the prevention of external pipe corrosion, resulting from
also be determined by noting whether the effluent
certain surrounding soils, requires special consideration.
contains sand or fine gravel. When the condition of the
Where corrosive ground conditions are known to exist, a
sand bed shows that the wash water distribution is not
protective coating for buried pipe or piping made of
uniform or when sand is found in the filter effluent,
noncorrosive materials should be used.
complete removal and replacement of the filtering
b. Where internal corrosion of a piping system is of
medium usually are advisable.
such nature as to require corrective action, competent
advice should be obtained through qualified Facilities
15-17. FILTER REPAIRS.
Engineer personnel. Likewise, similar advice should be
Damaged filter element sleeves (cloths) are easily
obtained when algae and slime persist in the system.
replaced. It is advisable to have at least two
Only chemicals approved for use in potable water
replacement sleeves on hand. In the event that no
treatment processes are permissible and at prescribed
replacement is available, the filter element with the
dosages.
damaged sleeve should be removed from the tank, the
exposed manifold outlet plugged, and the filter unit
15-22. UNDERWATER LIGHTING.
returned to operation. The removed filter element will
The underwater pool lighting system will be inspected as
shorten the filter cleaning cycle, but operation can be
often as required to insure safe and proper operation.
maintained until a replacement sleeve becomes
Every 6 months the lighting system, including equipment
available.
grounding, will be tested with proper instruments to
insure compliance with Article 680, National Electrical
15-18. OPERATING AND REPAIR PROCEDURE FOR
Code. For pools which are closed seasonally, one of the
CHLORINE EQUIPMENT.
semiannual tests will be made prior to reopening of the
Many chlorine equipment failures and chlorine leaks can
pool. Deficiencies found will be corrected immediately.
be attributed to improper procedures in operation and
handling of chlorine valves. This item should receive first
15-23. OTHER ELECTRICAL FACILITIES.
attention in the training of pool operators who are to
Other electrical facilities for the pool, bathhouse, and
operate gas chlorinators. Chlorine cylinder valves are
equipment will be inspected in accordance with TM
specially designed and contain a fusible metal plug. This
plug is a safety device which softens and
15-4
TM 5-662
5-681. For pools which are closed seasonally a
pools. Deficiencies found will be corrected immediately.
complete inspection will be made prior to reopening of
the
15-5
TM 5-662
CHAPTER 16
RECORDS
16-4. VALVE INDEX.
16-1. POOL CONSTRUCTION DRAWINGS.
A listing of all valves and their normal status (open or
One set of as-built drawings showing plan, elevation, all
closed) will be posted in the equipment room for ready
details, and general information such as construction
reference by pool operators and maintenance personnel.
material specifications used in the facility are to be kept
on file with the Facilities Engineer.
16-5. MAINTENANCE RECORDS.
Preventive maintenance services are effective only if
16-2. PIPING DIAGRAMS.
careful, accurate, and timely records are kept of work
One general drawing of the entire piping layout (from
done. These records are necessary to certify that
freshwater inlet to drainage outlet) should be posted in
prescribed periodic servicing of equipment is being
the equipment room for ready reference by pool
accomplished by responsible personnel and thus insure
operators and maintenance personnel. Pool operators
that equipment is being properly maintained. Procedures
should study the drawing to become thoroughly familiar
for setting up and maintaining a preventive maintenance
with the piping system.
record card system are contained in TM 5-661. Consult
equipment manufacturers’ publications or the above
16-3. EQUIPMENT OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS.
manuals for recommended preventive maintenance
Copies of manufacturer’s equipment operating
intervals.
instruction manuals will be made available to pool
operators with additional copies retained in the Facilities
Engineer’s office.
16-1
TM 5-662
APPENDIX A
REFERENCES
1.
TB MED 575, Occupational and Environmental Health Swimming Pools and Bathing Facilities, June 1982.
2.
TM 5-682, Repair and Utilities Safety Electrical Facilities, October 1964.
3.
TM 5-660, Operation of Water Supply and Treatment Facilities at Fixed Army Installations, August 1984.
4.
TM 5-652, Steam, Hot Water and Gas Distribution Systems Repairs and Utilities, April 1947.
5.
TM 5-618, Paints and Protective Coatings, June 1981.
6.
