the human condition as supplemen-
mal laborans as servant of, 139; and
tary, 9; of interests, 182; money as
God as watch and watchmaker, 297;
objective, 57; private realm as de-
as growth and decay, 97-98; and his-
prived of, 58; of Royal Society,
tory, 185; for homo faber, 135, 155;
271n.26; thing-character of the
labor and cyclical movement of,
world, 9, 93-96
98-100, 98n; life within cyclical
object/subject split, 312-13
movement of, 96; natural processes,
ochlocracy, 203
150-51; physis, 15, 150; as process,
Oedipus, 193n.l8
296-97, 296n.61; science as making,
Old Testament: Genesis, 8, 8n, 107n,
231-32, 295; state of nature, 32;
139n; on labor and death, 107, 107n;
work as destructive for, 100, 139,
on man's role in creation, 139n
153. See also human nature
oligarchy, 222
Naville, Pierre, 98n
omnipotence, 202
necessity: as driving force of life,
one-man rule. See monarchy
70-71; emancipation of labor as
oracles, 182, 182n.7
emancipation from, 131; and free-
original sin, 310
dom, 70, 71; freedom as supplanting
Osiander of Nuremberg, 260n,12
for Marx, 104; freedom conceived in
Otanes, 32n.22
terms of, 121; freedom luring people
otherness, 176
into, 234; household community
otherworldliness, 76-77', 320
as born of, 30; labor as slavery to,
otiosity, 317, 318n.83
83-84; modern age as forcing all
ownership, collective, 256, 257
men under yoke of, 130; modern age
as triumphing over, 134; political ac-
pain: Bentham's calculus of, 309-11; in
tivity reduced to, 85, 314; private
birth, 115, 121; happiness as absence
realm associated with, 73; short dura-
of, 112-15, 113n.61; labor associated
tion of necessities of subsistence, 96,
with, 48, 48n.39, 80n.3, 81n.5; pri-
100; torture compared with natural,
vacy of, 50-51, 51n.43
129
Paine, Thomas, 110n.54
Nepos, Cornelius, 23n.3
painting, 82n, 93
Newton, Isaac, 258, 264, 265, 272
Park, M. E., 66n.70
Nicholas of Cusa, 258. 260
Pascal, Blaise, 276n, 293, 319
Nietzsche, Friedrich: on cogtto argu-
passive resistance, 201
ment, 280n.40; on eternal recur-
paterfamilias, 27, 28n
rence, 97; on life as creator of values,
patriarchs, Old Testament, 107
117; life philosophy of, 313n; on
Paul, St., 8n, 314-15, 316-17
man's ignorance of motives and con-
peasants, 83n.9
sequences, 233n; on modern philoso-
Peisistratus, 221
phy as school of suspicion, 260; phi-
penates, 30
losophy as revaluation, 293; on
people's councils, 216, 216n
promising, 245, 245n; on reckoning,
Periandros, 221
172; and tradition of Western politi-
Pericles, 133, 188n.l4, 197, 205-6,
cal thought, 17; on will to power,
2Q5n
203, 204n, 245n
Persians, 18n, 43
Nitti, E, 127n
personal identity, 179, 193
[ 341 ]
Index
peupk, fe, 219, 219n
224, 227n.69, 237-38; on slaves' nat-
phenomenological existentialism, 272
ural slavishness, 36n.30, 316; on
Phidias, 93n.3O
speech and truth, 178n; on thought
philosopher-king, 221, 224, 226, 227,
as inner dialogue, 76, 291; on treat-
229n
ment of slaves, 34n.37; on two
philosophy: the body as resented in,
modes of action, 222-23; on wonder
16n.l5; declining influence of, 294;
as beginning of philosophy, 302,
Descartes in modern, 271-72, 273;
3O2n. See also ideas, Platonic
Descartes on his predecessors',
play, labor opposed to, 127-28, 127n
249n; dialectic, 26n.9; life philoso-
pleasure: Bentham's calculus of,
phies, 117, 172, 311-12, 313n; as
309-11; hedonism, 51 n.43, 112-13,
love of beauty, 226; as love of wis-
309-11
