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© 2017 by the authors. Licensee,Editors and AIMST University, Malay-
sia. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and
conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
ISBN: 978-967-14475-3-6; eISBN: 978-967-14475-2-9 357
Biotechnology for Sustainability
Achievements, Challenges and Perspectives
Biotech Sustainability (2017), P358-375
Promiscuous Rhizobia: A Potential Tool to Enhance
Agricultural Crops Productivity
Ikbal1, Prasad Minakshi1,*, Basanti Brar1, Upendra Pradeep Lambe1, Manimegalai
Jyothi1, Koushlesh Ranjan2, Deepika3, Virendra Sikka4 and Gaya Prasad5
1Department of Animal Biotechnology, LUVAS, Hisar, Haryana, 125004, India;
2Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, SVPUAT, Meerut, 250110, Uttar
Pradesh, India; 3Department of Botany and Plant physiology, CCSHAU Hisar, 125004,
Haryana, India; Department of Molecular Biology, Biotechnology & Bioinformatics ,
CCSHAU Hisar, 125004, Haryana, India; 5SVPUAT, Meerut, 250110, Uttar Pradesh, In-
dia; *Correspondence: minakshi.abt@gmail.com / minakshi.abt@luvas.edu.in; Tel: +91
9992923330
Abstract: Rhizobium-legume symbiosis is a complex and regulated association between
plant and bacteria. This symbiosis is under the coordinated and tight regulation of several
species specific (symbiosis related) genes of bacterium and respective host plant. Thus, rhi-
zobia require action of several classes of specific genes for the formation of an effective
symbiosis and dictate the host range. Other nod genes mediate the „decoration‟ of the core
signaling compounds with various substituents and make them host- specific. But, there are
some reports that highlight that the rhizobia can infect non-legume plants. The signaling
compounds are responsible for the effective symbiosis; however, there are several other
factors which influence symbiosis and needs to be discovered. Certain modifications in the
signaling molecules can cause changes in legume host range. Genetic exchange and rear-
rangement among heterologous Rhizobium spp. leading to broadening of host range and
become promiscuous. Such type of rhizobia having broad host range and could be benefi-
cial for the agricultural practices; because, choosing the correct inoculant group for a par-
ticular legume host is difficult for effective nodulation. Most of the commercially available
strains are known to have a very narrow host range. Promiscuous Rhizobium strains for
greater symbiotic association and ability to infect across strict host specificity would be of
greater importance for the farming community. Farmers can enhance Biological Nitrogen
Fixation by inoculating such correct rhizobia to their legume crops. The potential of this
system is appealing because the whole world is seeking to adopt the organic farming. This
could provide an alternate method to improve the soil fertility and could boost the agricul-
tural sustainability.
Keywords: Biofertilizer; nitrogen fixation; promiscous; Rhizobium
1. Introduction
system ever studied, involves bacteria
( Rhizobium) and legume plants. The es-
Biological nitrogen fixation occurs
tablishment of symbiosis involves several
mainly through symbiotic association of
signaling molecules exchange between
plants with N2-fixing microorganisms
bacteria and host plant. These molecules
(Shiferaw et al., 2004). BNF supply ni-
are regulated by several nod genes and
trogen more than 2x1013 g/year to the
work in coordinated manner (Cohn et al.,
world agriculture system (Falkowski,
1998; Long, 1996). In a successful sym-
1997). It is one of the most economically
biosis rhizobia colonize on roots of host
ISBN: 978-967-14475-3-6; eISBN: 978-967-14475-2-9 358
Promiscuous Rhizobia and its Potential to Enhance Crops Productivity Ikbal et al.
plants and elicit the nodule formation
ers. The Bio-fertilizers are bacteria, algae
where they colonize and differentiate into
and fungi and may broadly be classified
non-dividing
endocellular
symbionts.
into two categories viz. Nitrogen fixing
These symbionts convert atmospheric di-
like Rhizobium, Azotobactor, Azospiri-
nitrogen into NH3 through the induction
lum, Acetobacter, Blue Green Algae and
of the nitrogenase complex (Patriarca et
Azola
and
Phosphorous
solubilis-
al., 2002). Rhizobium species have been
ers/mobilisers like PSM and Mycorrizae
successfully used worldwide as a bio-
(Figure 3). Rhizobia and legumes estab-
inoculant leading to effective establish-
lish a mutualistic symbiosis. Host speci-
ment of nitrogen fixing symbiosis with
ficity is an important characteristic of
leguminous crop plants (Miller et al.,
symbiosis, where specific species of rhi-
2007). Nitrogen applied as fertilizers usu-
zobia forms nodules on defined legumes
ally provides high yields to plants. There-
(Ampomah et al., 2008). Rhizobia cur-
fore efficient monitoring of biological ni-
rently consist of 61 species belonging to
trogen fixation and status of chemical fer-
13 different genera, namely Rhizobium,
tilizers are essential to balance the yield
Bradyrhizobium, Mesorhizobium, Azorhi-
of crops and need to minimize environ-
zobium, Allorhizobium, Sinorhizobium,
mental pollution, especially water and soil
Methylobacterium,
Cupriavidus,
quality (Jaynes et al., 2001). The role of
Burkholdera, Devosia, Ochrobactrum,
BNF, especially in legumes, is well estab-
Herbaspirullum and Phyllobacterium.