TM 5-661, Water Supply Systems at Fixed Installations, September 1945.
7.
TM 5-681, Repairs and Utilities Preventive Maintenance for Electrical Facilities, Latest Edition.
8.
1981 National Electrical Code, Article 680, National Fire Preventive Association (NFPA) 9.
Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater (Latest Edition)
Source of Supply:
American Public Health Association
1015 Fifteenth Street NW
Washington, D.C. 20005
10.
FED. SPEC. TT-P-320, Pigment, Aluminum: Power and Paste for Paint, October 1977.
11.
FED. SPEC. TT-V-119, Varnish, SPAR, Phenolic-Resin, June 1977.
12.
MIL-P-12742C, Primer Coating: Phenolic, Water Immersible, January 1968.
A-1
TM 5-662
APPENDIX B
CHEMICAL OPERATIONAL PARAMETERS
These guidelines set forth the suggested operational parameters for the proper chemical treatment and maintenance of swimming pool waters. Except where specifically noted, they apply to indoor and outdoor pools, inground, on-ground, and above-ground pools. However, some above-ground pools may require somewhat higher chlorine concentrations, more frequent superchlorination, and more brushing or manual activity to maintain the proper pool water quality because of unusual contamination or other adverse conditions.
Chemical treatment alone will not produce sanitary pool water. A filtration system in proper operational condition is also required to attain sparkling clear, polished sanitary pool water.
A. DISINFECTANT LEVELS
MNIMUM
IDEAL
MAXIMUM
COMMENTS
1. Free chlorine, p/m
1.0
1.0-1.5
3.0
Note: Chlorine should be maintained at this level
continually. Super chlorinate regularly. See F-#3
below.
2. Combined chlorine, p/m
0.0
0.0
0.2
If combined chlorine is too high you may have:
*Sharp chlorinous odors
*Eye burn
*Algae growth
*Bacteria growth*
(*Combined chlorine is eliminated by superchlo-
rination.)
3. Bromine, p/m
0.8
1.5
3.0
Note: Health department officials should be con-
sulted before use.
4. Iodine, p/m
1.0
1.5
5.0
Note: Health department officials should be con-
(In-
suited before use. May discolor water.
cludes
Ineffective against algae.
all
forms)
B. CHEMICAL VALUES
1. pH
7.2
7.5
7.8
IfpHis:
TOO HIGH
TOO LOW
*Lowers chlorine
*Rapid dissipa-
effectiveness
of chlorine
*Scale formation
*Plaster/concrete
*Cloudy water
etching
*Increased chemical *Eye discomfort
demand
*Corrosion of metals
*Eye discomfort
2. Total alkalinity, as CaCO3,
80
100
200
If total alkalinity is:
p/m
TOO LOW
TOO HIGH
*pH bounce
*Cloudy water
*Corrosion tendency *Increased scaling po-
tential
*pH maintained too
high
B-1
TM 5-662
MNIMUM
IDEAL
MAXIMUM
COMMENTS
3. Undissolved solids, p/m
None
None
None
If undissolved solids are:
TOO HIGH
*Filter is not working
properly
*Unsightly water
4. Dissolved solids, p/m
300
1500
If dissolved solids are:
TOO LOW
TOO HIGH
*Total alka-
*Chlorine
linity may
may be less
be too low
effective
*Aggressive
*Scaling may
water
occur
*Freshwater should be
added to reduce solids
*Salty taste
*Dull water
*Chemical balance diffi-
cult to maintain
5. Hardness, p/m as CaCO3
50
125
800
If hardness is:
TOO LOW
TOO HIGH
*Plaster or
*Scaling may
concrete
occur
etching may
*Water has
occur
bad "feel"
*Corrosion
*Short filter runs
6. Copper, p/m
None
None
0.3
If copper content is:
TOO HIGH
*Staining may occur
*Water may discolor
*Chlorine dissipates
rapidly by decomposi-
tion
*Filter may plug
*May indicate pH too
low, corrosion, etc.
