(2013). The effects of religious sym-
bols in product packaging on Muslim
The authors would like to extend
consumer responses. Australasian
their gratitude to Captain Zakaria Kaman
Marketing Journal, 21, 198-204.
Tasha at Sri Lovely Farm; Noor Azian
Bearler, R.C., and Willits, F.K. (1968).
Mohamad and Siti Noor Ashikin Abd
Worries and non-worries among con-
Latif at UUM for their assistance and
sumers about farmers use of pesti-
support to complete this study.
cides. Journal of consumer Affairs, 2,
189.
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laysia. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms
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ISBN: 978-967-14475-3-6; eISBN: 978-967-14475-2-9 385
Biotechnology for Sustainability
Achievements, Challenges and Perspectives
Biotech Sustainability (2017), P386-397
Biotechnological Approaches: Sustaining Sugarcane
Productivity and Yield
Ashutosh Kumar Mall and Varucha Misra*
ICAR-Indian Institute of Sugarcane Research, Lucknow- 226 002, Uttar Pradesh, India;
*Correspondence: Ashutosh.Mall@icar.gov.in / misra.varucha@gmail.com; Tel: +91 522-
2480726
Abstract: Biotechnology is an important field of science which is playing a vital role in
agriculture and other domains. The idea of creating new hybrid varieties is not new; how-
ever, earlier this process was possible only in close species associated with each other. With
the use of biotechnological techniques, it is now possible even in species which are not
closely associated. Sugarcane crop is also not left untouched by this field of science. It has
paved a new way for improving the cane production and productivity. It even helps in en-
hancing the sucrose content of the crop. Sugarcane researchers have achieved success in
several aspects with the use of these techniques like developing high yielding cane varie-
ties; enhance accumulation of sucrose content in cane stalks, etc. Although there are still
certain constrains which have yet not be solved in this crop but the way field of biotechnol-
ogy is developing, it is not far that these constrains will also be overcome. In this article we
are highlighting the usefulness and potential of biotechnology approaches to boost the sug-
arcane productivity and yield for the sustainability.
Keywords: Abiotic stress; high yielding; productivity; sugarcane
1. Introduction
this new field of science as a tool, re-
searches specialized in plant breeding can
Sugarcane is a crop that imparts
able to produce better crops. The technol-
sweetness to human’s life. It is a major
ogies used in this field have the capability
sugar producing crop that contributes to
to transfer and alleviate a single gene/or
more than 70 per cent for production of
number of genes of desired trait rather
sugar. It covers an area of around 3.8 mil-
than thousand of genes from one species
lion hectares with an annual cane produc-
to the other one (Nel, 2009).
tion of around 270 mt. 2.8 per cent of the
Biotechnological approaches in
cultivated land area is occupied by this
the plant kingdom has been playing sig-
crop and in respect to agricultural produc-
nificant role from past many decades.
tion about 7.5 per cent is contributed by
This field of science had encompassed the
this crop to India. In India, 42.02 (%) and
magnificent genetic engineering devel-
57.98 (%) is contributed to sugarcane area
opments within itself in several folds. The
in tropical and sub-tropical zone, respec-
crops obtained from such methods have
tively, while in terms of production it is
been known to be the latest technological
48.58 (%) and 51.42 (%), respectively
approaches that had helped in boosting up
(Shukla et al., 2016). It is well known that
the production of food to a great extent.
this crop is a major source of food as well
These transgenic crops had many benefi-
as fuel production. The new field of bio-
ciary points like easier application of
technology has the power of improving
herbicide and that too in very low levels
cane production as well as yield. Using
as per the normal practices which in turn
ISBN: 978-967-14475-3-6; eISBN: 978-967-14475-2-9 386
Biotech Approaches for Sustainable Sugarcane Productivity Mall and Misra helps in reducing the cost of production
Another most important constrain is the
as well as in overcoming the environmen-
time required for a new variety to develop
tal pollution (Baker and Pretson, 2003). In
and commercialize that generally takes a
case of sugarcane crop, on worldwide ba-
long time of 12-15 years. As mentioned
sis there is high pressure to augment cane
before that biotechnology helps in trans-
productivity for sustaining the profits of
ferring a desired trait of gene from one
sugar mills (Halon et al., 2000). In this
plant to other so in case of sugarcane
regards, various sugarcane researchers
crop, there is certain desired traits which
have been showing effort in developing
would not be able to introduced into it
new hybrid cane varieties that posses high
through the normal plant breeding meth-
yield and high sugar contents under con-
ods. The victory of improving the crop
ventional breeding programmes of sugar-
production by biotechnological tools lies
cane at different institutes. With the use
in the high levels of the trans-gene ex-
of these approaches, new cultivars are
pression. In this aspect, promoters have
being able to develop which possess high
been identified in driving the high levels
sugar content, better ability of ratooning
of gene expression in transgenic sugar-
as well as resistance towards various dis-
cane, particularly in stem and leaves. The
eases. These newer techniques and meth-
first identified promoter was obtained
odology have paved new way in the field
from Cestrum yellow leaf curling virus
of breeding for improving varieties and
which impels the elevated level of consti-
also helped in rapid multiplication of the-
tutive trans-gene expression significantly
se varieties. A common breeding con-
higher than the ones obtained by the
strain in developing new varieties is its
maize polyubiquitin- 1 ( Zm- Ubi1) promot-
slow multiplication rate as well as its rap-
er (a well known benchmark). Another
id spread. This creates a problem in not
identified
promoter
was
the
fulfilling the seed requirement of the new-
maize phosphonenolpyruvate
carbox-
ly developed varieties, biotechnology in
ylate promoter which facilitates the ex-
this aspect, had helped in faster multipli-
pression levels, particularly in the leaf
cation of new varieties (Source access:
region of sugarcane, compared to Zm-
http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstrea
Ubi1. By the process of gene modifica-
m/10603/42274/7/07_chapter%202.pdf,
tion, the transgenic expression was en-
3.05.2017).
hanced by approximately 50-fold for bet-
ter cane production (Kinkema et al.,
2. Biotechnological achievements
2014). Bower and Birch (1992) had
achieved success in the sugarcane trans-
2.1. In improving cane production
formation trailing with the development
Being a major food and fuel
of micro-projectile system. Some studies
source all over the world, biotechnology
had showed improved resistance in de-
in this regard has the power for improving
veloping a transgenic sugarcane crop to-
the economically important traits in this
wards micro-organisms acting as patho-
crop. The key approach in improving
gens (Joyce et al., 1998a, b; Ingelbrecht et
sugarcane production lies in the classical
al., 1999; Zhang et al., 1999; Gilbert et
plant breeding method but plant breeders
al. 2005;), towards pests like stem borer
always encounter difficulty in this regard
(Arencibia et al., 1999; Braga et al.,
as cane genome is highly complex and
2003) and towards herbicide (Gallo-
possess narrow genetic base (Roach,
Meagher and Irvine, 1996; Enriquez-
1989; Lima et al., 2002). The biotechno-
Obregon et al., 1998).
logical approaches had successfully im-
The use of techniques of genetic
proved cane production especially the in-
engineering in the past two decades by
ter-specific Saccharum officinarium and
plant breeders had caused transmission of
S. spontaneous hybrids (Usman, 2015).
noble gene into the plant for developing
ISBN: 978-967-14475-3-6; eISBN: 978-967-14475-2-9 387
Biotech Approaches for Sustainable Sugarcane Productivity Mall and Misra better characteristics in them. The tech-raise and secondly cost of production will
nique involves insertion of foreign genes
be reduced (Shanthi, 2016).
into the p