilitary Publications
Baroid Properties and Performance of Drilling Muds. Baroid Drilling Fluids, Inc. Houston, Texas.
Catalog no. WW 1000-01. 1989
Geology and Geophysics for Military Well Drillers. Geotechnical Laboratory, US Army Engineers Waterways Experiment Station. Vicksburg, Mississippi.
Groundwater Atlas of the United States: Hydrologic Investigations Atlas. Department of the Interior USGS. Denver, Colorado.
Chapter 730-A. Introductory material and nationwide summaries (Segment no. 0).
Chapter 730-B. California, Nevada (Segment no. 1).
Chapter 730-C. Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, Utah (Segment no. 2).
Chapter 730-D. Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska (Segment no. 3).
Chapter 730-E. Oklahoma, Texas (Segment no. 4).
Chapter 730-F. Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi (Segment no. 5).
Chapter 730-G. Alabama, Florida, Georgia, South Carolina (Segment no. 6).
Chapter 730-H. Idaho, Oregon, Washington (Segment no. 7).
Chapter 730-1. Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming (Segment no. 8).
Chapter 730-J. Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota, Wisconsin (Segment no. 9).
Chapter 730-K. Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Ohio, Tennessee (Segment no. 10).
Chapter 730-L. Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Virginia, West References-1
FM 5-484/NAVFAC P-l065/AFMAN 32-1072
Virginia (Segment no, 11),
Chapter 730-M. Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York, Rhode Island, Vermont (Segment no, 12).
Chapter 730-N. Alaska, Hawaii, Puerto Rico (Segment no. 13).
Ground Water and Wells. Third Edition. Johnson Filtration Systems, Inc. St. Paul, Minnesota.
ISBN 0961645601, 1989.
Percusion Drilling Equipment Operation and Maintenance Manual. (Catalog no. M500-2.) Mission Drilling Products Division, TRW Energy Products Group. Houston, Texas Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations of the United States Geological Survey.
Applications of Borehole Geophysics to Water-Resources Investigations. Book no. 2. US
Geological Survey. Arlington, Virginia.
The Button Bit vs The Rock. (Publication Form no. 769-l.) Ingersoll-Rand Company. Roanoke, Virginia.
Water Well Manual. U.C. Gibson and R.D. Singer. Premier Press, California. 1971.
DOCUMENTS NEEDED
These documents must be available to the users of this publication.
DD Form 2678. Well Driller’s Log. October 1993.
DD Form 2679. Piping and Casing Log. October 1993.
DD Form 2680, Military Water Well Completion Summary Report. October 1993.
DA Form 2028. Recommended Changes to Publications and Blank Forms, February 1974.
DOD Defense Mapping Agency Catalog of Maps, Charts, and Related Products, Part 3 V.
FM 5-250. Explosives and Demolitions. 15 June 1992.
FM 5-410. Military Soils Engineering. 23 December 1992.
TM 5-545. Geology. 8 July 1971.
TM 5-818-5, Dewatering and Groundwater Control. 15 November 1983 w/change 1, June 1985.
TM 5-3820-256-10. Operating and Maintenance Instructions for Drilling System, Well Rotary, Truck Mounted, Air Transportable, 600 Feet Capacity, Model Number LP-12. 15 March 1989
w/change 1, 1 September 1990.
STP 5-62J12-SM-TG. Soldier’s Manual and Trainer’s Guide, MOS 62J. General Construction Equipment Operator, Skill Levels 1/2. 15 October 1986.
STP 5-62N34-SM-TG. Construction Equipment Supervisor Soldier’s Manual and Trainer’s Guide. MOS 62N, Skill Levels 3/4. 21 February 1989.
References-2
FM 5-484/NAVFAC P-1065/AFMAN 32-1072
SC 3820-97-CL-E01. Pneumatic Tool and Compressor Outfit, 250 CFM; Truck Mounted.
14 June 1974
AFI 10-209. Civil Engineering RED HORSE Squadron. April 1983
API 91-202. US Air Force Mishap Prevention Program. March 1987.
AFT 91-301. Air Force Occupational Safety Fire Prevention and Health Program. May 1990.
TO lC-130A-9. Cargo Loading Manual. 16 June 1980 w/changes 1 through 8, 5 December 1988.
A1OO-66. American Water Works Association Standard for Deep Wells. Waverly Press, Baltimore. 1925
READINGS RECOMMENDED
Military Publications
AR 600-200. Enlisted Personnel Management System. 15 September 1990.
AR 735-5. Policies and Procedures for Property Accountability. 31 January 1992.
AR 750-1. Army Materiel Maintenance Policy and Retail Maintenance Operations.
27 September 1991.
FM 5-33. Terrain Analysis. 11 July 1990 w/change 1, September 1992.
FM 5-100. Engineer Combat Operations. 22 November 1988.
FM 5-104. General Engineering. 12 November 1986.
FM 5-233. Construction Surveying. 4 January 1985.
FM 5-333. Construction Management. 17 February 1987 w/ change 1, April 1991.
FM 5-335. Drainage. 2 December 1985.
FM 5-434. Earthmoving Operations. 30 September 1992.
FM 22-100. Military Leadership. 31 July 1990.
FM 25-101. Battle Focused Training. 30 September 1990
FM 5-430-00-l/AFP 93-4, Vol I. Planning and Design of Roads, Airfields, and Heliports in the Theater of Operations (Road Design). To be published withing 6 months.
FM 5-430-00-2/AFP 93-4, Vol II. Planning and Design of Roads, Airfields, and Heliports in the Theater of Operations (Airfield Design). To be published withing 6 months.
ARTEP 5-500. Engineer Cellular Teams. 30 July 1980.
Nonmilitary Publications
Applications of Electrical Logging to Water Well Problems. F. L. Bryan. Water Well Journal, 4:1, 1950.
References-3
FM 5-484/NAVFAC P-1065/AFMAN 32-1072
Application of Electrical and Radioactive Well Logging to Ground-Water Hydrology. E. P. Patten and G. D. Bennett. US Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1544 D. 1963.
Electric Logging Applied to Groundwater Exploration. P. H. Jones and T. B. Buford. Geophysics, 16:1. January 1951.
Electrical Well Logging. H. Guyed. The Oil Weekly, a series of articles published from August 7
to December 4, 1944.
Interpretation of Electric and Gamma Ray Logs in Water Wells. H. Guyed. American Geophysics Union. Technical Paper. Mandrel Industries Inc. Houston, Texas. 1965.
Investigation of Ground Water Supplies with Electrical Well Logs. H. Guyed. Water Well Journal.
May 1957.
Investigation of Groundwater Supplies with Electric Well Logs. T. S. Morris. Water Well Journal.
May-June 1952.
The Quantitative Aspects of Electric Lag Interpretation. J. E. Walstrom. Trans. Am. Inst. Min. and Met. Engrs., Vol 195. 1952.
Well Drilling Manual. National Water Well. Dublin, Ohio. ISBN 0-318-15937-6
Well Drilling Operations. National Water Well. Dublin, Ohio. ISBN 0-318-23051-8
Well Site Geologists Handbook. Donald McPhater. Tulsa, Oklahoma. ISBN 0-87814-217
References-4