7. Iron, p/m
None
None
0.2
If iron content is:
TOO HIGH
*Staining may occur
*Water may discolor
*Chlorine dissipates
rapidly
*Filter may plug
C. BIOLOGICAL VALUES
1. Algae
None
None
None
If algae are observed:
Superchlorinate or shock treat pool
Supplement with brushing and vacuuming
Maintain adequate free chlorine residual
Use approved algicide according to label directions
2. Bacteria
None
None
Refer to
If bacteria count exceeds Health Department re-
local
quirements
health
Superchlorinate pool and follow proper mainte-
code
nance procedures
Maintain proper free chlorine residual
B-2
TM 5-662
MNIMUM
IDEAL
MAXIMUM
COMMENTS
D. STABILIZER
1. Cyanuric Acid
30
150:
If stabilizer:
except
TOO LOW
TOO HIGH
where lim- *Chlorine
*May exceed
ited by
residual
health
health de-
rapidly des-
department
partment
troyed by
regulations
require-
sunlight
ments
Note: Stabilizer is not
(often
needed in indoor pools
to 100
E. ALGICIDES
p/m)
1. Quaternary algaecides, p/m
1
3
5
Note: May not be permitted in public pool. Health
Department officials should be consulted. Quats
may be absorbed by the filter.
Quats may create a chlorine demand
Ineffective against some algae
May cause foaming
2. Mercury-based algaecides
None
None
None
Note: Mercurials have been banned by the U.S. En-
vironmental Protection Agency because of toxic-
ity hazard.
3. Copper-based algaecides
0.1
0.2
0.3
Note: Ineffective against some algae. Health De-
(nonchelated), p/m
partment officials should be consulted before using.
May contribute to staining.
4. Copper-based algaecides
0.1
1.0
3.0
Note: See Note #3 above.
(chelated), p/m
F. REMEDIAL PRACTICES
1. Superchlorination frequency
Monthly
When
Weekly
Note: Some high use spas and pools may need su-
com-
perchlorination three times a week or more.
bined
chlo
rine is
0.2
p/m or
more
2. Required superchlorination
5
10
-
chlorine, p/m
3. Required shock treatment
10
-
-
chlorine, p/m
4. Floccing frequency
-
When
-
Note: Floc only to maintain water clarity and sup-
needed
plement filtration.
G. TEMPERATURE
1. Temperature, F
Bather
82
95
If temperature is:
prefer-
TOO LOW
TOO HIGH
ence
*Bather dis-
*Excessive fuel
comfort
requirement
*Increased evaporation
*Bather discomfort
*Increased scaling po-
tential
*Increased use of chlo
rine
B-3
TM 5-662
MNIMUM
IDEAL
MAXIMUM
COMMENTS
H. WATER CLARITY
1. Water turbidity,
0
0.5 or
1.0
If water turbidity is:
Jackson Turbidity
less
TOO HIGH
Units
*Chlorine level may be
too low
*Filtration system may
be inoperative
*Too turbid water may
inhibit the effective-
ness of lifeguards be
cause of reduced visi-
bility.
B-4
TM 5-662
APPENDIX C
MEASUREMENT OF RESIDUAL CHLORINE
(N, N-DIETHYL-P-PHENYLENEDIAMINE (DPD) METHOD)
C.1 GENERAL.
(3)
Retain this test sample if the dichloramine
The instructions for the LaMotte-Palin DPD ChlorinepH
determination is to be made.
test kit are provided below. Instructions are keyed to this
c. Dichloramine and total residual chlorine: (1) To
kit because of its applicability to swimming pool
the test sample from step B2b(3) above, add one DPD
monitoring for pH and chlorine residuals. Other kits can
No. 3 tablet. Cap the test tube and shake to dissolve.
be utilized in lieu of this recommended kit; consult
(2)
Compare the resulting color with the color
manufacturers’ specific instructions as required. The
standards and identify this as Reading C. The increase
installation medical authority must approve the use of
in color over Reading B is due to dichloramine. Thus,
other kits. The above kit can be ordered using the
Reading C minus Reading B equals dichloramine
nomenclature in paragraph B.7. Field test kits can be
content.
used for testing other operational parameters (e.g.,
(3)
Reading C also represents the total
alkalinity). Consult manufacturers for information on
residual chlorine content.
these items. Generally, free available chlorine will be the
only necessary chlorine test. Other methods are
C.3 PROCEDURE II: FREE AVAILABLE CHLORINE,
presented to be utilized only if necessary (e.g., when free
COMBINED CHLORINE AND TOTAL RESIDUAL
available chlorine drops off or is nondetectable).