dom, 75; in the Roman Republic,
Plinius, 12 On
59; and science, 272, 290, 294, 313;
plurality: action's calamities arising
the self as concern of modern, 254;
from, 220; as condition of action, 7,
as series of reversals, 292-93; sub-
8; as condition of politics, 7—8; de-
jectivism of modern, 272; and theol-
struction of, 58; forgiving and prom-
ogy, 291; tradition opposed by mod-
ising as dependent on, 237; monar-
ern, 276; utility principle in modern,
chy as salvation from, 221; otherness
306; wonder as origin of, 273, 302,
as aspect of, 176; space of appear-
3O2n. See also political philosophy;
ance as depending on, 220; and
and philosophers and doctrines by name
speech, 178; twofold character of,
physiocrats, 87n.l6
175-76; as weakness, 234
physis: in etymology of "nature," 150; no-
Plutarch, 30
tnos contrasted with, 15. See also
poetry, 39, 169-70, 170n, 196, 242n.81
nature
poilsis: affinity with theoria, 301; as mak-
piety, 75n
ing, 195. See also fabrication
Pindar, 63n.61
polis, the: agonal spirit of, 41, 194; Aqui-
Planck, Max, 287n.53
nas contrasts with the household, 27;
Plato: on action and work, 301; on the
in .Aristotle's bios politikos, 13; as con-
body only as living in the city,
sumption center, 66n.69, 119; equal-
16n.l5; Cave parable, 20, 75", 226,
ity in, 32; the eternal contrasted
226n.66, 292; on city-states away
with, 21; freedom in, 30-31; func-
from the sea, 132n.84; on contempla-
tions of, 196-97; the household as
tion's superiority over action, 14; on
opposed to, 24, 24n.6, 28-37; house-
the demiurge, 22; on durability, 172;
hold compared with by Plato, 37,
on the eternal as center of thought,
223, 223n.62; law of, 63-64, 63n.62,
20; on God as Platonic idea of man,
194-95; as "man writ large" for
11; on human affairs, 19n.l9, 25,
Plato, 224; occupational classifica-
185; knowing separated from doing
tion in, 81-83, 82n; original connota-
by, 223-27; on laborers, 118; on law-
tion of, 64n.64; origins of, 183n; as
making, 195; on man as social ani-
paradigmatic for Western political
mal, 24; on mathematics, 265-66;
organization, 201; philosophers dis-
on money making, 128, 128n.77; on
covering higher realm than, 18;
origin of thepolis, 183n; peasants
Plato on founding new states away
classed with slaves by, 83n.9; on Per-
from the sea, 132n.84; Plato's reorga-
icles, 188n.l4; on a philosopher-
nization of, 14; prosperity in, 59;
king, 221, 224, 226, 227, 229n; on
small population of, 43; as space of
philosophy and theology, 291; on
appearance, 198-99; as space of rela-
pleasure and pain, 113n.61; on the
tive permanence, 56; as superseding
polis and the household, 37, 223,
kinship units, 24; as talkative, 26
223n.62; politics as fabrication for,
political economy, 29, 33n, 42n
230; on poverty, 110n.56; on private
political parties, trade unions con-
property, 30; on Protagoras, 157-58,
trasted with workers', 215—17
158n, 166; on ruler and ruled, 222,
political philosophy: action and work in
342
Index
Greek, 301-2; emphasis shifting
as a kind of, 97; Plato on, 178n, 185;
from action to speech, 26; Hobbes
poiesis contrasted with, 195. See also
on origin of, 249n; "making" in sev-
action
enteenth-century, 299-300; origins
prestabilized harmony, 282
of Western, 12; substitution of mak-
Priestly, Joseph, 3O8n.71
ing for acting in, 220-30
primary qualities, 115
politics: ancient philosophers seeking
private property, 58-67; collective own-
