FM 3-16 (FM 100-8)
The Army in Multinational Operations
May
2010
DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.
Headquarters, Department of the Army
Foreword
Multinational operations have become the standard for engagement worldwide. From the Army’s beginnings in the revolution through most of the 20th century and into the 21st century, we’ve seen the complexity of operations magnified by the increasing numbers of nations committing resources for the cause of stability and peace in the world. Commanders at all levels must be skilled at dealing with these multinational partners.
Standardization of multinational doctrine serves as the touchstone for our engagement strategy.
Although we have made great strides in achieving some levels of standardization in doctrine in organizations like the Combined Forces Command, the United Nations, North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), and the American, British, Canadian, Australian, and New Zealand Armies Program (ABCA)--many of our newer partners do not belong to these organizations. This manual provides the multinational doctrine you need to be successful no matter how young or enduring the alliance.
Each coalition brings its own challenges. Those challenges entail not only new missions, conditions, and environment, but also include a new make-up of partners. Commanders must deal with cultural issues, different languages, interoperability challenges, national caveats on the use respective forces, and a typically underdeveloped command and control structure. In this era of persistent conflict and uncertainty the Army must be prepared to operate with a multitude of multinational partners. This manual is designed to assist you as you face and overcome those challenges.
WALTER L. SHARP
General, U.S. Army
Commander
UNC/CFC/USFK
This publication is available at
Army Knowledge Online (www.us.army.mil) and
General Dennis J. Reimer Training and Doctrine
Digital Library at www.train.army.mil.
*FM 3-16 (FM 100-8)
Field Manual
Headquarters
No. 3-16 (100-8)
Department of the Army
Washington, DC, 20 May 2010
The Army in Multinational Operations
Contents
Page
PREFACE
..............................................................................................................
v
INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... vi Chapter 1
FUNDAMENTALS .............................................................................................. 1-1
Multinational Forces ........................................................................................... 1-1
Multinational Operations ..................................................................................... 1-2
Mutual Confidence .............................................................................................. 1-2
Chapter 2
COMMAND AND CONTROL ............................................................................. 2-1
Command Structure ........................................................................................... 2-2
Command Jurisdiction ........................................................................................ 2-9
Unity of Effort ...................................................................................................... 2-9
National Interests ................................................................................................ 2-9
Command Authority .......................................................................................... 2-10
NATO Operations ............................................................................................. 2-10
CFC/USFK Operations ..................................................................................... 2-10
Control .............................................................................................................. 2-12
C2 Interoperability ............................................................................................ 2-14
Cooperation and Coordination ......................................................................... 2-14
Staffing .............................................................................................................. 2-15
Establishing Communications .......................................................................... 2-22
Checklist ........................................................................................................... 2-23
Chapter 3
PERSONNEL ..................................................................................................... 3-1
G-1 or S-1 (Personnel) ....................................................................................... 3-1
Legal Considerations .......................................................................................... 3-3
Environmental Considerations ........................................................................... 3-8
Checklist ............................................................................................................. 3-9
Chapter 4
INTELLIGENCE ................................................................................................. 4-1
Planning Operations ........................................................................................... 4-1
Communications and Processing ....................................................................... 4-1
Effective Coordination ........................................................................................ 4-2
Distribution Restriction: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.
*This publication supersedes FM 100-8, 24 November 1997.