CHLORINE.
a. Free available chlorine. Follow steps B2a(1)
C.2 PROCEDURE I: FREE AVAILABLE CHLORINE,
through (5) above. This is Reading A. Retain the test
MONOCHLORAMINE, DICHLORAMINE, AND TOTAL
sample for the combined determination.
RESIDUAL CHLORINE.
b. Combined chlorine and total residual chlorine:
a. Free available chlorine:
(1)
To the test sample from B3a above, add
(1)
Rinse the test tube with the test sample,
one DPD No. 3 tablet, cap, and shake to dissolve.
then fill to the mark.
(2)
Compare the resulting color to the color
(2)
Add one DPD No. 1 rapid-dissolving
standards and identify this as Reading C. Any increase
tablet.
in color over Reading A is due to combined chlorine
(3)
Cap the test tube and shake to dissolve
(monochloramine plus dichloramine). Thus, Reading C
the tablet.
minus Reading A equals combined chlorine content.
(3)
Reading C also represents the total
NOTE
residual chlorine content.
All comparator readings should be made in
direct light with a sunlight background.
C.4 PROCEDURE III: TOTAL RESIDUAL CHLORINE.
The DPD No. 4 tablet provides a one-step determination
(4)
Immediately insert the test tube in the
for total residual chlorine and is used where it is not
comparator and match the color of the sample with the
necessary to distinguish the separate chlorine fractions.
color standards. Color matching should be completed
a. Rinse the test tube with the test sample, then fill
within 1 minute from the addition of the DPD No. 1
to the mark.
tablet. This is the free available chlorine concentration of
b. Add one DPD No. 4 tablet, cap, and shake to
the test sample. Identify this as Reading A.
dissolve.
(5)
Retain this test sample if the
c. Compare the resulting color with the color
monochloramine determination is to be made.
standards. This reading represents the total residual
b. Monochloramine.
chlorine content.
(1)
To the test sample from step B2a(5)
above, add one DPD No. 2 tablet. Cap the test tube and
NOTE
shake to dissolve.
In situations where total residual chlorine
(2)
Compare the resulting color with the color
values of more than 6.0 p/m are
standards and identify this as Reading B. Any increase
encountered, the test sample should be
in color over Reading A is due to monochloramine.
diluted with one or
Thus, Reading B minus Reading A equals
monchloramine content.
C-1
TM 5-662
two times the sample amount with chlorine free
d. Avoid prolonged exposure of all test reagents to
water to bring the chlorine concentration within
direct sunlight.
the test range of the Octet comparator. The test
e. Avoid extreme high temperatures and protect all
result is then multiplied by the appropriate factor.
test components from freezing.
For example, if one part test sample is diluted by
f. Anticipate requirements for replacement
one part chlorine free water, the test result is
reagents.
multiplied by a factor of two.
g. Keep the reagent containers locked up in a
cabinet.
C.5 PROCEDURE IV: pH TEST.
The Lamotte-Palin Phenol Red Indicator Tablet contains
C.7 EQUIPMENT.
Halidex that eliminates the bleaching effect of chlorine or
If new equipment kits are needed, or available
bromine on the pH indicator dye. No additional treatment
equipment is not adequate, DPD chlorine residual kits
is required when the halogen level is below 8.0 p/m.
should be ordered using the following information:
a. Rinse the test tube with the sample, then fill it to
a. NSN 6630-027-3914, COMPARATOR, COLOR,
the mark.
Chlorine and pH Determination, DPD Method. Kit
b. Add one LaMotte-Palin Phenol Red Indicator
contains tablets for determining the presence of free
Tablet, cap, and gently shake to dissolve.
chlorine, monochloramine, dichloramine, total chlorine
c. Immediately insert tube in comparator to obtain
residual and pH. Cost: $59.95. This kit may be deleted
color match. If the test sample color is in between two
from the Federal Supply System, however, it will be
standard colors, the midpoint between the two standard
available by local purchase from the LaMotte Chemical
values is taken as the value of the sample.
Products Co., Box 329, Chestertown, MD 21620,
telephone: 301-778-3100, as Model No. LP-8, Code
C.6 PRECAUTIONS FOR USE OF TESTING
6980.
EQUIPMENT.
b. Installation personnel must order this kit through
The following suggestions are made in order to obtain
supply procedur