freedom from, 14-15, 14n.lO; aris-
ership, 256, 257; the common con-
ing out of acting together, 198; as
trasted with, 70; growth of, 105; as
an art, 207; association in, 214-15;
guarding individual liberty, 67,
courage as political virtue, 36; forgiv-
67n.72; as hiding place from public
ing and promising in, 237—38; Greek
world, 71; Locke's theory of, 70,
political consciousness, 37; hubris as
101, 105, 110-12, 110n.56, 115-16;
temptation of, 191; as legislating, 63;
modern revolution in concept of, 70;
man as political animal, 22-28; mate-
Plato on abolition of, 30; Proudhon
rialism in, 183, 183n; modern age ex-
on property as theft, 67, 67n.71;
cluding political man from public
slaves as property owners, 62,
realm, 159; natality as central cate-
62n.58; society as organization of
gory of, 9; as necessity, 85, 314; phi-
property owners, 68; theoretical es-
losophers discovering higher realm
tablishment of, 109-18; wealth dis-
than, 18; plurality as condition of,
tinguished from, 61, 253. See also ex-
7—8; for protecting society, 31. 159;
propriation
skholl, 14-15, 82n, 131n.84; the so-
private realm, 22-78; ancient attitude
cial and the political, 23—24; as trans-
toward, 38; and the household, 28;
acted in words, 26; wealth's political
intimacy in, 38-39, 45; love in,
significance, 64-65, See also citizen-
51-52; man as animal species man-
ship; political philosophy; rule; state,
kind in, 46; necessity associated
the
with, 73; pain as private, 50-51,
polyarkhia, 221n.57
5In.43; Plato on abolition of, 30; as
polytheism: gods as not omnipotent in,
privation, 38, 58-60; public realm as
202; gods as not sovereign in,
devouring, 45; the social and the pri-
234-35
vate, 68-73; society's emergence
ponein, 80. See also labor
changing meaning of, 38; subjectiv-
ponos, 83n.8. See also labor
ity of, 57. See also private property
popular revolt, 200-201
process: action's process character,
population, 43
230-36; as guide for making and fab-
positivism, logical, 272
ricating, 300; homofaber and, 307,
potentia, 200. See also power
308; as key concept of modern age,
poverty: forcing free man to act like a
105, 232; mental processes, 280-81;
slave, 64; labor associated with,
natural processes, 150-51; natural
48n.39, llOn.56; modern equation
sciences as sciences of, 116, 231-32;
of propertylessness with, 61; Plato
nature as, 296-97, 296n.61; objects
on, 11 On. 56
of knowledge as, 296
power: as boundless, 201; as corrupting,
productivity, 47, 67, 88, 106, 306
203, 205; as existing only in actual-
promises: Nietzsche on, 245, 245n; un-
ization, 200; head of household's des-
predictability and the power of, 237,
potic, 27-28, 32; as lifeblood of hu-
243-47
man artifice, 204; omnipotence, 202;
property, private. See private property
potential character of, 200; and the
property qualifications for voting, 217
space of appearance, 199-207; will
Protagoras, 157-58, 158n, 166
to power, 203, 204n, 245n
Protestant Reformation, 248, 249,
pragmata, 19n. 19
251-52
pragmatism, 272, 306
Protestant work ethos, 252n
prattein, 189, 222-23
Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph, 67, 67n.71
praxis: Aristotle on, 13, 25, 187n.l2; life
prudentia, 91, 91n.23
343
Index
Ptolemaic system, 258—59, 285
religion: Cartesian doubt affecting, 319,
public admiration, 56-57
320; Eleusinian Mysteries, 63n.61;
public realm, 22—78; animal laborans in,
faith, 247n, 253-54, 271, 319, 320;