i
Contents
Support to Stability Operations ........................................................................... 4-2
Information Versus Intelligence .......................................................................... 4-3
Checklist .............................................................................................................. 4-5
Chapter 5
OPERATIONS AND PLANNING ....................................................................... 5-1
Plan Early ............................................................................................................ 5-1
Force Projection .................................................................................................. 5-2
Mission Focus ..................................................................................................... 5-2
Commander’s Intent ............................................................................................ 5-2
Transfer of Authority ........................................................................................... 5-2
Planning Group ................................................................................................... 5-3
Transition Planning ............................................................................................. 5-3
Types of Transitions ............................................................................................ 5-4
Training ............................................................................................................... 5-4
Checklist .............................................................................................................. 5-7
Chapter 6
LOGISTICS ......................................................................................................... 6-1
Unity of Effort ...................................................................................................... 6-1
Responsibility ...................................................................................................... 6-1
Planning .............................................................................................................. 6-2
Host-Nation Support ........................................................................................... 6-3
Acquisition and Cross-Servicing Agreements .................................................... 6-5
Contracting .......................................................................................................... 6-6
Role Specialization ............................................................................................. 6-7
Organization ........................................................................................................ 6-7
Transportation ..................................................................................................... 6-9
Waste and Disposal Plans .................................................................................. 6-9
United Nations System ....................................................................................... 6-9
Movement ......................................................................................................... 6-10
Checklist ............................................................................................................ 6-13
Chapter 7
ARMY INFORMATION TASKS .......................................................................... 7-1
Multinational Force Army Information Tasks ...................................................... 7-1
Checklist .............................................................................................................. 7-3
Chapter 8
PROTECTION ..................................................................................................... 8-1
Assymetric Threats ............................................................................................. 8-1
Potential for Fratricide ......................................................................................... 8-1
Principles ............................................................................................................. 8-1
Concept ............................................................................................................... 8-2
Nonmilitary Agencies .......................................................................................... 8-3
Constituents ........................................................................................................ 8-4
Command and Control ........................................................................................ 8-6
Checklist .............................................................................................................. 8-7
Chapter 9
CIVIL AFFAIRS OPERATIONS ......................................................................... 9-1
Purpose ............................................................................................................... 9-2
Definitions and Terminology ............................................................................... 9-2
Cooperation ......................................................................................................... 9-2
Functions ............................................................................................................. 9-2
Guidelines ........................................................................................................... 9-3
Principles ............................................................................................................. 9-3
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FM 3-16
20 May 2010
Contents
Legal Parameters ............................................................................................... 9-5
Key Factors ........................................................................................................ 9-5
Administration in Hostile or Occupied Territory .................................................. 9-6
Key Civil Affairs Operations Organizations ........................................................ 9-6
Principles of Humanitarian Action ...................................................................... 9-7
Relationships Among Civil Organizations, Governments, and the Military ........ 9-9
Organizational Structure. .................................................................................. 9-11
Military Support to the Civilian Community....................................................... 9-13
Military Planning ............................................................................................... 9-14
Lessons Learned .............................................................................................. 9-16
Checklist ........................................................................................................... 9-17
Chapter 10
FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT ........................................................................... 10-1
Resource Manager (Comptroller) ..................................................................... 10-1
Resourcing Guidance ....................................................................................... 10-2
Funding and Control Processes ....................................................................... 10-3
Reimbursement Procedures ............................................................................. 10-4
Checklist ........................................................................................................... 10-5
Chapter 11
HEALTH SERVICE SUPPORT ........................................................................ 11-1
Principles .......................................................................................................... 11-1
Medical Staff ..................................................................................................... 11-1
Command Surgeon .......................................................................................... 11-2
Command and Control ..................................................................................... 11-3
Planning ............................................................................................................ 11-3
Threat Assessment........................................................................................... 11-4
Policies and Issues ........................................................................................... 11-4
Countermeasures ............................................................................................. 11-5
Standards of Care ............................................................................................ 11-6
Required Capabilities ....................................................................................... 11-6
Checklist ........................................................................................................... 11-7
Chapter 12
OTHER CONSIDERATIONS ........................................................................... 12-1
Fire Support ...................................................................................................... 12-1
Engineers ......................................................................................................... 12-1
Engineer Support .............................................................................................. 12-3
Interoperability and Standardization ................................................................. 12-5
Checklist ........................................................................................................... 12-6
Chapter 13
MARITIME OPERATIONS ............................................................................... 13-1
Characteristics .................................................................................................. 13-1
Employment of Maritime Forces ....................................................................... 13-2
Maritime Constabulary Functions ..................................................................... 13-3
Operations in Wartime ...................................................................................... 13-4
Checklist ........................................................................................................... 13-5
Chapter 14
AIR OPERATIONS ........................................................................................... 14-1
Multinational Air Component Commander ....................................................... 14-1
Air Defense ....................................................................................................... 14-3
Missile Defense ................................................................................................ 14-3
Checklist ........................................................................................................... 14-4
20 May 2010
FM 3-16
iii
Contents
Appendix A
CAPABILITIES .................................................................................................. A-1
Appendix B
THREAT ASSESSMENT ................................................................................... B-1
Appendix C
CIVIL AFFAIRS OPERATIONS ESTIMATE ..................................................... C-1
Appendix D
PROTECTION MEASURES .............................................................................. D-1
GLOSSARY
.......................................................................................... Glossary-1
REFERENCES
.................................................................................. References-1
INDEX
.........................................................................................................