134; Christianity as hostile to, 74;
loss of certitude salutis, 277, 320;
the common, 50-58; equality in,
Olympian religion, 25n.6; piety, 75n;
215; excellence assigned to, 49; ex-
religious values, 235n.74; seculariza-
change market as homo faber's, 160,
tion, 253, 320; Vesta cult, 24n.6. See
162, 209-10; freedom associated
also Christianity; God; gods
with, 73; goodness as destructive of,
Rembrandt, 51n.43
77; labor admitted to, 46-48, 218;
remembrance: memory of past plea-
and the political, 28; private prop-
sures, 310; as mother of all arts, 95;
erty as hiding place from, 71; as re-
the polis as organized, 198; rhythm
served for individuality in ancient
in poetry's, 169-70; speech and ac-
world, 41; society's emergence alter-
tion creating their own, 207-8;
ing, 38, 257; space of appearance as
thought owing its existence to, 76,
preceding, 199; tendency to grow of,
90
45; two meanings of, 50-52; tyran-
Renaissance: the arts in, 82 n; and Chris-
nies banning citizens from, 221-22,
tianity, 319; genius as ideal of, 210;
224; wealth as condition of admis-
Jaspers on modern science and phi-
sion to, 64-65, 65n.67; as the work
losophy of the, 249n; rebellion
of man, 208
against scholasticism, 264
punishment, forgiveness compared
respect, 243
with, 241
respublka: Christian antagonism to-
puritanism, 310, 311
ward, 74; corpus ret publicae\ 53n.46;
Pythagoreans, 142n, 273
household as respublka to slaves, 59;
as space of relative permanence, 56
qualities: primary, 115; secondary,
revelation: action of scientists as not re-
114n.63, 115"
velatory. 324; doubts about divine,
281; oracles, 182, 182n.7; self-
rationality. See reason
revelation of love, 242; speech and,
reaction, 190, 241
178-80, 187; truth as, 17
reality: Cartesian doubt of, 274-79; as
revenge, 240-41
common to us all, 50, 208; introspec-
revolutions: American Revolution, 228;
tion confirming, 280; of life, 120;
Hungarian Revolution of 1956, 215.
modern rationalism foundering on
217, 219; popular revolt, 200-201;
rock of, 300-301; senses' adequacy
violence in, 228
to reveal as challenged, 261-62; of
rhetoric, 26, 26n.9
the world, 120
rhythm: of labor, 145n, 214; of ma-
reason: animal rationale, 27, 84-85,
chines, 125, 132, 145n, 146; in po-
171-72, 284; Cartesian, 283-84;
etry, 169; for work, 145n
Cartesian doubt of, 274-79; modern
Ricardo, David, 165n.37
rationalism foundering on rock of re-
Riesman, David, 59n.52
ality, 300-301; scientific results of-
Rilke, Ranier Maria, 51n.42, 168n
fending, 290; thought distinguished
Roman Catholicism. See Catholic
from logical, 171-72
Church
Reformation, 248, 249, 251-52
romance, 242n.81
reification: of action and speech, 95,
Roman Empire: fall of, 21, 34, 45, 74;
187; in art, 95, 168-69; in fabrica-
intellectuals in, 92; old freedoms
tion, 139-44; Marx on, 102,
abolished in, 28n, 13On.81; servipu-
102n.41; world alienation affecting,
blici, 84n.ll; slave dress, 218n.53;
301
slavery in, 36n.3O
relationships, human. See web of rela-
Roman Republic: being a philosopher
tionships
in, 59; slavery in, 36n.3O. See also res
relativism, 263-64, 270
publica
relativity theory, 263-64
Romans: agriculture as liberal art for,
344
Index
9In,24; industrial development as
141, 282; success as criterion of,
limited, 65n.69; inviolability of
278-79; virtues of modern, 278. See
agreements, 243; opus and operae dis-
also natural science
tinguished by, 92n.26; the plebs,
science fiction, 2
62n.59; private and public as coexist-
scienza nuova, 249n
ing among, 59; slaves of, 59, 59n.54;
scribes, 91,92, 92n.28
on sparing the vanquished, 239; terri-
sculpture, 82n, 93, 93n.30, 157
tory and law for, 195n.21; Vesta cult,
secondary qualities, 114n,63, 115
24n.6; on violence in founding a
secularization, 253, 320
new body politic, 228. See also Ro-
self: Marxian self-alienation, 89n.21,
man Empire; Roman Republic
162, 210, 254; modern philosophy's
Romanticists, 39
concern with the, 254. See also intro-
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 39, 41, 79
spection
Royal Academies, 278
self-sufficiency, 234-35
Royal Society, 271n.26
Seneca, 23, 36n.30, 40n, 218n.53
rule: archein,'\ll, 189, 222-23, 224; Ar-
senses, the: astrophysical world view
istotle on, 222; contract contrasted
challenging, 261-62; Cartesian
with, 244; democracy, 220, 222; as es-
doubt of, 274-79; common sense as
cape from politics, 222; of feudal
uniting, 208-9; in experiencing the
lords, 34; Greek and Latin words
world," 114-15, 114n.63; and Gali-
for, 32n.22: leaders becoming rulers,
leo's telescope, 260, 260n.ll; and
189-90; master/slave compared with
mathematization of physics, 287; vi-
ruler/ruled, 223-24; ochlocracy, 203;
sion, 114n.63. See also common
oligarchy, 222; Plato on, 222, 224,
sense
227n.69, 237-38. See also monarchy;
sensualism, 51n.43, 112, 272. 310, 311
tyranny
servants, 119, 122
Russell, Bertrand, 267n
servile arts, 91-93
servi publiri, 84n. 11
savs-culottes, 218, 218n.54
shame, 73
satellites, artificial, 1, 269
sign language, 179
saving the appearances, 259n. 10, 260,
Simon, Yves, 141n
266, 285
sin: and death, 314; original sin, 3 10
Schachermeyr, M. E, 195n.22
skhole, 14-15, 82n, 131n.84
Schelsky, Helmut, 128n.75
slavery: ancient attitude toward, 36n.30;
Schlaifer, Robert, 36n.3O
ancient justification of, 83-84; Aris-
Schlatter, Richard, 110n.56
totle on, 83n,9, 84, 84nn. 11, 12,
Schopp, Joseph, 145n
119n.69; chief function of ancient,
Schrodinger, Erwin, 3, 287n.51
119; Christian view of life affecting,
Schuke-Delitzsch, Hermann, 98n
316; dimioiirgoi and slaves distin-
science: action as prerogative of scien-
guished, 81; emancipation con-
tists, 323-24; behavioral sciences,
trasted with that of free labor, 217;
45; carrying irreversibility and un-
Euripides on slaves, 84n. 10; excel-
predictability into natural realm,
lence as lost in, 49n; freed slaves be-
238; dreams as anticipating, 1-2;
coming businessmen, 66n.7O; Greek
earth alienation as hallmark of,
word as signifying defeated enemy,
264-65; emphasis shifting from why
81, 129n,79; labor power in, 88; mas-
to how, 295-96; experiment, 150n,
ters seeing and hearing through
231, 286, 287-88, 295, 312; as his-
their slaves, 120; Periandros's at-
tory of the universe, 296; hypothesis,
tempt to abolish, 221; Plato on natu-
278, 287; instruments in, 295; as
ral slavishness, 36n.3O, 316; Plato on
making nature, 231-32, 295; mathe-
treatment of slaves, 34n.37; property
matics in, 4, 267, 284, 285-87; in
owning by slaves, 62, 62n.58; rebel-
modern age's creation, 248, 249-50,
lions as rare, 215, 215n.51; in Ro-
249n; and philosophy, 272, 290, 294,
man Republic and Empire, 36n.30,
313; subjectivization of modern,
59, 59n.54; scribes as slaves, 92; Sen-
[ 345
Index
slavery (continued)
species asserting itself in, 321; mo-
eca on, 36n.3O; shadowy existence of
narchical rule in, 40; as monolithic,