Index-1
Figures
Introductory Figure 1. Coalition building .................................................................................. vii Figure 2-1. Generic multinational command structure ........................................................... 2-1
Figure 2-2. UN sanctioned and authorized-lead nation led ................................................... 2-3
Figure 2-3. UN sponsored and mandated-UN led ................................................................. 2-3
Figure 2-4. Force structure concept with a lead nation ......................................................... 2-4
Figure 2-5. U.S. as a lead nation ........................................................................................... 2-5
Figure 2-6. Combination command structure: lead nation and parallel ................................. 2-6
Figure 2-7. Integrated command structure ............................................................................ 2-7
Figure 2-8. ARRC................................................................................................................... 2-8
Figure 2-9. Combined Forces Command (Korea) ................................................................. 2-8
Figure 2-10. Comparison of command authority ................................................................. 2-11
Figure 6-1. Host-nation considerations .................................................................................. 6-4
Figure 8-1. Protection process diagram ................................................................................. 8-3
Figure C-1. Contents of CAO (CMO) annex. ......................................................................... C-1
Tables
Table 2-1. Preferred ranks for LNOs by unit ........................................................................ 2-13
Table 2-2. Possible staff liaison requirements ..................................................................... 2-13
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FM 3-16
20 May 2010
Preface
This manual provides a guide for Army commanders and staffs operating in a multinational environment. It applies across the full spectrum of military operations. It provides general information on important topics necessary for conducting multinational operations. However, it also lists questions that multinational partners need to address to improve their mission effectiveness and efficiency. Every multinational operation differs.
The purpose, character, capabilities, composition, and scope of a multinational operation are functions of changing missions. These missions are magnified by the complexities of two or more armies operating together.
Each member nation brings its own view and methods of operations.
This manual blends key points of Joint Publication (JP) 3-16 into its approach to ensure consideration by Army elements of a joint force. It addresses the Army's roles and functions within a multinational operation. The focus is on responsibilities for conducting operations as part of a multinational force. It also addresses multinational leadership and provides examples of possible command relationships. Finally, it addresses planning considerations of the multinational commanders and their staffs. Information contained herein will help other national forces and other services plan and conduct multinational operations with U.S. Army forces.
Commanders must recognize those areas within multinational control and those areas under national control.
This is a key issue that crosses all functions. Recognizing this issue will enable commanders and their staffs to focus on important issues. It will enable them to function more effectively and efficiently. Multinational partners conduct multinational operations to prevent, contain, or resolve conflicts that may pose threats to common national interests. This manual provides a handy reference of fundamental issues and interfaces that must be addressed to promote a successful multinational operation.
While North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and the American, British, Canadian, Australian Armies Program (ABCA) have achieved some levels of standardization in certain areas, no comprehensive common doctrine exists between the armies. This manual does not fill this gap. It will, however, assist the multinational commander in understanding and developing solutions to create an effective fighting force. This manual incorporates selected information from NATO standardization agreements (STANAGs) and ABCA standards.
However, it does not reproduce these documents. This manual does not repeat staff planning procedures or the military decisionmaking process. It does include some of the differences in doctrine, tactics, techniques, and procedures of selected nations with which the United States has operated on numerous occasions.
This manual takes into account the full continuum of operations and varying political objectives, force compositions, operating areas, and other factors. It also considers some general similarities in multinational operations. Because of varying compositions and varying political objectives, consensus is extremely difficult to obtain. Harmonization of the multinational force is critical to ensure unity of effort.
The primary audience for this manual is commanders of ARFORs, Army Service component commanders, and other senior leaders and their staffs. This manual will also assist Army branch schools teach multinational Army operations. This publication applies to the Active Army, the Army National Guard (ARNG)/Army National Guard of the United States (ARNGUS), and the United States Army Reserve (USAR) unless otherwise stated.
The proponent for this publication is Headquarters, United States Army Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC). The preparing agency is the Combined Arms Doctrine Directorate, U.S. Army Combined Arms Center. Send written comments and recommendations on Department of the Army (DA) Form 2028
(Recommended Changes to Publications and Blank Forms) directly to: Commander, U.S. Army Combined Arms